碱性双熔敷极焊条电弧焊焊接接头形态和组织研究

通过焊接工艺性试验和光学显微组织分析,研究了焊条间隙和焊接电流对低氢钠型双熔敷极焊条间接电弧焊焊接接头形态和组织的影响.研究表明:低氢钠型双熔敷极焊条,在两芯间隙确定的条件下,随着焊接电流的增大,焊缝熔宽、熔深均增大,在焊接电流为160～200 A的条件下焊接时,可获得良好的焊缝成形;相同电流下的双熔敷极焊条电弧焊的焊缝熔合比要比单熔敷极电弧焊的焊缝熔合比明显减小;双熔敷极焊条间接电弧焊焊缝组织主要是针状铁素体、少量的块状铁素体和珠光体组成的柱状晶,熔合区和过热区主要是晶粒粗大铁素体、珠光体晶粒以及部分魏氏组织,随着焊接电流的增大,晶粒均逐渐增大.     

Tri-arc双丝电弧焊堆焊工艺研究

采用三电弧双丝电弧焊,利用耐磨堆焊Fe-Cr-C-B系药芯焊丝作双丝,在Q235钢表面制备不同焊接工艺参数堆焊层,分析堆焊层熔合比、组织结构及耐磨性。结果表明:三电弧双丝药芯电弧焊堆焊可在较大范围调整焊接参数,获得较小的焊缝熔深、较低稀释率和较高的熔敷效率,耐磨性优异;当三电弧电流为150 A、电压30 V、焊丝伸出长度15 mm、送丝速度6 m/min、脉冲频率70 Hz时,堆焊层熔合比为0.07,堆焊层HRC为65,磨损量最小,耐磨性优良。     

双丝串列电弧焊焊缝成形的试验分析

将旋转电弧传感器和双丝串列电弧焊结合起来,开发了旋转电弧引导的、两个电弧在同一个熔池上燃烧的双丝串列电弧焊方法,对其焊缝成形工艺进行了研究.分析了焊接电流、焊接电压、双丝间距、电弧旋转等参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,随着焊接电流的增大,熔敷速度增加,焊缝成形系数呈现先增大后减少的变化规律.而焊接电压的增大则会使焊缝成形系数略有减小.对双丝间距的研究发现,当间距为15 mm时,焊接质量较好.与普通双丝串列焊相比,前置电弧旋转时熔池底部变得平坦,最大熔深有所减小,平均熔深有所增加,这将有助于减少焊缝的应力集中.与单丝旋转电弧焊相比,焊接熔敷速度显著增大,有效避免了高速焊接时的咬边现象.     

新型双熔敷极TiC-VC增强耐磨堆焊组织与性能

采用钛铁、钒铁和石墨等原材料,首次利用新颖的双熔敷极焊条电弧焊,合成TiC-VC超硬质颗粒增强Fe基堆焊层.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、耐磨性试验分析了堆焊层的组织与耐磨性能.结果表明,双熔敷极焊条电弧焊条件下,其特殊的电弧结构使得Ti元素主要起脱氧剂的作用,用于形成碳化物的很少,堆焊层中仅有少量TiC形成.堆焊层主要以...     

X80管线钢焊条电弧焊接头组织与耐蚀性分析

利用双熔敷极焊条电弧焊技术对X80管线钢进行了焊接,并在焊接接头成分、组织及耐蚀性方面与传统焊条电弧焊进行了对比分析.结果表明,双熔敷极焊条电弧焊技术熔敷效率高,但受其结构及药皮重量系数的影响焊缝中合金元素的含量比普通焊接焊缝的低,且焊缝中多边形铁素体含量较高,另一方面由于对母材的热输入较低,使得其粗晶区组织较为细小,这有利于其性能的提高;对0.5 M Na₂CO₃-1 M NaHCO₃溶液及通饱和CO₂的NACE A溶液中的耐蚀性研究发现,焊缝及粗晶区耐蚀性均差于母材,且采用双熔敷极焊条电弧焊技术有利于提高焊缝及粗晶区的耐蚀性.     

窄间隙GAMW焊接工艺参数对电弧稳定性影响

电弧电压、焊接电流、焊接速度参数取值不同对焊接电弧的稳定性产生的影响不同,文中分别对电弧电压、焊接电流、焊接速度选取不同的焊接工艺参数,通过采集焊接过程中的各项数据分析熔滴过渡过程及焊接电弧的稳定性。结果表明:电弧电压、焊接电流、焊接速度都会影响到熔滴的短路过渡频率。当电弧电压为22 V,焊接电流为220 A,焊接速度为13 mm/s时,焊接过程中电弧的稳定性好,飞溅小,熔滴过渡过程稳定,焊缝成形好;当电弧电压为20 V时,发生断弧现象的几率增大;焊接电流、焊接速度取值偏大或偏小都会影响熔滴的过渡频率发生变化。     

双电极焊条单弧焊工艺

介绍了双电极焊条单弧焊工艺.该工艺工件不接电源,电弧在双电极焊条相互绝缘的两个焊芯之端部形成,电弧可在离工件不同距离的空间进行引弧和燃烧,两极性斑点分别在两焊芯上,主要利用熔滴携带热量和弧柱热量熔化母材.双电极焊条两芯间距是控制电弧电压的最重要因素,焊接时调节双电极焊条与工件间距离对电弧电压影响很小,随焊接电流增大,电弧电压略有升高.用药皮重量系数为45.6%的2×Ф4 mm钛钙型双电极焊条,在两芯间距为1.2～1.7 mm,焊接电流为180～220 A的条件下进行焊接可获得具有良好焊缝成形和力学性能的焊缝.     

TIG-MIG间接电弧焊工艺

经过对传统的TIG焊接系统进行改造,使电弧在钨极和焊丝之间产生并稳定燃烧,建立了TIG-MIG间接电弧焊系统.以30CrMnSi为母材,CuSi3为焊丝,进行了TIG-MIG间接电弧堆焊试验.通过改变焊接工艺参数,分析了焊接电流和送丝速度对焊接稳定性的影响,分析了钎剂、焊接电流、焊接速度、焊枪距工件表面高度对接头成形的影响.结果表明,TIG-MIG间接电弧焊工艺可以在明显提高焊丝熔覆率的同时降低工件的热输入,减小熔覆合金与工件的互溶,抑制有害的泛铁现象,拓展了电弧焊的应用.     

自保护药芯焊丝激光—电弧复合热源焊接电弧稳定性的分析

以自保护药芯焊丝（414N-O）为研究对象,借助电弧分析仪和高速摄像,对不同工艺参数下激光—电弧复合热源焊接电弧稳定性进行了试验研究.结果表明,复合热源焊接过程中,激光的加入明显的减小了自保护药芯焊丝电弧作用点漂移概率,拉长了电弧空间,降低了熔滴短路过渡概率,提高了电弧稳定性;工艺参数中,光丝间距和送丝速度对平均焊接电流影响显著;电弧电压和送丝速度对平均焊接电流变异系数影响显著;激光功率对平均焊接电流的影响幅度与光丝间距和送丝速度有关,光丝间距和送丝速度越大,激光功率对平均焊接电流的影响越小;电弧电压对平均焊接电流的影响幅度与光丝间距有关,光丝间距D_LA=0 mm时,影响最显著;激光前置比激光后置更有利于平均焊接电流变异系的稳定.     

Q235钢基体上堆焊金属的组织和硬度分析

采用焊条电弧焊工艺方法,选用CHR322堆焊焊条在Q235钢基体上以不同的焊接电流进行了堆焊试验.对堆焊熔敷金属的显微组织进行了分析,测试了堆焊熔敷金属的显微硬度,并讨论了焊接线能量在堆焊层金属显微组织的形成中起的作用以及对堆焊金属硬度的影响.结果表明,堆焊金属的显微硬度分布取决于其显微组织i焊接线能量的大小显微组织的形成有影响.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。