纤维增强复合材料层板高速倾斜冲击损伤数值模拟

根据复合材料三维黏弹性本构关系, 建立了纤维增强复合材料层板高速倾斜冲击损伤的数值分析模型。该模型在复合材料层间引入界面单元模拟层间分层, 结合三维Hashin失效准则进行单层板面内损伤识别, 引入材料刚度折减方案, 采用非线性有限元方法, 研究高速倾斜冲击下复合材料层板的破坏过程和损伤特性。研究结果表明: 层板的主要损伤形式是层间分层、 基体微裂纹和纤维断裂; 冲击速度不变而入射角度增大时, 剩余速度减小, 层板损伤面积在一定入射角度范围内有明显变化; 入射角度不变而冲击速度增大时, 剩余速度增大, 层板损伤面积在一定速度范围内也有明显变化。     

边界条件对纤维增强复合材料层板高速冲击损伤影响的数值模拟

根据复合材料三维粘弹性本构关系,建立纤维增强复合材料层板高速冲击损伤的有限元分析模型。模型中引入界面单元模拟层间分层,结合三维Hashin失效准则进行单层板面内损伤判断。对数值结果进行分析,得到如下结论:边界四面不带应力层板的损伤面积最大,两个对面带应力层板的损伤面积次之,一面和三面带应力层板的损伤面积最小;边界应力增大而冲击速度不变时,剩余速度基本不变,损伤面积先增大后减小;冲击速度增大而边界应力不变时,剩余速度线性增大,损伤面积先增大后减小。     

纤维增强复合材料层板高速冲击损伤数值模拟

推导了复合材料应变率相关三维本构关系, 并将其用于复合材料层板高速冲击损伤的数值模拟。该模型在复合材料层间引入界面单元模拟层间分层, 结合三维Hashin失效准则进行单层板面内损伤识别, 引入材料刚度退化, 采用非线性有限元方法, 研究了复合材料层板高速冲击的破坏过程及层板的损伤特性。数值分析结果表明, 剩余速度预报结果与实验结果吻合较好, 层板的主要损伤形式是层间分层、 基体微裂纹和纤维断裂, 减小弹体直径、 增大铺层角度和层板厚度能够有效降低层板损伤面积。      

纤维取向对TC4/PEEK/Cf层板抗高速冲击性能的影响

为研究高速冲击条件下TC4/PEEK/Cf层板破坏失效行为和机理,采用空气炮高速冲击试验探索了纤维取向对层板抗高速冲击性能的影响,并建立了误差有效控制的有限元模型。使用验证后的模型对不同变量下层板冲击试验进行算例丰富。试验和模拟结果表明：TC4/PEEK/Cf层板高速冲击下损伤模式主要是金属/复合材料界面分层、复合材料内部层间分层、金属塑性变形、复合材料撕裂断开等。通过对比不同纤维取向层板高速冲击破坏特征发现,TC4/PEEK/Cf层板抗高速冲击性能与纤维铺放角度有关。层板整体耗散冲击能量的性能随纤维交叉角度增大而提高,纤维单向铺放层板的弹道极限和能量耗散率最低,0°/90°纤维取向层板的弹道极限和能量耗散率最高,抗冲击性能最优。     

含孔玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料-铝合金层板的拉伸损伤行为与热暴露响应

采用试验和数值方法研究了含孔玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(GF/EP)复合材料-铝合金层板在不同热暴露温度下的拉伸剩余强度和损伤失效模式,揭示了层间损伤、纤维损伤及基体损伤的演化过程。结果表明:随着热暴露温度升高,含孔GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板剩余强度不断下降,拉伸破坏呈现出明显的纤维断裂与层间分层混合失效模式。热暴露温度越高或开孔直径越大,GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板的层间分层损伤区域越小。随着载荷的增大,沿加载方向的0°纤维和基体的损伤分别呈现出类似“漏斗”形和“花瓣”状的损伤演化形式,而层间损伤区域呈现出一对相对开孔对称的三角形损伤演化形式。基于GF/EP复合材料-铝合金层板的剩余强度和损伤失效模式的数值仿真与试验结果吻合较好。      

不同形状弹体高速冲击下复合材料层板损伤分析

根据纤维增强复合材料宏细观结构,基于纤维的线弹性假设和基体的粘弹性假设,推导了单向复合材料粘弹性损伤本构关系。在此基础上,结合Hashin失效准则进行单层板面内损伤识别,通过界面单元模拟层间分层损伤,采用非线性有限元方法,建立了复合材料层板高速冲击损伤有限元分析模型。利用该模型,深入研究了不同形状弹体高速冲击下复合材料层板的弹道性能和损伤特性,探讨了相关参数对冲击损伤的影响规律,获得了一些有价值的结论。     

三维编织复合材料弹道侵彻准细观层次有限元计算

三维编织复合材料相比于层合复合材料有较高的层间剪切强度和断裂韧性,因而具有更高的冲击损伤容限。用钢芯弹对三维编织复合材料作弹道贯穿测试,得到弹体的入射速度和剩余速度,并考察侵彻破坏模式。目前对三维编织复合材料弹道侵彻性能计算主要建立在连续介质假设上,从真实细观结构计算三维编织复合材料弹道冲击性能尚有一定难度,用三维结构复合材料的纤维倾斜模型在准细观结构层次上分解三维编织复合材料,就其中的一块倾斜单向板作弹道侵彻有限元计算,由弹体动能损失得到贯穿整个复合材料靶体后弹体的剩余速度。有限元计算及与弹道测试结果的比较证明在准细观层次上计算三维编织复合材料弹道冲击性能的有效性。      

压缩预应力对复合材料层板抗冲击损伤性能的影响

为确定压缩预应力对复合材料层板抗冲击损伤性能的影响,首先对不同压缩预应力下的碳纤维/双马树脂CCF300/5428层板进行了低速冲击和准静态压痕试验,然后通过热揭层和冲击后压缩试验分别得到了层板分层面积和剩余强度。结果表明:压缩预应力会大幅降低层板的接触刚度和弯曲刚度,从而导致相同冲击能量下层板凹坑深度和背部基体开裂长度增大;对于准静态压痕过程和相同冲击能量下的冲击过程,分层起始载荷和峰值载荷均随压缩预应力的增大而减小;在相同冲击能量下,随着压缩预应力的增大,层板内部分层总面积及冲击能量吸收比不断增大,剩余压缩强度不断降低。因此,压缩预应力会降低复合材料层板的冲击损伤阻抗,对损伤容限性能不利,在对承受压缩载荷结构的试验验证过程中应考虑压缩预应力对抗冲击损伤性能的影响。      

含分层损伤缝合复合材料层板的剩余压缩强度

基于渐进损伤方法,研究了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板在压缩载荷下的剩余强度。通过商用软件ABAQUS建立了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板剩余压缩强度计算模型,考虑了子层屈曲和分层扩展对剩余强度的影响。通过UMAT子程序实现了层板失效、层间失效和缝线失效的模拟。通过嵌入式杆单元结构模拟了缝线桥联作用及失效。采用Hashin准则及刚度折减法对纤维拉压、基体拉压失效进行了模拟。通过渐进损伤分析,揭示了缝合情况下含单脱层复合材料层板的失效机理,讨论了缝合参数对剩余压缩强度的影响。所预测的破坏模式和剩余强度结果与实验能较好地吻合。分析表明缝合可以明显提高含分层损伤复合材料层板的子层屈曲载荷,抑制分层扩展,并提高层板的剩余压缩强度。     

缝合复合材料层板面内边缘冲击及冲击后压缩实验

利用真空辅助树脂传递成型(VARTM)技术制备缝合/未缝合碳纤维层板,并分别对其进行了五种不同能量的面内边缘冲击及冲击后压缩实验,结构内部的冲击损伤通过超声C扫描检测技术进行观测。结果表明：缝合工艺的引入能有效提高碳纤维层板的面内冲击阻抗及损伤容限,在五种能量范围内,冲击峰值力的增幅达到4.54%～10.33%,冲击后剩余压缩强度的增幅最高达到9.32%;另外,通过超声C扫描检测结果发现,面内边缘冲击后,在复合材料面板上的冲击点附近会出现一个半椭圆形的分层区域,且缝合层板的分层损伤面积明显小于未缝合层板;未缝合层板面内边缘冲击后压缩的主要破坏模式为分层扩展,而缝合层板面内边缘冲击后的压缩失效模式为整体屈曲。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to