Vision‐Based Natural Frequency Identification Using Laser Speckle Imaging and Parallel Computing

This study focuses on the identification of the natural frequencies of structures through the analysis of the speckle pattern that a laser creates and a camera records. The laser pointer spreads its light over a target area on the structure and creates the speckle pattern. The ambient vibrations affect the pattern and a camera records the changes. The stream of images is fed into a graphics processing unit (GPU). The developed parallel code includes different algorithms: the speckle contrast image (SCI), the speckle flow imaging (SFI), and an innovative application of k‐means clustering that uses the geometrical centroid of each cluster as virtual sensors. The tracking of the centroid in time domain through the images creates a vibration signal. The signals from different clusters are processed together to extract the natural frequencies of the structure. This study applies the proposed method to different sample structures both in laboratory and in the field to demonstrate how the obtained signals are reliable and easy to handle. The GPU technology enhances the performance of the entire method and allows the achievement of real‐time processing. All these features create an inexpensive, portable, and efficient tool to inspect any structure or its components.     

Geogrid-soil interaction: A new conceptual model and testing apparatus

This paper provides a more realistic representation of the soil-geogrid interface in indirectly activated geogrids. A new testing apparatus is designed using transparent soil that allows an unobstructed observation of the interface to investigate the interaction occurring along the reinforcement. In this investigation, the reinforcement is indirectly activated by the deformations of the surrounding soil. Deformations were determined by digital image correlation (DIC) using a dot pattern attached to the geogrid and a laser speckle plane within the transparent soil. The interaction is derived from relative soil-geogrid displacements, deflections of geogrid transverse members, geogrid strain and force distributions as well as shear stresses acting at the interface. Three zones were identified corresponding to the distinct modes of interaction: pushout, pullout and interlocking, whereby a micro-mechanical conceptual model was validated. The geogrid force reaches its maximum at the intersection of the critical slip plane with the reinforcement. The results indicate that the pushout, pullout and interlocking areas cover 15%, 49% and 36% of the total geogrid length respectively. In this study, a transition area between the pushout and pullout zones was observed where the mobilised interface shear stress increases to a maximum value.     

基于透明土材料的沉桩过程土体三维变形模型试验研究

为了对沉桩过程中桩周土体内部的变形特性进行非插入式测量,利用正十二烷、十五号白油混合液和玻璃砂合成透明土,并在此基础上设计了沉桩模型试验系统；该系统包括激光器、线性发生器、CCD（charge-coupled device）相机、沉桩加载仪和计算机等。激光经线性发生器转化后将透明土样切分,形成土体内部颗粒切面,CCD相机连续拍摄沉桩过程中该切面的图像,并通过计算机中图像处理软件进行分析,得到该切面变形前后的变形位移场。通过与数值模型的对比分析,验证模型试验结果的可靠性。对多个切面变形前后的位移场进行分析,从而得到沉桩过程中土体变形的完整三维变形场。试验结果表明,试验条件下沉桩水平挤土位移影响范围为8R；与常规模型试验方法相比,方法实现了土体内部变形的三维测量,有助于了解土体在各种荷载条件下的变形机理。     

基于透明土的管桩贯入特性模型试验研究

由于受土塞效应等因素影响,开口管桩和闭口管桩在贯入过程中的挤土效应存在明显的差异;然而针对该两者贯入特性的研究相对较少。基于透明土和PIV（Particle Image Velocimetry）技术,开发了相应的桩基贯入模型试验系统,用于桩基贯入过程中桩周土体变形的非插入式测量。试验选用的透明土由玻璃砂和具有相同折射率的孔隙液体制成。该试验系统主要包括：线性激光光源、CCD（Charge-Coupled Device）相机、自动沉桩加载仪和计算机控制系统等。激光射入透明土,和透明土之间的相互作用产生了独特的散斑场,通过CCD相机摄取贯入过程中各个时刻散斑场变形的图片,然后通过PIV技术对这些变形前后的图片进行处理,即可得到整个土体位移场。分别进行了开口管桩和闭口管桩的桩基贯入试验,得到了对应的土体位移场,并对桩基贯入引起的桩周土体径向位移试验结果与圆孔扩张法、应变路径法等理论计算结果进行对比分析;研究结果表明,对于闭口管桩,由于竖向位移的影响,试验值比圆孔扩张法结果小,其与应变路径法更为接近;对于开口管桩,由于沉桩过程中土塞作用,试验值比圆孔扩张法大,其影响不可忽略。     

岩石材料基于天然散斑场的变形观测方法研究

许多类岩石材料由于其成分的原因在表面形成良好的散斑结构，用DSCM方法对这些岩石材料进行变形观测时可直接拍摄表面得到散斑图。基于这种天然散斑场的变形观测方法，进行了岩石材料变形的观测实验，验证了方法的可行性和优越性。     

外贴纤维与混凝土结合面的粘结滑移关系

本文在外贴纤维复合材料(FRP)与混凝土结合面双剪试验中,采用电子散斑干涉技术(ESPI)对FRP-混凝土结合面的变形场进行了测试,重点研究了结合面的粘结滑移关系。试验结果表明,FRP-混凝土结合面的粘结滑移关系曲线的发展过程由非线性上升段和不稳定下降段两部分组成,峰值应力与混凝土强度有关,达到应力峰值时的滑移和极限滑移受混凝土强度和FRP的形式(板或布)等的影响不大。通过结合面滑移刚度衰减规律的分析,本文提出了FRP-混凝土结合面粘结滑移本构关系的基本模式,该模式基于FRP-混凝土结合面的初始(弹性)滑移刚度,力学概念明确。     

相移电子散斑干涉法测量混凝土加固面层受载变形

利用激光双光束散斑干涉并引入相移技术,对复合混凝土加固件进行全场位移、应变实验测量。借助于图像处理技术,通过分析散斑干涉条纹图可以得到加固件在不同荷载作用下的位移、应变分布,从而实现对采用不同规格、材料参数时的加固性能进行评估分析。实验表明,相移散斑干涉技术不仅可以实现高精度的位移测量,通过对位移场进行数值拟合求导得到的应变同样具有很高的精度。文中对实验方法进行了较详细的讨论,并对典型试件的图像处理过程进行说明。相关技术可以作为类似工程的有益参考。     

Indentation of rock by wedge-shaped tools

This paper presents the experimental results obtained with a two-dimensional indentation device controlled by a servo-hydraulic loading system and monitored with the nondestructive techniques of acoustic emission and electronic speckle pattern interferometry. The goals of this research were to evaluate the indentation pressure as well as the size of a damage (plastic) zone, and to study the initiation of tensile fracture at the intact rock-damaged rock boundary, that is, the elasto-plastic interface. The key factors controlling the failure process are (1) the mechanical properties of the rock including the elasticity and strength parameters, (2) the geometric features of the tool such as the wedge angle, and (3) the lateral confinement simulating the far-field stress. A good agreement with regard to indentation pressure and damage-zone radius was found between the experimental and theoretical analyses. Furthermore, the intrinsic crack length, critical in establishing tensile fracture, was estimated and correlated to the grain size.     

爆炸冲击载荷作用下吸能支护巷道变形规律研究

利用低能爆炸加载方式,采用相似材料模拟试验方法,借助数字散斑光测手段（ DSCM ）,研究高速冲击载荷作用下吸能支护巷道变形规律。试验结果表明,巷道顶板首先出现微裂缝,顶板向下位移约为 0.6 mm ,顶板岩层与煤层交界处无错动现象,冲击波重复作用使得模型顶面出现贯通裂缝,但巷道及周围岩体并无破坏,说明吸能支护可吸收大量冲击能,从而有效降低对巷道的冲击破坏。通过模拟试验结果可知,采用吸能支护可大大降低巷道的破坏程度,对于采矿工程安全生产具有实际意义,同时为巷道支护提供一种新方法。     

Estimation of film accumulation in percolating filters: Comparison of methods

Estimation of film accumulation is necessary for the successful operational management of percolating filters. Prevention of ponding and loss of performance due to excessive film accumulation, and the optimization of the recirculation and alternating double filtration processes can only be achieved by regular monitoring of film growth. Five methods of determining film accumulation are compared; total film weight, total dry solids, volatile solids, percentage settlement of solids and the neutron scattering technique. The methods were used to monitor the film growth in pilot filters containing a mineral and a random plastics medium, over two twelve-month loading periods at 1.68 m³ m⁻³ day⁻¹ (0.28 kg BOD m⁻³ day⁻¹) and 3.37 m³ m⁻³ day⁻¹ (0.63 kg BOD m⁻³ day⁻¹).

Good correlations (P < 0.001) are found between all methods at the lower loading although the neutron scattering results are not significantly correlated (P > 0.10) with any of the gravimetric methods at the higher loading. Although the neutron scattering technique does provide a rapid and sensitive measure of hydrogen atoms in the filter, the results, expressed as percentage saturation of the voids, are not directly transferable to film weights and should be treated separately and not as a true measure of film accumulation.     

三维表面裂纹扩展试验及理论分析

 通过双轴压力作用下岩石三维表面裂纹断裂试验,利用数字散斑技术,观察裂纹的翼形扩展、反向扩展,得出对应的时间和荷载。试验发现,三维表面裂纹的翼形扩展一般都先于反向裂纹,反向裂纹最先在远离裂纹尖端区域出现,而后快速与原裂纹尖端汇合。通过有限元计算得到三维裂纹试件整体应力场和裂纹前缘各点应力强度因子。通过复合型断裂判据,对裂纹翼形扩展的三维形态进行分析,试验结果与最大周向拉应力 及最大周向拉应变 判据的理论预示结果吻合较好。对反向裂纹萌生区域进行强度破坏分析,反向裂纹的萌生与莫尔–库仑强度理论的预示结果基本相符。从试验及理论2个方面分析三维表面裂纹扩展直至破坏的全过程。     

平面应力条件下闭合断续节理岩体破坏机理及强度特性

根据激光散斑照相技术和应变花所测得的位移场和应力场,深入分析了平面应力条件下闭 断续节理脆性岩体的变形和破坏特征,揭示了裂纹扩展规律和破坏机理,得出了这类岩体的初裂强度和贯通破坏强度表达式,并将计算结果与试验结果进行了对比,验证了所得公式的合理性。     

Non-contact methods of measuring moisture concentration in external layers of building partitions: III—Water vapour condensation on the cementitious surfaces

This paper presents the results of the larger study into a potential application of laser radiation for the detection of phase transition processes in low temperatures occurring on the surface layers of cementitious materials. An attempt was made to identify relationships between the environmental conditions—temperature and air humidity, and the selected parameters of the reflected light. Onset of the condensation process and formation of water microdrops on the surface of the material leads to the phase displacement of individual laser rays, which are represented by different speckle images.

Although the analysis of parameters of the reflected light are very difficult in the case of porous materials because of highly developed roughness of the surface structure it has been proved that a dynamic study of the phase transition phenomena can be successfully carried out without mechanical intervention.     

Physics of adhesion of soils to solid surfaces

Tunnel driving in cohesive soil using slurry- or earth pressure balance-tunnel boring machine often encounters serious problems of clogging of parts of the cutting wheel, the excavation chamber or along the cutting handling and discharge systems. This limits mechanised tunnel driving. Clogging is induced by the adhesion of cohesive soils to solid surfaces. In some cases, clogging brings tunnel excavation to a stand-still. The adhesion of soils to solid surfaces depends on capillary forces of the fluid film in the interface between the soil and the solid surface, and can be understood as a boundary layer effect. This fluid film is mostly present due to the water content of the soil itself, or due to the fluid in slurries or earth mud for face supporting. The capillarity forces increase reciprocally with decreasing thickness of the fluid film. The thickness of the fluid film is not static, but is controlled by the soil that adheres to the solid surface. The thickness of the fluid film depends on two soil properties. The first element is the pore water tension (suction) of the soil, which stimulates fluid flow from the interface into the soil matrix. This reduces the fluid volume in the interface, thus the thickness of the fluid film. Pore water tension depends on the mineralogical properties of the clays as well as on saturation. It is a one-dimensional, transient fluid flow in unsaturated conditions. The second element is the permeability of the soil. This paper provides a physical soil model explaining this process. Results of adhesion tests and pore water tension measurements during adhesion tests on adhesive soils supporting the theoretical approach are presented. Permeability test results on unsaturated clays using a permeameter are given.     

基于透明土技术土岩边坡滑移机理的模型试验研究

随着工程技术的飞速发展,土岩边坡滑移机理的研究具有重要的意义和工程应用价值。通过透明土模型试验研究坡顶荷载作用下土岩界面接触滑移机理和规律,实现了土岩边坡内部滑移变形的可视化。考虑了岩体Barton节理粗糙度系数、坡体角度和坡体高度等因素对土岩边坡稳定性的影响。利用粒子图像测速(PIV)和激光散斑技术,获得了土岩边坡在坡顶荷载作用下内部变形的特征。试验分析表明,土岩边坡的滑动可分为3个阶段:初始阶段、匀速阶段和加速阶段;在土岩边坡滑移过程中减小岩体Barton节理粗糙度系数、增大坡体高度、增大坡趾角度将引起边坡土体内部较大的位移,进而引发土岩边坡的失稳。采用双排抗滑桩的边坡防护措施后,有效地延缓边坡土体内部位移的发展,提高土岩边坡的稳定性。文中研究成果为揭示土岩边坡滑移机理及其工程防护的有效性提供了重要的理论依据,通过跟踪透明土颗粒的运动轨迹实现土体内部变形可视化的土岩边坡滑移提供了试验依据。     

含半圆形凸起的直角域对平面SH波的地震动

按Green函数和积分方程方法,分析了含半圆形凸起的直角域对平面SH波的稳态响应,讨论了由凸起散射所造成的地震动。对含半圆形凸起的直角域做分区,分为直角域和半圆域,按镜像方法构造直角域的Green函数,按Graf加法公式和波函数展开法构造半圆域的Green函数。对直角域和半圆域做契合,在契合界面施加一组分布力,使直角域和半圆域中的位移场和应力场满足契合界面上的连续性条件,得到分布力的定解积分方程组。数值求解,得到契合界面上的应力分布和地表位移幅值,结果表明入射波的波数和角度以及凸起与直角域垂直边界的距离对凸起散射的影响。     

竖直壁面上的水膜流动

空气与湿表面水膜的热质交换过程普遍存在于空调设备或化工设备之中,对其交换机理的研究是提高设备热工性能的关键。本文通过建立直壁面液膜流动形状简化数学模型,较准确地反映了液膜流动和空气流动之间的相互作用关系。对设备性能的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

三点弯曲下热处理北山花岗岩的断裂特性研究

针对我国未来高放核废料地质处置等重大工程实际需要,开展热处理后岩石的断裂破坏行为研究具有重要意义。以我国未来可能的核废料储库选址地北山花岗岩为研究对象,通过带加载SEM高温试验系统对经过热处理后的花岗岩进行三点弯曲破坏试验,在25 ℃～100 ℃范围内,北山花岗岩以脆性破坏为主。在低应力作用下,裂纹扩展主要受到应力集中及多种矿物力学行为及它们之间的黏结力作用大小的影响,最终裂纹的萌生主要发生在矿物颗粒之间较弱的胶结面上,裂纹初始扩展角主要由这些矿物颗粒之间夹角来决定,因此裂纹初始扩展角通常与水平面有个夹角;随着荷载继续增加后,裂纹会逐渐沿着水平方向扩展,这个主要方向的矿物承受了最大的弯曲拉应力,而岩石的抗拉强度通常很低。室温到100 ℃的范围内,花岗岩平均断裂韧性几乎不发生变化,稍微的波动可认为是花岗岩的非均值性所造成的。通过数字散斑相关计算方法实现岩石细观尺度变形全场测量。测量结果表明,各个矿物颗粒表面发生较为复杂的变形,多个矿物颗粒界面两边发生完全相反方向的位移,这表明界面两边颗粒受到拉应力作用。尽管在初始阶段,变形主要发生在弯曲拉应力最大界面,但最终破坏可能发生在另外地方,这时的破坏主要受到非均匀的弱面所控制。可见,细观尺度岩石的破坏受到最大应力状态处与岩石的非均质处变形的综合影响。     

Effect of imperfect interface on the dynamic response of a circular lined tunnel impacted by plane P-waves

A theoretical method for studying the dynamic response of a circular lined tunnel with an imperfectly bonded interface subjected to plane P-waves is presented in the paper. The wave function expansion method was used and the imperfect interface was modeled with a spring model. Two cases were discussed in the paper. In the first case rock is harder than the lining and vice-versa in the second case. The results indicated that the variation in the stiffness of the interface has much influence on the distribution of dynamic stress concentration factors (DSCF) in the rock and the lining. The imperfection of the interface has a more noticeable influence on the DSCF in the rock mass and the lining at high frequency incident wave’s scenario than low frequency incident wave’s scenario. The resonance scattering phenomena can be observed when the bond is extremely weak. Limiting cases were considered and a good agreement with the solutions available in the literature was obtained.     

基于工程体–地质体相互作用的接触面变形 破坏研究

 针对工程体与地质体的相互作用机制,研究工程体和地质体之间不规则接触面的性质和表征方法;提出立方体覆盖的新方法来直接测量表面分维,提高了测量精度。利用光贴片试验研究不同接触形态地质体与工程体共同作用的界面效应(界面的变形、破坏和滑移规律)。开发了具有非均匀性和分形特性的接触面单元,建立了具有接触面特性的两体(工程体与地质体)力学模型。研究碾压混凝土坝和岩基两体相互作用的破坏模式和影响因素,以客观评价大坝整体的稳定性问题。应用断裂力学研究碾压混凝土坝和坝基两体相互作用时不规则坝踵裂缝扩展的稳定性,获得了裂缝扩展的临界长度和荷载,研究结果表明：两体接触面的粗糙性阻碍了裂缝的扩展。