Bromination of humic acids of different origin

Data on the introduction of bromine atoms into the structure of humic acids isolated from the peat of Tver oblast and the brown coal of the Moscow Basin were generalized, and a comparative analysis of relevant methods was performed. It was shown that the test humic acids are similar in terms of structural parameters and demonstrate similar behaviors in the processes of bromination and hydrobromination. The dependences of the structural parameters of bromine-containing humic preparations on the mass fraction of bromine in them were obtained; correlations between the yields of humic preparations from the peat and the brown coal in the course of modifications were found; and the possible reaction paths of the bromination and hydrobromination processes were discussed. The biological activity of the bromine-containing humic preparations was tested, and its direct dependence on the mass fractions of bromine and phenolic hydroxyls in the humic preparations was found. It was shown that the modification of peat humic acids by hydrobromination is preferable for the production of biologically active humic preparations.     

Composition of the water-soluble humic preparations of mechanically activated brown coals

Conditions for the solid-phase mechanochemical activation of coals, which make it possible to substantially increase the yield of water-soluble humic preparations enriched in humic acids and mineral elements, are given in this work. It was found that the humic preparations isolated from mechanically activated coals are characterized by an increase in the antioxidant activity and a change in the cationic and anionic composition. The concentration of acidic ionogenic groups in humic acids increased.     

Chemical modification of humic acids by the introduction of indole-containing fragments

A method for the chemical modification of the initial structure of humic acids by acylation with indole-3-acetic acid chloride was developed to increase the biological activity of preparations based on peat and lignite humic acids. The plant growth stimulating effect and the antibacterial activity of the synthesized humic preparations were studied.     

改性泥炭腐植酸对戊唑醇的降毒作用

比较研究了天然的和改性的高位沼泽泥炭腐植酸的酸碱度,结果表明：经过机械活化后泥炭腐植酸酸度增加,腐植酸制剂中的烷烃羧基（CnCOOH）量增加,而芳香烃羧基（ArCOOH）基量减少。计算了离子化酸基的分离能量和分离程度,并研究了改性腐植酸制剂对于杀菌剂戊唑醇的降毒性能。     

Role of modified humic acids from peat in the detoxification of tebuconazole

The acid-base properties of the initial and modified humic acids from high-moor peat were studied. It was found that the acid properties of humic acid preparations increased for C _n COOH groups and weakened for ArCOOH groups upon the mechanical activation of peat. The energies of dissociation and the degrees of dissociation of ionogenic acid groups were calculated. The detoxifying properties of the modified humic acid preparations toward the fungicide tebuconazole were studied.     

发展腐植酸类有机肥提高化肥利用率

论述腐植酸类有机肥、有机无机复合肥对提高化肥利用率和土壤肥力的重要作用。提出利用食品工业废弃物生产氨基酸类有机无机复合肥;利用泥炭、褐煤、风化煤、蒿秆、木屑等生产腐植酸类有机无机复合肥;发展精制生物有机肥;而功能型生物有机肥将开辟有机肥料新领域。     

Utilization of naturally oxidized Kuznetsk Basin coal

The possibility of producing humic materials and sorbents from naturally oxidized coal found in the stripped rock from some Kuznetsk Basin mines is considered. Means of producing ballast-free humic acids are considered.     

Interaction of humic acid salts with drug preparations

The use of natural polymers that form complexes with drug preparations is promising in the development of drugs of new generation. The possibility of complex formation on the interaction of humic acid salts with papaverine, benzohexonium, and B-group vitamins was demonstrated by calorimetric and potentiometric titration. These interactions can occur between the charged groups of a humic acid macroanion and the positively charged centers of drug molecules. The degree of binding of drug preparations by a natural polymer macromolecule can be determined by the charge and the structure of their molecules.     

Upgrading biomass wastes in chemical technology. Humic acid‐like matter isolated from compost as chemical auxiliary for textile dyeing

BACKGROUND: In the context of the modern concern regarding rapid consumption and low availability of fossil sources of energy and chemicals, urban and agro‐industrial sources of chemicals represent interesting environmentally friendly alternatives. A recent paper has shown that a humic acid‐like material extracted from urban and green wastes compost exhibits very good surfactant properties. A large number of technological applications could possibly use this material as a chemical auxiliary. This paper reports on the performance of the material as a chemical auxiliary in textile dyeing. RESULTS: The compost‐isolated humic acid‐like bio‐surfactant is shown to perform in nylon 6 microfiber dyeing by water soluble and insoluble dyes as well as and more conveniently than commercial sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS). With both types of dye the bio‐surfactant allows the same quality of dyed product as the synthetic surfactants do, but at lower additive concentration. From process cost and environmental impact points of view, the bio‐surfactant has the advantages of operating at much lower additive concentrations and should be available at significantly lower cost than the synthetic surfactants. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that biomass wastes may be a low cost renewable source of chemicals with friendly environmental impact. Such a perspective implies economic and environmental benefits deriving from a new waste management technology that considers biomass waste as a source of chemicals, and from lower oil consumption in the manufacture of synthetic surfactants. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Use of peat for the manufacture of products based on humic acids

The results of studies on the development of the following peat preparations for different purposes are represented: concentrated liquid humic fertilizers with trace elements, humic dyes for wood, textiles, and leather, a rust solvent, a leaching reagent for the production of rare and nonferrous metals, and a peat preparation for phytoextraction in the cleaning of territories contaminated by heavy metals.     

汽爆秸秆对磷矿粉溶解作用及其溶解残渣对小麦生长的影响

为探究生物质对磷矿粉的溶解作用,以玉米秸秆为原料,利用蒸汽爆破（汽爆）技术释放有机酸,在高温水热条件下溶解磷矿粉并制备含磷腐殖酸。通过实验对汽爆秸秆溶解磷矿粉工艺进行了探究及优化,并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线荧光光谱（XRF）进行分析和表征。研究结果表明：15 g汽爆秸秆与1 g磷矿粉以及75 mL水在170℃、加入10% CaCl₂的条件下,反应3 h的溶磷量为1.46 mg/g（以秸秆质量计,下同）。加入与磷矿粉相同质量的NaHSO₄后可使体系pH值降低至2,pH值的降低是磷溶出的关键因素,溶磷量提高为13.10 mg/g。溶磷后的秸秆制备腐殖酸作为小麦盆栽肥料,用量0.2%时,小麦株高、根长、叶绿素含量和相对电导率均显著高于空白组。     

用焦磷酸钠和氢氧化钠依次萃取的泥炭腐植酸化学组成和结构特征

用pH值为7的0．1mol／LNa4P2O7溶液,分别在常温下用0．1mol／LNaOH和80℃下用0．02mol／LNaOH溶液对不同成矿植物来源的泥炭进行顺次萃取,采用凝胶色谱、^13C-NMR和可见光电子光谱法对所得腐植酸（HA）制剂的化学组成和结构参数进行了对比研究。所得HA制剂在分子量分布、芳香族及脂肪族非取代结构单元、脂肪族多取代结构单元、含氧官能团以及多共轭体系尺寸等方面都有差别。     

腐植酸制剂在设施蔬菜上的应用研究

土壤次生盐渍化和养分失衡已成为制约设施蔬菜生产的关键问题。为了探究腐植酸制剂在设施蔬菜上防治土壤次生盐渍化和平衡养分的应用效果,试验设计腐植酸制剂、与腐植酸制剂等养分的配方肥、常规施肥、不施肥(CK)4个处理,分别在设施番茄、黄瓜进行试验。结果表明,腐植酸制剂能够明显改善土壤理化性质,可有效降低土壤盐分,与CK相比差异显著(P0.05);施用腐植酸制剂、与腐植酸制剂等养分的配方肥分别比CK番茄增产36.5%和26.1%,与CK相比,腐植酸制剂、与腐植酸制剂等养分配方肥分别使黄瓜增产39.5%和34.4%,同时对番茄和黄瓜的Vc含量、糖含量等品质指标改善明显,分别与对照达到显著水平(P0.05)。可见,腐植酸制剂具有改善设施土壤性质,降低土壤盐分积累,明显提高蔬菜产量和改善品质的应用效果。     

Sorption properties of dehuminated caustobioliths with metal ions

The sorption properties of materials formed after the extraction of humic substances (HSs) from caustobioliths, that is, the dehuminated caustobiolith (DC) residues insoluble in acids and alkalis, as promising secondary humic raw materials for the production of preparations for environmental protection were studied. The main factors responsible for the sorption activity of DCs with respect to nonparamagnetic and paramagnetic metal ions were substantiated from the standpoint of the preparation of sorption materials of different genesis from DCs.     

Humic acids from mechanically treated coals: A review

In this review, attention is focused on the prospects of the use of mechanochemical activation and mechanical oxidative degradation of starting raw materials in order to increase the yield of isolated humic preparations and to modify their properties as biologically active compounds.     

Effectiveness of Ecophos compared with single and coastal superphosphates

Ecophos is a possible alternative phosphorus (P) fertilizer to single and coastal superphosphate for clover pasture (Trifolium subterraneum) on P leaching, sandy, humic podzols in the > 800 mm annual average rainfall areas of south-western Australia. Ecophos and coastal superphosphate are partially acidulated rock phosphates (PARP) fertilizers. Ecophos is made from calcium iron aluminium (crandallite millisite) rock phosphate. Coastal superphosphate is made from apatite. The sandy humic podzols are known to promote extensive dissolution of rock phosphates, including the untreated rock phosphate present in PARP fertilizers. In this field study (early April 1992 to end of October 1994), the effectiveness of the PARP fertilizers was calculated relative to the effectiveness of single superphosphate (relative effectiveness or RE), using yield and P content of dry clover herbage. The RE of the PARP fertilizers varied markedly between assessments, both within and between years, from being much less effective than single superphosphate, to equally or much more efective. This great diversity in RE is attributed to the different extents P can be leached in the soil, depending on seasonal conditions. It is concluded that Ecophos is a suitable alternative P fertilizer for the soil and environment studied.     

一种用腐殖酸助滤生产硝磷酸液的新方法

在以硝酸和磷矿为起始原料生产硝基肥的工艺中：在硝酸萃取磷矿过程中加入腐殖酸,过滤工段利用腐殖酸助滤,实现了固液顺利分离;滤饼简单洗涤并中和后去造有机肥,滤液经后续工序去造硝基肥,这样不外排滤渣,养分也不损失,做到了资源的循环利用。     

利用废弃物含氟硅渣生产白炭黑产品

利用磷矿伴生氟资源生产2万t/a无水HF装置将产生1万t/a干基含氟硅渣,直接排放将导致环境污染,危害人类健康,同时浪费大量的氟硅资源。为了充分利用磷矿伴生氟硅资源,研究了废弃物含氟硅渣生产白炭黑项目,实验结果表明含氟硅渣在100℃左右能完全溶解在氟化铵溶液中制得氟硅酸铵溶液,氟硅酸铵和氨气在温度为60℃、氨气用量为理论用量的1.1倍、间歇沉淀时,制得的白炭黑产品能达到行业标准要求;同时研究了表面活性剂对产品质量的影响,得出适量的表面活性剂对提高产品的吸油值有促进作用。     

Production of biocatalysts on the basis of recombinant heterologous xylanase producer strains in the Penicillium verruculosum fungus: Their application in the hydrolysis of timber and wood processing industry wastes

The aim of this work was to create biocatalysts with an increased heterologous expression of endo-β-1,4-xylanase of P. canescens using recombinant P. verruculosum strains, to analyze the properties of new enzyme preparations, and to study the saccharifying activity of these preparations in the hydrolysis of plant raw materials, such as hogged aspen and detarred pine wood wastes of the timber and wood processing industries. The xylanase activity of the existing enzymatic preparations is insufficiently high to hydrolyze a xylan-rich biomass. The creation of increasingly xylanolytically active P. verruculosum-based recombinant strains containing homologous or heterologous genes of xylanase and mannanase is therefore a problem of great interest. Using the methods of genetic engineering, we obtained enzymatic preparations that are biocatalysts for the hydrolysis of plant raw material wastes of the sawmilling and wood processing industries and, according to the data of chromatographic fractionation, have compositions of 45–60% cellulase and 20–50% xylanase (which is optimal for the saccharifying of bagasse, along with aspen and pine wood). The originality of our technique lies in the creation of biocatalysts with predetermined properties, thus reducing appreciably the cost of enzyme preparation by eliminating the need to mix components of the carbohydrase complex for the hydrolysis of plant raw materials, e.g., aspen and pine wood.     

Organic matter and sulphur distribution in phosphorites: Relevance to phosphate processing

Organic matter from North Carolina and Idaho phosphorites has been extracted and characterised using humic acid, kerogen and bitumen fractions. Extracts from thermally treated rock showed that the organic matter from the two source rocks responds quite differently to the heat treatment. With current commercial calcination of both North Carolina and Idaho phosphate rock at about 800°C, problems with acid-evolvable sulphide formation have arisen. From the findings made on the thermal behaviour of the organic matter and the associated sulphur redistribution, alternative processing strategies have been suggested for both North Carolina and Idaho phosphorites. Since these two rocks represent extremes in maturity for the contained organic matter, the results should be of relevance to other organic-rich unweathered and low-grade phosphorite or phosphatic shale deposits.