焊接方法对9Ni钢焊缝金属低温韧性的影响

用手工电弧焊、埋弧焊两种焊接方法分别对9Ni钢板进行对接焊,通过冲击试验对焊缝金属的低温冲击韧性进行了研究,利用金相显的影响微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、EBSD等科研仪器分析和对比了两种焊接方法对焊缝金属的组织、晶粒尺寸及晶界角度特征。试验结果表明:采用手工电弧焊、埋弧焊施焊的焊缝金属在-196℃的平均冲击吸收功分别为86.7和116 J,埋弧焊焊缝金属的冲击吸收功较高。手工电弧焊、埋弧焊焊缝金属的组织均为奥氏体和析出相组成,手工电弧焊的焊缝金属的结晶形态呈树枝状,埋弧焊焊缝金属的结晶形态为胞状树枝晶,偏析分散。手工电弧焊、埋弧焊焊缝金属中奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸分别为132.16和104.97μm。埋弧焊焊缝金属组织偏析分散、奥氏体晶粒尺寸较小是其低温冲击吸收功升高的主要原因,同时埋弧焊焊缝金属中大角度晶界数量的增加也是导致其韧性增加的原因。     

X70管线钢焊接接头调质处理后的低温冲击韧性

分别采用手工焊条电弧焊和单丝埋弧焊工艺焊接X70管线钢,对其焊接接头进行调质处理,研究焊接方法对调质处理后X70管线钢焊接接头力学性能、组织形貌、大角度晶界密度等的影响。结果表明:手工焊条电弧焊焊缝中心和热影响区的冲击吸收能量远高于单丝埋弧焊焊缝;单丝埋弧焊焊缝和热影响区组织中的粗大贝氏体板条束、大块状铁素体是降低其冲击吸收能量的主要原因,手工焊条电弧焊焊缝组织中的细小且按不同位向错综排列的针状铁素体以及较高的大角度晶界密度是提高其冲击吸收能量的主要原因。     

不同焊接方法下440 MPa级海洋工程用钢焊接接头组织和力学性能研究

使用CO_2气体保护焊和手工电弧焊对16 mm厚的440 MPa级海洋工程用钢板进行了对接试验,对比了两种焊接方法下焊接接头的组织和力学性能。结果表明,CO_2气体保护焊焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体、侧板条铁素体和少量残余奥氏体,而手工电弧焊的焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体以及少量残余奥氏体,两者热影响区粗晶区组织均为板条结构;气体保护焊焊缝的硬度低于手工焊的,且其接头硬度分布更不均匀;相对于手工电弧焊,气体保护焊焊缝强度较高,塑性较差,-40℃下的冲击功远低于手工电弧焊的;两者冲击断口均为准解理断口形貌,但手工焊断口有许多延性脊,改善了韧性。     

低温管线K65热煨弯管用埋弧焊丝研制

设计了NiMoTiB体系实芯焊丝用于低温管线K65热煨弯管的埋弧焊接,并采用φ4.0 mm焊丝、双面四丝埋弧焊开展了壁厚30.8 mm直缝管试制,然后利用热煨弯制工艺制成弯管,并分别测试了直缝管和弯管的焊缝金属微观组织及力学性能.结果表明,焊态直缝管焊缝组织以针状铁素体为主,以及少量贝氏体及马氏体-奥氏体岛（M-A）;焊缝金属抗拉强度670 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收功为162 J.经过淬火+回火处理的热煨弯管焊缝主要由块状铁素体和尺寸1~5 μm的退化珠光体组成;焊缝金属抗拉强度665 MPa,-40℃冲击吸收功84 J,能够满足低温管线钢K65的标准要求.     

母材成分对X80管道环焊接头冲击性能的影响

管线铺设过程中采用自保护药芯焊丝半自动焊焊接工艺,研究母材中Nb含量对X80管线钢环焊接头冲击韧性的影响。试验结果表明:母材的化学成分对焊缝金属的成分有影响,母材中较高的Nb含量经焊接热循环后过渡到焊缝金属中,促进了焊缝金属中M/A组元的形成和含量的增加,沿晶界分布的M/A组元降低了焊缝金属的冲击吸收功,影响了焊缝金属的冲击韧性及稳定性。经过优化焊接工艺参数,控制焊态焊缝金属的组织形貌、M/A含量及其分布,可保障X80自保护药芯焊丝焊缝金属的冲击韧性控制在较高且相对稳定的水平,但工艺窗口较窄。     

药芯焊丝Cr含量对低合金钢焊缝金属性能的影响

通过在金红石型药芯焊丝中加入不同含量的金属Cr,研究了Cr对低合金钢焊缝金属组织及力学性能的影响。利用金相显微镜和透射电镜对组织进行观察,结合热力学软件Thermal Calc对组织变化进行分析。结果表明:焊缝金属中每增加0.1%的Cr,抗拉强度提升约10 MPa;随元素Cr的加入,碳化物体积分数增加,部分碳化物沿晶界条链状分布,使焊缝金属冲击性能离散性增大且冲击吸收能量均值下降。随Cr含量的不断增加,组织中产生粗大的M-A组元,在提升强度的同时使冲击性能显著恶化。     

热输入对电力结构用Q460钢焊缝金属组织及冲击性能的影响

采用熔化极气体保护焊对电力结构用Q460钢进行不同热输入的对接焊试验。利用金相显微镜、透射电镜和电子背散射衍射技术研究热输入对焊缝组织及冲击性能的影响。结果表明:3种热输入焊缝金属组织均为先共析铁素体、侧板条铁素体和针状铁素体及M-A组元。随着热输入的增加,焊缝组织中板条粗化,而先共析铁素体和侧板条铁素体增多,针状铁素体减少,M-A组元尺寸增大;焊缝金属中大角度晶界含量逐渐减少分别为0.54、0.40和0.37。尺寸较大的M-A组元及大角度晶界密度的降低是导致焊缝金属冲击吸收能量逐渐降低的主要原因。     

B元素对药芯焊丝焊缝金属针状铁素体形成的影响

利用金相组织观察、冲击试验和热膨胀试验,研究了B元素含量变化对高强钢药芯焊丝焊缝金属中针状铁素体形成的影响,得到了不同试验温度下焊缝金属冲击吸收功. 结合透射电镜分析和分级淬火试验从热力学和动力学的角度对B元素影响机理进行了分析. 结果表明,焊缝金属组织晶界中含有自由状态的B元素具有抑制晶界铁素体形核利于针状铁素体生成的作用;N元素含量增加会降低晶界B元素含量,并提高奥氏体向铁素体转变的温度,减少针状铁素体含量;针状铁素体是在以Ti元素和Mn元素的氧化物为核心,以Cu元素和Mn元素的硫化物为外层,以BN为过渡层的复杂结构上形核并长大的;针状铁素体含量的增加有利于提高焊缝金属冲击吸收功,–60 ℃冲击吸收功最大为70 J.     

Mn/Ni/Mo配比对K65管线钢焊缝金属组织与力学性能的影响

以Mn-Ni-Mo-Ti-B为主要合金系,研制出适用于低温服役环境下的高强高韧管线钢埋弧焊丝,并应用于30.8 mm厚K65管线钢现场焊接实验.结果表明,焊缝金属屈服强度达到583~689 MPa,抗拉强度达到714~768 MPa,-40℃冲击功均在90 J以上,焊缝具有优异的强韧性匹配.焊丝直径为4.0 mm,适用于四丝双面埋弧焊,效率高,且热影响区(HAZ)低温韧性优异(-40℃冲击功100 J).采用OM,TEM和Le Pera方法对焊缝金属组织的观察表明,焊缝组织主要为精细的针状铁素体、少量的先共析晶界铁素体、侧板条铁素体和弥散分布的细小马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)岛状颗粒.焊缝金属中0.2%Mo可以有效抑制先共析晶界铁素体及侧板条铁素体的生成,晶粒细化作用显著.Mn和Ni的适量增加会促进针状铁素体的形成,显著提高焊缝金属低温韧性.但Mn,Ni配比不当而超过某个范围时将会导致马氏体或其它低温相变产物形成,削弱低温韧性.当K65焊缝金属中含(1.5%~2.0%)Mn,(0.9%~1.2%)Ni,(0.2%~0.25%)Mo时,可以使其具有高强度的同时低温冲击韧性优异,且在Mn与Ni配比含量不越过马氏体形成线(Ms线)的前提下,可以采用加Mn减Ni的方法配比其合金含量.     

高强焊丝熔敷金属力学性能及组织分析

利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及附带能谱仪(EDS)并通过常温拉伸和低温冲击等试验研究了不同保护气体下高强焊丝熔敷金属组织和强韧性变化.结果表明,针对此高强度气体保护焊焊丝,采用Ar+5%CO₂保护气体,熔敷金属强韧性最佳;焊缝金相组织为粒状贝氏体+板条贝氏体,细小板条束可有效提高焊缝韧性;M-A组元存在明显C元素富集的现象,大量块状M-A组元的出现造成M-A组元基体间位错塞积,引起应力集中,在裂纹形核阶段易萌生微裂纹,对韧性不利;采用Ar+2%O₂和Ar+20%CO₂保护气体,焊缝中较大尺寸夹杂物数量增多,是诱发准解理断裂引起冲击吸收功降低的主要原因.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。