20mm厚6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝S曲线控制

针对6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝中易出现"S"曲线的问题,在采用搅拌摩擦焊焊接20 mm厚6063铝合金散热器的过程中,使用气体保护,成功消除了6063铝合金搅拌摩擦焊中易形成的"S"曲线,获得了成形良好的焊缝组织,焊缝的平均抗拉强度达到148.83 MPa,焊接强度系数为母材的81.9%.通过分析焊缝的微观组织,发现焊核区发生了完全动态再结晶,组织为细小的等轴晶粒.热力影响区发生明显塑性变形,发生不同程度的动态再结晶,晶粒发生明显长大.热影响区受焊接热循环影响,发生了微观组织和力学性能变化,但没有发生塑性变形,晶粒发生粗化.     

焊接参数对LY12铝合金FSW焊缝S曲线形成的影响

在铝合金中镶嵌标识材料进行搅拌摩擦焊试验,分析了焊缝中S曲线的形成原因;并用圆锥光面搅拌针的搅拌头,研究了焊接工艺参数对LY12铝合金焊缝中S曲线形貌的影响.结果表明,焊缝中S曲线是原始界面与其周边金属一起位移、变形的结果;S曲线的形状取决于焊缝上部金属的旋转运动、搅拌针与原焊接面之间的相互作用以及焊缝底部金属朝远离焊缝中心线的方向和板材上方移动的综合作用.对于圆锥光面搅拌针,当焊接速度一定时,增大搅拌头的旋转速度;或当搅拌头旋转速度一定时,降低焊接速度,S曲线在焊缝厚度方向的贯穿区域减小并最终消失.     

搅拌针形状对搅拌摩擦焊焊缝S曲线形成的影响

采用四种不同形状搅拌针的搅拌头进行搅拌摩擦焊试验,研究了搅拌针形状对LF6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝S曲线形成的影响.结果表明:通过改变搅拌针形状可以改变焊缝塑化金属的流动行为及结合面材料的破碎程度,从而影响S曲线的形成.当焊接参数一定时,在光面搅拌针中,圆锥光面搅拌针较圆柱光面搅拌针更易形成S曲线;表面带螺纹搅拌针中,圆柱右旋螺纹搅拌针较圆柱左旋螺纹搅拌针更易形成S曲线.搅拌针形状不变,降低焊接速度,可以改善焊缝塑化金属流动性,使结合面材料的分布不连续,S曲线逐渐消失.     

铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊初步研究

提出了双面搅拌摩擦焊这种新的焊接方法，对比研究了6K32-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊与双面搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和硬度，并对双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝进行了XRD分析。研究发现：铝合金双面搅拌摩擦焊与搅拌摩擦焊焊缝组织分区相同；双面搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的硬度略低于搅拌摩擦焊，且焊缝硬度下降区域范围更大；双面搅拌摩擦焊后焊缝依然保持为原有相组成；双面搅拌摩擦焊比搅拌摩擦焊焊接线能量更大，采用双面搅拌摩擦焊代替搅拌摩擦焊有利于提高焊接效率并消除焊缝隧道型缺陷、改善焊缝的性能。     

焊接工艺参数对镁铝异种材料搅拌摩擦焊的影响

为研究焊接参数和搅拌头结构对异种材料搅拌摩擦焊的影响,分别使用带有和不带搅拌针的搅拌头对AA5754铝合金和AZ31镁合金薄板进行搅拌摩擦焊。结果表明,焊核区的原始晶粒变成了细小的等轴再结晶晶粒,热机影响区的晶粒相比焊核区的要大,热影响区的微观组织较粗大;采用带搅拌针的搅拌头对镁、铝合金异种材料焊接得到的焊缝表面质量较好,ω=1 200 r/min、ν=300 mm/min为最优的焊接参数,两种材料的界面结合良好。     

TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊连接组织形貌研究

使用搅拌摩擦焊技术成功地实现了TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)钛合金的有效连接,并对焊接接头组织进行了研究.结合TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊的特点,分析了TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊合区的组织形貌及特征.结果表明:TC4钛合金搅拌摩擦焊接头焊合区组织为细密的等轴晶组织,焊接过程中焊缝最大温度并未超过相变温度,且经历了很大的塑性变形.焊缝与母材过渡区域存在大量α/β界面相及界面产物,α/β界面相及界面产物会对接头力学性能造成不良影响,应进行焊后热处理予以消除.     

基于固态连接原理的填充式搅拌摩擦焊匙孔修复技术

基于固态连接原理提出了填充式搅拌摩擦焊匙孔修复技术,设计了搅拌针为可消耗式的分体式焊具.在填充式搅拌摩擦焊过程中,利用与被焊结构同质的铝合金搅拌针的塑性变形和流动,实现了对焊缝匙孔的固态补焊.搅拌针与匙孔界面结合良好,界面处材料发生了塑性变形和连续的材料流动,补焊接头处存在填充区、焊核区、准焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区.结果表明,匙孔补焊接头的抗拉强度和断后伸长率均达到无缺陷原始焊缝的90%,实现了对焊缝匙孔的准等强修复,该技术为搅拌摩擦焊焊缝缺陷的修复和无匙孔搅拌摩擦焊提供了技术支撑.     

5mm厚6063铝合金搅拌摩擦对焊焊缝组织分析

通过6063铝合全的搅拌摩擦焊试验,分析了其焊缝横截面组织的宏观形貌和金相图,并对焊缝进行横向拉伸性能试验.试验表明:带梯形螺纹的圆锥形搅拌针及凹端面搅拌头,能有效增加焊缝塑化材料的流动性,易于形成内部无缺陷的焊缝;焊缝横向组织可分为母材区、热影响区、热机影响区、焊核(动态再结晶区)等4个区域;焊核区塑性变形剧烈,组织为动态再结晶的细小等轴晶;热机影响区为回复晶粒组织,以大弯曲变形结构为特征;热影响区仅发生组织晶粒粗化现象,晶粒与母材相似,没有发生明显的塑性变形;各区之间的分界面明显,尤其是前进侧的焊核区与热机影响区的分界面,该分界面易于出现空洞和沟槽缺陷;焊接质量取决于诸多焊接工艺参数,可以通过工艺参数优化试验来找到最佳焊接参数匹配区间.     

5A06铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

利用正交试验法研究了搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数对20mm厚的5A06-H 112铝合金板接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:焊接速度对接头抗拉强度影响最大,而搅拌头轴肩直径和旋转速度依次减小;采用最优组合参数焊接的试样其抗拉强度可达365MPa;由于搅拌摩擦焊焊缝中前进侧的熔合过渡区的界面变化急剧,因此断裂往往发生在该熔合过渡区;随着退火温度升高,焊核原本细小的等轴晶粒开始长大,并伴随着β(Mg2Al3)相从α(Al)基体中析出,虽然焊核的晶粒变得粗大,但焊缝的抗拉强度降低的幅度较小.     

AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接显微组织形成机制

搅拌摩擦焊接显微组织的一个显著特征就是焊核(Weld Nugget)的形成。采用AZ31镁合金为母材，通过金相和透射电镜分析搅拌摩擦焊接焊核的形成机制及接头不同区域的显微组织特征，并建立AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接的组织演变模型。结果显示，紧靠轴肩生成厚度约为37gm～47gm细密组织层。机械热影响区存在部分动态再结晶和较明显的塑性变形晶粒。焊缝底部有一厚约100gm～130gm的粗大组织层。熔核区的组织比较细小，沿厚度方向晶粒大小不均匀。同时提出一个焊核晶粒细化的简易模型，分析认为焊接过程中热过程和热机械搅拌作用对FSW接头组织的形成起决定性作用。     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程热力演变的三维数值模拟

对搅拌摩擦焊过程中搅拌头速度变化进行分析,建立了考虑搅拌摩擦焊过程中焊缝产热的热源模型.对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场和应力场进行了三维有限元模拟,表明焊缝两侧温度和应力分布的不对称现象不明显,主要由于焊接速度远小于搅拌头转速所致,但随着焊接速度加快,这种不对称现象逐渐加强.焊接过程中焊缝中心温度低于搅拌头边缘温度,焊接前方和两侧均为压应力,后方为拉应力;焊接结束后与搅拌头接触区的横向和纵向残余应力为较大拉应力,远离焊缝残余应力较小;沿厚度方向上,横向和纵向残余应力均逐渐降低.有限元计算结果与短波长X射线应力测试结果进行对比,结果表明,二者趋势基本吻合.     

强制冷却搅拌摩擦焊接工艺

搅拌摩擦焊接在工业生产中应用的主要问题之一,是焊接硬化状态材料时接头强度系数较低.简要分析了焊接热对接头强度的影响,提出了在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中进行强制冷却的工艺方法.对比了强制冷却对紫铜搅拌摩擦焊接头表面状况、硬度分布和接头性能的影响,建立了强制冷却搅拌摩擦焊接过程中焊接区温度的近似表达式.结果表明,在紫铜搅拌焊接过程中进行强制冷却,可以降低焊接过程中焊缝及热力影响区变形金属的温度,减小接头软化的程度和范围,提高搅拌摩擦焊接接头的性能.采用转速1 500 r/min、移动速度0.3 mm/s的强制冷却的工艺方法,得到的紫铜搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度达269 MPa.     

Numerical studies on controlling of process parameters in friction stir welding

A thermo-mechanical model is developed to predict the material deformations and temperature histories in the friction stir welding (FSW) process. Based on this model, the effects of the welding parameters on temperatures and material behaviors are investigated. Numerical results indicate that the maximum temperature in the FSW process can be increased with the increase of the rotating speed. The increase of the welding speed can lead to the obvious increase of the efficient input power for FSW system. The material particles on the top surface do not enter into the wake and just pile up at the border of the wake at the retreating side and this is the reason for the formation of the weld fash in FSW. Both the increase of the rotating speed and the decrease of the welding speed can lead to the increase of the stirring effect of the welding tool, which can improve the friction stir weld quality. But when the rotating speed is increased, the weld fash becomes more obvious. When the welding speed becomes higher, the rotating speed must be increased simultaneously to avoid any possible welding defects such as void. The simultaneous increase of the rotating and the translating speeds of the welding tool can lead to the increase of the residual stress.     

Microstructural investigation of friction stir welded 7050-T651 aluminium

The grain structure, dislocation density and second phase particles in various regions including the dynamically recrystallized zone (DXZ), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), and heat affected zone (HAZ) of a friction stir weld aluminum alloy 7050-T651 were investigated and compared with the unaffected base metal. The various regions were studied in detail to better understand the microstructural evolution during friction stir welding (FSW). The microstructural development in each region was a strong function of the local thermo-mechanical cycle experienced during welding. Using the combination of structural characteristics observed in each weld region, a new dynamic recrystallization model has been proposed. The precipitation phenomena in different weld regions are also discussed.     

氧化物弥散强化材料的搅拌摩擦焊分析

为了探索搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于氧化物弥散强化材料的可焊接性及其基本特点,文中对厚度为4 mm的氧化物弥散强化铜合金进行了焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微维氏硬度进行了分析. 发现焊接接头横截面由搅拌区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材区4部分组成. 前进侧热影响区与热力影响区形成明显的分界线,后退侧则相对模糊. 搅拌区的组织为细小的等轴晶粒,出现了洋葱环和L线,热力影响区晶粒沿一定方向发生形变,热影响区组织粗化. 沿焊缝横截面的显微维氏硬度呈V形分布,其中搅拌区硬度值最低.     

ODS钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织及其高温力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)技术对氧化物弥散强化(oxide dispersion strengthen,ODS)铁素体钢进行了焊接,并对焊接工艺进行了优化. 当转速为150 r/min,焊接速度为30 mm/min时可以获得无焊接缺陷的ODS钢焊接接头. 结果表明,采用FSW焊接的ODS钢接头的微观组织出现明显的洋葱环结构,搅拌区为等轴再结晶晶粒,前进侧热机影响区表现出明显的塑性流动的特征,热影响区的晶粒较母材也发生了明显改变. 接头的高温拉伸性能偏低,但经过温度1 150 ℃,时间1 h的热处理后,其高温拉伸性能得到大幅提高,与母材拉伸性能接近.     

Effect of Preheating in Hybrid Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloy

The controlled energy input into the system by introducing an extra heat source to enhance the material flow along with reduction of the plunging force remains a potential area of considerate for the development of hybrid friction stir welding (FSW) process. Hence, the effect of preheating on the weld joint properties is evaluated using plasma-assisted friction stir welding (P-FSW) process for joining aluminum alloy. A comparative study of mechanical and macro-microstructural characterizations of weld joint by FSW and P-FSW has been performed. Transverse tensile strength of weld joint is approximately 95% of base metal produced by P-FSW and is 8% more than conventional FSW welds. The effect of preheating enhances material flow and dissolution of fine oxide particles by plasma arc results in increase of strength and marginal modification of deformation behavior. The preheating brings uniformly distributed hardness in weld zone and the magnitude is higher in the advancing side with overall increase in average hardness value. Grain sizes are much finer due to the pinning effect of Al₂O₃ particles that retarded grain growth following recrystallization during P-FSW and thus led to more pronounced reduction in grain size and relatively brittle fracture during tensile loading of welded joint. Overall, the influence of preheating acts quite homogeneously throughout the structure as compared to conventional FSW. However, the results reveal that the development of P-FSW is still in initial stage and needs to improve in various aspects.     

工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊洋葱圆环形成的影响

搅拌摩擦焊中焊缝材料的流动对焊件性能有很大影响，洋葱圆环是搅拌摩擦焊焊焊核区中材料流动的集中体现，文中对5mm厚的1060、3003铝合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊连接，通过对其焊核区腐蚀后的形貌观察分析研究了不同工艺参数下材料的流动形态，结果表明，工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊焊核区洋葱圆环的形成有很大影响，采用较高的搅拌头转速和合适的焊接速度可获得稳定，质量良好的搅拌摩擦焊接头。     

Al-Li-Cu合金搅拌摩擦焊与TIG 焊接头组织及力学性能分析

组织分析表明,Al-Li-Cu TIG焊焊缝和搅拌摩擦焊焊核区均由等轴晶粒构成,但前者的晶粒尺寸较后者的大;TIG焊接头热影响区组织粗化程度较搅拌摩擦焊严重;搅拌摩擦焊接头内存在一独特的热机影响区,该区内的组织发生了较大程度的变形。实验结果表明铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊可避免形成TIG焊时的凝固裂纹等缺陷。搅拌摩擦焊接头的力学性能优于TIG焊接头,二者的拉伸强度分别为393MPa和337MPa,延伸率分别为14．4％和6．6％。     

Establishing empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy(Al-Mg-Si alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring a high specific strength and good corrosion resistance.Compared with the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys,friction stir welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material welded does not melt and recast.Joint strength is influenced by the grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget region.Hence,an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and tensile strength of friction stir welded AA 6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints.The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology(RSM) incorporating FSW tool and process parameters.A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and tensile strength of the weld nugget of FSW joints.