再制干酪的技术难点

阐述了重制干酪结构形成的原理。主要是天然干酪的稳定结构被加热和搅拌破坏，而乳化盐中的Na^ 和酪蛋白的Ca^ 进行离子交换，从而增加酪蛋白的水合性，提高脂肪的乳化稳定性，经过熔融和冷却，混料中的蛋白、脂肪和水形成一个稳定的新结构。在阐明原理的基础上分析了配方和工艺方面的关键参数，包括混料中的酪蛋白含量，混料中的乳化盐，混料的水分含量和pH值，熔融温度、熔融时间、搅拌强度、脱气程度和冷却程度。     

海藻酸钠在再制奶酪中的应用研究

以天然奶酪为原料,添加适量海藻酸钠,根据再制奶酪的制作步骤,通过对天然奶酪、乳化盐、增稠剂的添加量进行优化研究,确定海藻酸钠辅助再制奶酪的成型配方参数:海藻酸钠0.4%,黄原胶0.1%,多聚磷酸钠2%,焦磷酸钠1%。由此制得的奶酪组织均匀细腻,既保留了奶酪本身的气味,又比较符合中国人民的口味。     

天然奶酪对再制奶酪理化性质的影响

研究了天然干酪的添加量及其成熟度对再制奶酪理化性质及功能特性的影响。结果表明:再制奶酪的完整酪蛋白质量分数、储能模量、损耗模量和硬度均随着天然奶酪的添加量及其成熟度的增加而呈现下降趋势,而再制干酪的风味及组织状态则不然;成熟度为1月和4月的天然Mozzarella干酪配比为2︰1时,产品的功能特性及口感最佳。     

Behaviour of aflatoxin during production of processed cheese (author's transl)]

The problem of aflatoxin determination in processed cheese can be solved by the destruction of the emulsion with 6 m urea solution; the detection limit is 0.1-0.05 ppb B1 respectively G1. Examination of 115 trade samples resulted in 2 positive processed cheese samples only. This result cannot be reffered to the destruction of aflatoxins by the melting process, because neither at melting temperatures of 80-138 degrees C nor by melting salts and pH adjustments considerable losses could be observed, mostly below 5%.     

Production of processed cheese using kasseri cheese and processed cheese analogues incorporating whey protein concentrate and soybean oil

A control processed cheese (A) made mainly from kasseri cheese (60%) without whey protein concentrate or soybean oil, and three other cheese products B, C and D containing increasing amounts of whey protein concentrate (UF) and soybean oil were manufactured simultaneously. All the cheeses were produced to contain 50–51% moisture and 53–54% fat-in-dry-matter and were submitted to microbiological, physicochemical, theological and organoleptic tests 1 day after production and after 90 days in cold storage under vacuum. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic microflora of all the cheeses was very low; coliforms were not found. All the cheeses differed significantly in their content of total protein, soluble protein, lactose, ash, acidity (ADV) and in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (cheese D). In contrast, no significant differences in pH, moisture or fat were noted because of the standardization of the blends. Rheological tests of the products indicated that there were marked differences in hardness, adhesiveness, elasticity, gumminess and chewiness. The cheeses were subjected to sensory analysis and showed differences in flavour, texture and spreading ability on day 1 and, moreover, in appearance after 90 days.     

Manufacture of processed cheese from Iraqi white soft cheese

Processed cheese was made from different samples of Iraqi white soft cheese by adding 3.5% emulsifying salts and 15–25% water depending on the chosen type of processed cheese. Arabic gum was used to firm the cheese at a rate of 0.08%. Total solids ranged from 46.8–43.4% in the firm and spread types, respectively. Laboratory processed cheese gave excellent quality compared with local processed cheese.     

Replacement of traditional emulsifying salts by selected hydrocolloids in processed cheese production

Different hydrocolloids were examined as possible replacements for traditional phosphate- and citrate-based emulsifying salts in processed cheese production. The following hydrocolloids (at concentrations in the final product of ≤1.0%, w/w) were chosen: modified starch (with bound sodium octenyl succinate), low methoxyl pectin (alone or combined with lecithin), locust bean gum, κ-carrageenan and ι-carrageenan. The products were assessed by sensory analysis, microscopic image analysis and dynamic oscillatory rheometry. Modified starch, locust bean gum and low methoxyl pectin could not be recommended as replacements for traditional emulsifying salts. Model processed cheeses without traditional emulsifying salts of 40% (w/w) dry matter and 55% (w/w) fat-in-dry matter containing 1.0% (w/w) κ-carrageenan or ι-carrageenan were found to be homogeneous, however the products were hard with fracturable texture.     

再制奶酪的配料与加工

本文综述了再制奶酪的理化特性、微观结构及其功能特性,影响再制奶酪功能特性的原料配比、组成成分和各种加工条件.本文可供再制奶酪制造技术人员和乳品和食品科学专业的师生参考.     

Use of sodium polyphosphates with different linear lengths in the production of spreadable processed cheese

The objective of this study was to describe the dependence of textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, and relative adhesiveness) of processed cheese spreads on the proportion of disodium phosphate (DSP), tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP), and sodium salts of polyphosphate in ternary mixtures of emulsifying salts. Sodium salts of polyphosphate with different mean lengths (n ≈ 5, 9, 13, 20, and 28) were used. Pentasodium triphosphate (PSTP) was used instead of TSPP in the second part of the study. Products with and without pH adjustment were tested (the target pH value was 5.60–5.80). Textural properties of the processed cheese were observed after 2, 9, and 30 d of storage at 6°C. Hardness of the processed cheese with a low content of polyphosphate increased at a specific DSP:TSPP ratio (~1:1 to 3:4). This trend was the same for all the polyphosphates used; only the absolute values of texture parameters were different. The same trends were observed in the ternary mixtures with PSTP, showing lower final values of hardness compared with samples containing TSPP. Hardness and cohesiveness decreased and relative adhesiveness increased in the samples with increased pH values and vice versa; the main trend remained unchanged.     

The effect of cheese maturity on selected properties of processed cheese without traditional emulsifying agents

The aim of this work was to compare selected properties (hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, characteristics of fat globules, pH, meltability and sensory characteristics – homogeneity, rigidity and flavour) of processed cheeses (dry matter content 40 g/100 g; fat in dry matter content 50 g/100 g) made with traditional emulsifying salts (sodium salts of phosphates) and products in which the traditional emulsifying salts were replaced with 1 g/100 g κ-carrageenan. The development of the above-mentioned properties was studied in dependence on the maturity level of cheese (raw material; 1–16 weeks' maturity). The samples made without the use of traditional emulsifying salts were nearly five times as hard as the products with phosphates regardless of the maturity level of cheese. In both types of samples, hardness was decreasing and adhesiveness was rising with the increasing maturity level of cheese. Meltability of the samples without traditional emulsifying salts was very low and remained practically unchanged with the increasing maturity level of cheese. On the other hand, in the processed cheeses with phosphates, meltability was increasing with the rising maturity level of cheese.     

高熔点再制干酪的初探

研究了再制干酪基础配方中,原制干酪成熟度、水分添加量、脂肪添加量、乳化盐种类及添加量对熔点的影响,在单因素实验基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合的实验设计,得到的最优配方:采用6个月成熟的切达干酪,水分添加9.5%(w/w),乳化盐2%(w/w),黄油0%(w/w),该配方比普通再制干酪熔点提高30℃以上。     

嵌合型卡拉胶——特别为加工干酪定制的稳定剂和质构改进剂

一些关于嵌合型卡拉胶(hybrid carrageenan)分子结构的基础科研工作,为特制的卡拉胶产品用于加工干酪提供了理论基础.嵌合型卡拉胶兼含kappa和iota型复合分子结构,能改善加工干酪的最终性能.新的高度灵活的卡拉胶产品的应用性能广泛,能获得加工干酪的生产过程和最终产品的良好性能.目前已经开发出满足生产商和消费者需求的、基于嵌合型卡拉胶的亲水胶体解决方案.该方案性价比很好,适用于大块加工干酪、模拟干酪、包装的切片干酪、涂抹型干酪等,使之耐受机械处理、黏附性低、并保持再融化特性、拉伸性、热稳定性等.     

涂抹型儿童香蕉果肉干酪的研制

研制适合儿童的涂抹型干酪是乳品行业的又一生产方向。以香蕉为原料经15s烫漂防止褐变。通过单因素实验确定:水分添加量为50%,原料配比为干酪∶乳清=2∶1,复合磷酸盐添加量为2.5%。以CMC为最适稳定剂,通过正交实验确定涂抹型儿童香蕉果肉干酪的最佳配方为:香蕉添加量为20%、蔗糖添加量为8%、CMC添加量为0.1%。     

乳化盐在重制奶酪生产中的作用

阐述了乳化盐在重制奶酪中的作用，以及常用乳化盐的主要特性、实际应用和重制奶酪经常出现的质量缺陷、原因分析、采取的措施等。     

The influence of moisture content on the rheological properties of processed cheese spreads

Model processed cheese spreads were prepared from rennet casein, sunflower oil, water and a trisodium citrate/citric acid chelating salt system. The samples were cooked using a laboratory‐scale processed cheese cooker. The moisture content of the samples varied from 49.1 to 55.6%. The samples were characterized by dynamic rheology, rotational viscometry and fat particle size analysis. With increasing moisture content, the rheological behaviour of the samples changed from solid‐like (concentrated solution) to liquid‐like (dilute solution). The moduli decreased and the frequencies at which G′‐G′′ crossed over increased with increasing moisture content. Increasing moisture content resulted in an increase in pH and increase in the volume‐to‐surface diameter of the fat droplets. Rotational viscometry indicated that all the samples were shear thinning. The flow curves fitted a power law relationship (r² = 0.993). Thixotropic behaviour was displayed by all samples except those above 54% moisture. The shear stress at any particular shear rate increased with decreasing moisture content, indicating a stronger network structure in the low moisture samples.     

Use of plant protein isolates in processed cheese

Plant protein isolates were evaluated and used to replace skim milk powdered protein in processed cheese blends. The chemical composition of chickpea protein isolate (CPI), peanut protein isolate (PPI) and sesame protein isolates (SPI) were determined. Functional properties of the tested protein isolates were also studied. SPI had minimum emulsion activity index (EAI), while the PPI possessed the highest value. The emulsions formed remained stable after one day, then destroyed at the 3rd day. Water absorption capacity (WAC) of the tested protein isolates varried between 196 to 329 g water/100 g protein. The water-oil absorption index (WOAI) for CPI, PPI and SPI were 7.6, 0.48 and 0.90, respectively. Changes in chemical composition of plant-type processed cheeses containing different levels of plant protein isolates (5, 10 and 15%), occurred only in total nitrogen, while the other constituents such as total solids, fat and salt were not affected. Sensory evaluation of the processed cheese revealed that total score gradually decreased with increasing plant-protein isolate levels up to 15% but still preferable for the consumer. This decrease in the total score regards the flavour but not to the colour or body and texture.     

水分对涂抹型再制干酪的影响

水分是影响涂抹型再制干酪感官、质构和微观结构的重要因素.通过测定涂抹型再制干酪的pH、融化性、质构性质(TPA),并结合微观结构观察的分析方法,确定水分对涂抹型再制干酪品质的影响.结果表明,水分的增大使样品中pH增大,但对pH的影响不显著,融化性显著增强(P<0.05),对硬度、黏着性和涂抹功影响极显著(P<0.01).48%、54.3%和60%含水量时的微观结构明显不同,水分增大使酪蛋白网络结构由致密变得松散,同时脂肪球不断增大并聚集.     

无胶体型儿童再制干酪配方设计研究

通过对天然干酪、炼乳、乳蛋白添加量和目标水份的研究和优化,确定了无胶体型儿童再制干酪配方:马苏里拉20％,成熟车达4％,炼乳14％,黄油11％,脱脂乳粉6％,麦芽糖浆5％,牛乳蛋白1.5％,乳化盐1.3％,乳酸0.37％,加水量36.83％(均为质量分数).经一系列稳定实验说明该配方生产的产品在10℃左右冷藏条件下,至少可以贮存9个月.     

The use of carotenoid preparations for colouring Cheddar cheese

Annatto extracts prepared from Bixa orellana have traditionally been used for enhancing the colour of Cheddar cheese made in winter in Southern England or throughout the year in Scotland, and also to produce the deep red colour of certain varieties of cheese, e. g. Leicester. Double Gloucester, Red Cheddar and Cheshire. However some of the colour passes into the whey and this can lower the commercial value of powder made from the whey.
A series of Cheddar cheeses was made to compare carotenoid preparations based on β-carotene as the colouring agent with the traditional carotenoid colourant norbixin present in annatto solutions. The β-carotene preparations were found to enhance the colour of Cheddar cheese, made in Southern England from winter milk, to that of Cheddar cheese made from summer milk, or to the colour of New Zealand Cheddar, with only traces of the colourant passing into the whey.
For colouring milk to make Leicester, Double Gloucester, Red Cheddar or Cheshire cheeses, β-carotene preparations are too yellow and would need the addition of carotenoids with a more reddish colour. However, even at the highest level used, little of the β-carotene passed into the whey.     

水分对再制干酪功能性的影响

利用质构仪,流变仪,扫描电镜分析水分对再制干酪产品功能特性的影响,揭示了水分在再制干酪生产过程中的重要作用.结果表明,水分对再制干酪的融化性和表观黏度均有显著的影响(P＜0.05);而水分对干酪物性中的硬度、黏着性、咀嚼性有相似的影响;水分对酪蛋白的乳化作用的影响体现在干酪中脂肪球的大小和数量上,在一定范围内水分增加酪蛋白乳化作用越好.