热喷涂涂层残余应力的数值模拟

利用有限元方法建立轴对称模型,对铜表面热喷涂镍金属涂层的残余应力进行模拟分析.研究基体温度和粒子速度对涂层残余应力的影响.研究表明,涂层受残余压应力,从涂层向基体方向残余应力呈减小趋势,随基体温度升高,残余应力呈减小趋势,随粒子速度增加,残余应力呈增大趋势.     

自蔓延反应喷涂锻造温度场和残余应力的数值模拟

采用ANSYS有限元软件对钢板表面反应预涂TiCNi涂层以及反应喷涂后锻造两种加工过程的温度场和残余应力场进行了模拟计算和比较,得到了各涂层基体喷涂锻造温度场规律.基体高温时喷涂锻造可以降低涂层试件的冷却速度,从而减缓裂纹的产生;研究了反应喷涂锻造对涂层残余应力的影响.结果表明:锻造后各层中的残余应力远小于锻造前各层中的残余应力,而提高始锻造温度可以减小涂层中残余应力.     

AlCrN涂层的残余热应力分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件中的瞬态分析方法,对涂层刀具沉积过程中残余热应力进行了仿真分析.研究了AlCrN涂层残余热应力的大小、分布和影响因素.结果表明:由于涂层与基体材料的热膨胀系数不匹配,结合面区域存在严重的应力集中;基体材料、涂层厚度、沉积温度以及中间层的使用对残余应力有很大影响;基体材料为高速钢时,AlCrN涂层内残余应力大以压应力为主并随着涂层厚度的增加而减小;基体为硬质合金时,残余应力相对较小,涂层内以拉应力为主并随基体钴含量和涂层厚度的增加而减少;增加中间层可以减小残余应力.因此,通过涂层和不同基体匹配以及增加中间层可以缓和界面应力增强界面结合强度.     

ZrO2/NiCoCrAIY功能梯度涂层残余应力分析

采用有限元方法研究了等离子ZrO2/NiCoCrAlY功能梯度涂层形成过程中的热力学行为以及残余应力的分布.结果表明,由于涂层与基体的热膨胀系数不匹配等原因,在界面等区域存在严重的应力集中.涂层与基体厚度比、中间层以及喷涂过程的冷却速率对残余应力水平有很大影响.涂层内部关键区域的残余应力水平,随着涂层厚度增加而增加;50%ZrO2+50%NiCoCrAlY中间层对降低涂层内部的应力水平是有利的,但并不能消除涂层内部的应力集中;对于瞬态分析而言,涂层内部的应力随着冷却速度的增加而增加.     

AlCrN涂层的残余热应力分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件中的瞬态分析方法,对涂层刀具沉积过程中残余热应力进行了仿真分析。研究了AlCrN涂层残余热应力的大小、分布和影响因素。结果表明:由于涂层与基体材料的热膨胀系数不匹配,结合面区域存在严重的应力集中;基体材料、涂层厚度、沉积温度以及中间层的使用对残余应力有很大影响;基体材料为高速钢时,AlCrN涂层内残余应力大以压应力为主并随着涂层厚度的增加而减小;基体为硬质合金时,残余应力相对较小,涂层内以拉应力为主并随基体钴含量和涂层厚度的增加而减少;增加中间层可以减小残余应力。因此,通过涂层和不同基体匹配以及增加中间层可以缓和界面应力增强界面结合强度。     

可计及温度与层状结构影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层残余热应力理论表征模型

目的创建可计及温度与层状结构共同影响的超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层因热不匹配导致的残余热应力的理论表征模型。方法基于经典的层合板理论与超高温陶瓷基复合材料热物理性能参数对温度的敏感性研究,引入温度和层状结构对涂层与基体层所受残余热应力的影响,形成各层残余热应力温度相关性的理论表征方法,并以ZrB_2-SiC复合材料涂层为例,利用该理论方法系统地研究了各种控制机制对残余热应力的影响及其随温度的演化规律。结果超高温陶瓷基复合材料涂层与基体层所受的残余热应力随着温度的变化而变化,涂层热膨胀系数与基体层热膨胀系数差别越大,变化幅度越大。当涂层材料热膨胀系数大于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余拉应力,基体层材料遭受残余压应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受拉应力减小,而基体层所受压应力增大;当涂层材料热膨胀系数小于基体层材料热膨胀系数时,涂层材料遭受残余压应力,基体层材料遭受残余拉应力;随着涂层厚度的增加,涂层所受压应力减小,而基体层所受拉应力增大。低温下,各层所受残余热应力对层厚与每层材料组成的变化比较敏感,随着温度的升高,敏感性降低。结论对于涂层材料,应设计涂层材料的热膨胀系数小于基体层材料的热膨胀系数,使涂层遭受残余压应力,这不仅能够降低材料表面产生裂纹的危险,同时可以抑制表面已有缺陷的扩展。同时应当设计相对较小的涂层厚度,以增大涂层所受的残余压应力,降低基体层所受的残余拉应力,有效提高整体材料在不同温度下的强度性能。     

热障涂层高温氧化应力研究

利用Abaqus软件,对热障涂层在高温热冲击下的应力、应变和残余能量变化进行了模拟研究。结果表明,冷却速率对残余应力有一定影响,且随着冷却速率的提高,涂层/基体接触面的应力随之增加,快速冷却使得涂层材料发生部分相变转化,残余应力较大;随着热循环次数的增加,涂层残余应力随之增加,第4次热循环的残余应力和第1次热循环相比,增加了1/2,同时,涂层的应变量随着热循环次数的增加呈现递增趋势,第4次热循环冷却后达到了23.109 7×10-3μm;涂层内的残余能量在4次循环后增加至15.5J,与第1次热循环残余能量相比增加了1.2 J。     

Sm2Ce2O7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的残余热应力

目的研究基体材质、厚度及半径对Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层残余热应力的影响。方法采用ANSYS10.0软件中Plane13单元,通过直接耦合计算,系统分析了不同基体条件下,Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层的残余热应力。结果在Sm_2Ce_2O_7/YSZ功能梯度热障涂层中存在较大的残余热应力。涂层残余热应力随时间的增加而逐渐降低,900 s后基本维持稳定。涂层径向热应力从中心处到试样边缘逐渐递减。2Cr13对应的涂层应力最小。金属基体厚度在2~10 mm范围内,径向热应力虽然增加,但变化幅度不大。当基体厚度为20 mm时,涂层径向热应力则显著增加。金属基体半径对涂层的最大剪切应力并不产生影响,轴向热应力随基体半径的增加而逐渐降低,径向热应力随半径增加到一定值后趋于稳定。结论 2Cr13钢基体对应的涂层具有最小热应力,基体厚度为10 mm时比较合适,基体半径对涂层轴向热应力的影响最明显。     

ZrO2／NiCoCrAlY功能梯度涂层残余应力分析

采用有限元方法研究了等离子ZrO2／NiCoCrAlY功能梯度涂层形成过程中的热力学行为以及残余应力的分布。结果表明，由于涂层与基体的热膨胀系数不匹配等原因，在界面等区域存在严重的应力集中。涂层与基体厚度比、中间层以及喷涂过程的冷却速率对残余应力水平有很大影响。涂层内部关键区域的残余应力水平，随着涂层厚度增加而增加；50％ZrO2 50％NiCoCrAlY中间层对降低涂层内部的应力水平是有利的，但并不能消除涂层内部的应力集中；对于瞬态分析而言，涂层内部的应力随着冷却速度的增加而增加。     

轴类件热喷涂涂层残余应力的有限元分析

热喷涂涂层内部的残余应力分布是影响喷涂成形质量和使用性能的重要因素之一.文中基于热喷涂过程的逐层叠加成形的基本假设,利用有限单元法建立了轴类金属基体表面沉积铝涂层的温度场和应力场二维数值模型,研究结果揭示了喷涂涂层温度的波动上升和大量粒子独立快速凝固的典型规律,通过分析残余应力分布行为,发现涂层内部的周向和轴向应力分量最大,皆为拉应力;径向应力分量值远小于周向和轴向应力,应力方向不固定.当涂层不断增厚时,每一薄层的应力受后续沉积薄层的作用发生部分抵消,且残余应力分量值都随着涂层厚度的增加而增大.     

扭转载荷作用下熔接涂层与基体结合界面处应力特性仿真研究

目的通过有限元仿真获得熔接涂层与基体结合界面处的应力分布特性,得到熔接涂层与基体的力学性能匹配性。方法应用ABAQUS有限元软件,将模型沿轴向和径向剖切,讨论不同扭矩载荷下镍基合金涂层和基体轴结合界面的应力分布规律,分析涂层厚度对结合界面处应力的影响。结果从模型剖切后采样结点的应力变化曲线看,基体和涂层的内部应力变化均匀,在基体和涂层结合处应力存在突变,涂层上的应力大于基体上的应力。涂层厚度从0.5 mm增大到1.0 mm时最大应力减小量约为18 MPa,从1.0 mm增大到2.5 mm时最大应力的减小量约为1 MPa,涂层厚度大于1.0 mm后最大应力减小量变化不明显。结合面两侧涂层和基体应力差值的最大值Δσ_(max)随着涂层厚度的增大有所减小,在涂层厚度小于1.0 mm时,变化较为明显。结合面底面处的应力突变随涂层厚度的增加而略有减小。结论在涂层和基体结合界面处存在应力突变,最大应力出现在涂层外表面的中心位置,增大涂层厚度可以减小应力突变,在涂层厚度较小时效果明显。     

温度场对电弧喷涂热应力的影响

基于热力学热传导原理和材料力学力和力矩的平衡原理,提出了考虑温度场的电弧快速成形涂层和基体热应力分析方法,能计算涂层成形后,由于自身温度降低以及向基体热传导产生温度场变化引起涂层和基体的热应力.借助广义热传导方程并赋予给定初始和边界条件,推导了基体厚度方向各位置温度分布函数,将推导的温度分布函数结合温度应变方程、力和力矩平衡方程推导了涂层和基体由于温度场变化产生的热应力理论计算方法.结果表明,热应力理论计算方法较好反映喷涂成形后涂层和基体间热应力分布规律,能较好控制涂层的质量,实现厚成形.     

Finite element analysis of thermal stress in magnetron sputtered Ti coating

The thermal, shear and radial stresses generated in the Ti coating deposited on glass and Si substrates were investigated by finite element analysis (ANSYS). The four-node structural and quadratic element PLANE 42 with axisymmetric option were used to model the Ti coating on glass and Si substrates. The influence of deposition temperature, substrate and coating properties on the generation of thermal stress in Ti is analyzed. It is found that the thermal stress of Ti coating exhibits a linear relationship with deposition temperature and Young's modulus of the coating, but it exhibit an inverse relationship with the coating thickness. The results of simulated thermal stress are in accordance with the analytical method. The radial stress and shear stress distribution of the coating–substrate combination are calculated. It is observed that high tensile shear stress of Ti coating on glass substrate reduces its adhesive strength but high-compressive shear stress of Ti on Si substrate improves its adhesive strength.     

铀表面Al/Ti复合镀层热应力的有限元分析

对铀表面Al/Ti复合镀层的热应力进行了热弹塑性有限元分析,表明Ti镀层内为压应力,Al镀层内为拉应力,并达到铝的屈服强度,靠近试样侧边,存在边缘效应引起的应力分布不均匀性,离试样侧边2倍镀层厚度处,不均匀性逐渐消失,试样侧边U-Al界面剪切应力大于中部区域.对沉积温度、镀层厚度及镀层力学性能对镀层热应力和塑性应变的研究表明,随着沉积温度升高,镀层内热应力和塑性应变明显增大,减薄Al镀层和增厚Ti镀层可降低镀层内热应力和塑性应变,Al镀层屈服强度及Ti镀层弹性模量对镀层热应力和塑性应变有重要影响.     

Effects of processing conditions on the mechanical properties and deformation behaviors of plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings: Evaluation of residual stresses and mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings on the basis of in situ curvature measurement under a wide range of spray parameters

A modified analytical model has been developed to describe the nonlinear elastic response and residual stress in plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on the basis of the measured curvature–temperature plot during the spraying process. Evolution of residual stresses and the nonlinear stress–strain relation of the coating during the cooling stage after deposition were identified and the strain-dependent coating modulus was obtained. Wide ranges of deposition temperature from 200 to 850 °C as well as that of passage thickness from 6 to 58 μm were explored in the experiments because significant changes in the TBC microstructure could be expected. The analyzed results were related to the processing parameters in spraying, such as the substrate temperature and passage thickness. A complicated interplay among the coating microstructure, residual stresses and mechanical properties was identified. Generally with increasing deposition temperature or passage thickness, denser microstructures were observed with an increase in elastic modulus. The nonlinear strain–stress curves of TBCs indicated that the coating modulus increased with compressive residual stress due to closing of microcracks and inter-splat sliding. Moreover, the coating modulus depended not only on the magnitude of residual stress but also on the coating thickness and it was found that the axial force, which is the product of the residual stress and coating thickness, could be used to express their synergistic effect.     

Stress analysis of high temperature ZrO2 insulation coatings on Ag using finite element method

The aim of this study is to investigate residual stresses occurred during cooling procedure of ZrO₂ insulation coating on Ag substrate for magnet technologies. ZrO₂ coatings were produced on Ag tape substrate by using a reel-to-reel sol–gel technique. SEM inspection showed that ZrO₂ coatings had mosaic structures. ANSYS finite element software was used to calculate the temperature and stress distribution of the ZrO₂/Ag structure. The effect of coating thickness on residual stresses was also examined. The results obtained showed that thermal stresses in ZrO₂ coating and Ag substrate were considerably affected by the cooling time and coating thickness. It is concluded the thermal stresses increase with increase of film thickness.     

Influence of Pre-Heated Al 6061 Substrate Temperature on the Residual Stresses of Multipass Al Coatings Deposited by Cold Spray

In this work, the influence of the substrate temperature on the deposition efficiency, on the coating properties and residual stress was investigated. Pure Al coatings were deposited on Al 6061 alloy substrates using a CGT Kinetics 3000 cold spray system. The substrate temperature was in a range between 20 (room temperature) and 375 °C and was kept nearly constant during a given deposition while all the other deposition parameters were unchanged. The deposited coatings were quenched in water (within 1 min from the deposition) and then characterized. The residual stress was determined by Almen gage method, Modified Layer Removal Method, and XRD in order to identify both the mean coating stress and the stress profile through the coating thickness from the surface to the coating-substrate interface. The residual stress results obtained by these three methods were compared and discussed. The coating morphology and porosity were investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy.     

YSZ活性扩散障结构应力的有限元分析

利用有限元分析法建立了镍基合金基体/Al2O3/Zr/Al2O3/NiCrAlY粘结层模型,模拟计算了温度快速变化时扩散障的应力集中区域及应力水平,分析了扩散障的厚度及界面形貌对扩散障结构应力的影响。结果表明:在温度急剧变化过程中,扩散障内应力水平较高的区域主要出现在Al2O3层,特别是在Al2O3层中段、非平整界面的尖点、拐点处以及曲面的凹凸不平处;扩散障内应力值随Al2O3层和Zr层的增大而减小,且Al2O3层厚度变化对应力的影响比Zr层厚度变化的影响大;非平整界面最大等效应力比平整界面高约1 000 MPa。     

铜基体上超音速火焰喷涂镍基涂层残余应力分析

采用X射线应力分析技术和曲率法测试了在铜基体上喷制不同成分、厚度的镍基涂层以及改变基体厚度喷制的涂层的残余应力。结果表明,超音速火焰喷涂的镍基涂层残余应力均为压应力,涂层成分、厚度的变化对残余应力均有明显的影响,添加一定量的WC、控制涂层和基体厚度,可获得较大的残余压应力。