碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料在切向气流和激光作用下的损伤

实验研究了靶板表面有0.4 Mach(1 Mach=340 m/s)切向空气气流、 0.4 Mach切向氮气气流和无气流时, 976 nm连续激光对碳纤维增强E-51环氧树脂复合材料的辐照效应, 得到了该材料在不同功率密度下的烧蚀规律。实验结果表明: 当样品发生剧烈热分解时, 随热分解气体流出边界的固体颗粒对入射激光有屏蔽作用; 切向气流一方面可以减弱这种屏蔽作用, 有利于辐照区的烧蚀, 另一方面对样品有冷却作用, 不利于烧蚀; 相比于氮气流, 空气流有助于产物的燃烧, 对下游附近区域产生明显的加热作用; 切向空气气流的加载会明显提高扩散到样品表面的氧气浓度, 导致碳纤维发生氧化烧蚀; 三种气流状态下, 当入射激光功率密度在100～800 W/cm²范围内, 随着功率密度的增大, 激光能量的利用效率逐渐降低。     

激光辐照下二维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的烧蚀特征

开展了光纤激光对二维编织碳纤维/环氧复合材料的烧蚀试验研究,获得了不同入射热流条件下编织复合材料的烧蚀特征,分析了激光烧蚀机制。结合非接触测温和接触测温两种方法开展试验,采用高温红外热像仪测试了复合材料前表面的瞬态温度场演变过程,通过热电偶获得了复合材料后表面的温升数据。试验结果表明,当入射激光功率密度在102 W·cm-2量级时,二维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的环氧树脂发生了明显的质量迁移,而碳纤维形貌变化不大;在强激光辐照过程中,二维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的前后表面温差较大,前表面最高温度接近2 000℃,而后表面最高温度在200~500℃之间。     

Nd∶YAG激光辐照碳纤维复合材料的质量烧蚀

 通过实验研究了连续Nd：YAG激光辐照下碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料的质量烧蚀规律。结果表明：当激光功率密度大于 10 kW/cm2 时,材料烧蚀质量与激光辐照能量成正比关系;在同样激光辐照能量下,半径为0.65mm的激光辐照引起的复合材料的质量烧蚀率比半径为5.5mm的激光辐照的结果大一倍;激光功率在燃烧阈值附近时,燃烧现象引起质量烧蚀率的波动。     

Nd:YAG激光辐照碳纤维复合材料的质量烧蚀

通过实验研究了连续Nd:YAG激光辐照下碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料的质量烧蚀规律.结果表明:当激光功率密度大于10 kW/cm2时,材料烧蚀质量与激光辐照能量成正比关系;在同样激光辐照能量下,半径为0.65 mm的激光辐照引起的复合材料的质量烧蚀率比半径为5.5 mm的激光辐照的结果大一倍;激光功率在燃烧阈值附近时,燃烧现象引起质量烧蚀率的波动.     

片状石墨增强树脂基复合材料的耐激光烧蚀性能研究

采用刷涂的方法制备了一种新型的片状石墨增强钡酚醛树脂基复合材料, 并采用重频激光辐照的方法, 对其耐烧蚀性能进行了研究. 研究结果表明: 片状石墨增强钡酚醛树脂基复合材料在平均功率密度为1700 J/cm²的重频激光辐照下的热烧蚀率为32.8 μg/J, 耐激光烧蚀性能明显高于碳纤维增强的钡酚醛树脂基复合材料和钡酚醛树脂; 片状石墨增强钡酚醛树脂基复合材料中的片状石墨呈近平行的层状分布方式, 在激光辐照过程中能对入射激光起到平面反射作用, 从而有效地降低激光辐照的能量沉积; 片状石墨的片型对复合材料的耐烧蚀性能有影响, φ0.5 mm的片状石墨增强的复合材料的耐激光烧蚀性能最好.     

激光参数对碳纤维复合材料质量烧蚀率的影响

为了研究激光参数对碳纤维增强有机硅改性环氧树脂复合材料质量烧蚀率的影响规律, 选用不同激光参数、采用高强度CO₂激光器对该复合材料进行了激光辐照试验。分别分析了入射激光的辐照时间、强度和光斑直径对碳纤维增强有机硅改性环氧树脂复合材料质量烧蚀率的影响规律。研究结果表明: 激光辐照时间对该复合材料的质量烧蚀率的影响不大, 而该复合材料的质量烧蚀率随入射激光强度和光斑直径的增大而增大。      

激光烧蚀对石英/氰酸酯透波复合材料电性能的影响

研究激光烧蚀对石英/氰酸酯复合材料电性能的影响并揭示其影响机制,对极度恶劣热环境条件下石英/氰酸酯复合材料透波性能评估分析、热防护设计等具有重要意义。利用激光作为外热流加载手段,对石英/氰酸酯复合材料进行激光辐照烧蚀实验,对实验前后的介电常数进行了测试。为分析介电常数变化机制,对石英/氰酸酯复合材料激光烧蚀前后的表面产物进行了透射红外光谱、XRD测试,对实验后的石英/氰酸酯复合材料表面进行微观形貌观察,并对氰酸酯和石英纤维进行了热失重测试。结果表明：与初始状态相比,激光烧蚀后的石英/氰酸酯复合材料在7~18 GHz范围内的介电常数为6左右,增大近1倍。分析认为激光烧蚀对石英/氰酸酯复合材料电性能的影响机制为：在激光辐照作用下,材料吸收激光能量升温,使氰酸酯树脂基体发生热分解、裂解等变化,在表面原位生成具有导电能力和岛链状态的炭黑物质,致使发生烧蚀炭化石英/氰酸酯复合材料的介电常数增大,将增强对雷达波的吸收。同时烧蚀形成的粗糙表面状态和疏松状态对电磁波的反射、散射作用增强,可进一步削弱石英/氰酸酯复合材料的雷达波透射能。     

一种反射型有机/无机复合高能激光防护涂层制备及性能研究

以酚醛树脂、环氧树脂为粘结剂，采用单一因素考察法，分别考察了ZrO₂和Al₂O₃共2种具有高反射率的耐热填料对高能激光防护涂层性能的影响，分别对其抗高能激光烧蚀性能、耐激光辐照时间、激光辐照前后涂层表面反射率等性能进行了表征，开展了辐照前后涂层表观形貌观察及XRD扫描，从微观角度确定了耐热填料晶型变化情况。结果表明，ZrO₂在高能激光辐照过程中具有良好的耐高能激光烧蚀性能，可耐受高能激光辐照功率密度达到2.35 kW/cm2，激光辐照前后涂层表面反射率提高了46.28%。      

T-700碳纤维增强复合材料的激光辐照性能研究

采用Rofin-Sinar 850型CO_2激光器研究了T-700碳纤维/g氧树脂及T-700织物/酚醛树脂2种复合材料体系的激光辐照特性.研究表明,T-700碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料在激光辐照时均首先产生燃烧现象.在032激光器的输出功率2355(士3%)w、光斑直径10mm、光斑功率密度3kW/cm~2、辐照时间3s条件下,T-700碳纤维/环氧树脂与碳布/酚醛树脂复合材料的质量损失相当,质量损失最大为0.1666g.在激光辐照下,增加T-700碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料厚度可以起到明显的隔热作用,在碳布/酚醛树脂复合材料表面粘贴DQ绝热层可有效提高激光辐照隔热性能.     

激光致损与辐照面直径间的关系

采用不同的样品,研究了致损激光的能量密度或功率密度与辐照面直径之间的关系,发现其间存在一个拐点。当辐照直径小于该点对应的值时,致损激光的能量或功率密度基本保持不变。文中对产生上述现象的原因进行了讨论     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.