Characterization of the substructure and properties of immobilized peptides on silicon surface

Immobilization of biomaterials onto solid supports is a means of functionalizing materials for applications such as biosensing. Biologically active peptide (A-A-A-A-G-G-G-E-R-G-D)¹ films were attached to N-hydroxy succinimide ester terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAM) which were covalently linked to a smooth silicon surface via Si–C bonds. The peptide films were characterized using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The film structures were determined from examination of the capacitance and conductance dispersions with frequency. Analysis of XPS, EIS and FTIR after immobilization of the peptide film at pH 4 and 7 provided information on the extent of the activation and overall coupling efficiencies of the peptides to the N-hydroxy succinimide ester surface. The resulting film structure was markedly altered by attachment of the peptide at pH 4.     

Will China’s quest for indigenous innovation succeed? Some lessons from nanotechnology

Over the past decade, the Chinese state has made major efforts to transition China’s economy away from a focus on manufacturing, and towards a focus on generating indigenous innovation in R&D intensive fields such as nanotechnology. This goal has been pursued through a comprehensive industrial policy framework that aims to give preferential treatment to Chinese companies in domestic markets while also devoting significant resources towards basic and applied R&D, building science parks and research centers, funding focused venture capital funds, and recruiting prominent expatriate scientists and entrepreneurs from universities and businesses abroad. This paper, based on interviews with scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists in Shanghai, Suzhou, and Beijing, examines the strengths and weaknesses of China’s push for indigenous innovation. We use the case of nanotechnology to address the pressing question of why China continues to underperform with regards to generating innovative, high-tech companies and products, despite heavy public R&D investment and the presence of one of the world’s largest talent pools of potential scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs.     

Globalization at the nano frontier: The future of nanotechnology policy in the United States, China, and India

The field of nanotechnology offers the possibility of transforming the international science and technology (S&T) policy landscape and making a significant impact on the direction of research and development for a wide range of nations and companies. Nanotechnology endeavors in the United States, China, and India remain some of the most interesting because of the opportunities and challenges this field poses for future competition and collaboration between these three nations. This paper examines how nanotechnology will raise new science and policy questions—and lead to new strategic linkages—that will have a major impact on the futures of these nations for decades to come. Then the paper analyzes and compares the current state of nanotechnology in these three countries, discusses some of the main drivers of collaboration, investigates current and potential uncertainties associated with nanotechnology, and offers policy suggestions on ways that these difficulties may be addressed.     

柯达公司技术进展

介绍了９０ 年代以来卤化银系统照相材料的技术进展,包括彩色负片涂层、乳剂及照相有机物技术。     

Awakening: Evolution of China's science and technology policies

It was not until the latter part of the 19th century that the people of China acknowledged the importance of science and technology. The revolution in 1911, ensuing civil wars, and the war against the Japanese invasion took up another half century. Thus, a serious move to develop science and technological enterprises did not start until the founding of the People's Republic of China—200 years later than Europe and North America. The author argues that, although there has been notable progress during the past 30 years, it will take another 50 years to forge a prosperous society that enjoys the benefits of science and technology. As part of its efforts to develop its innovation capabilities, China today spares no effort to develop a science educational system that will ensure that future generations can make useful contributions to the world's science and technology resources.     

Research and innovation in a networked world

The existence of a fundamental relationship between invention, innovation, and economic growth, as insisted upon by Schumpeter, is increasingly taken as an article of faith in nations around the world. Yet, the inventions-to-growth relationship is today more complex and less bounded at the scale of the nation than ever before. Just as the inventions-to-growth policy model—focusing on the development of capabilities to undertake basic science and a nurturing of entrepreneurial talent—is beginning to gain widespread acceptance, its shortcomings are becoming increasingly evident. In this paper, we describe the model and its shortcomings, focusing on implications for innovation policy of the emergence of the “globally networked enterprise.”     

包装机械的创新设计必须面向机电一体化技术

论述了现代计算机技术的高度发展,提高了我国包装机械的制造水平,新的包装机械创新设计理念,使产品更具有创新性和使用性,用机电一体化的观点设计新的包装机械是必然趋势.     

海洋核污染的应急监测与评估技术展望

介绍了海洋放射性核素的来源和组成,综述了国内外在海洋放射性核素检测方法和海洋放射性实时监测网络技术的进展,讨论了开展海洋非人类物种辐射防护评价研究的迫切性和可能性,以及相关的海洋放射性污染评价方法。最后,针对我国目前海洋放射性监测发展提出了几点建议。     

Autonomy, security, and inequality: China, India, the United States, and the globalization of science and technology

Perhaps no three countries have benefited from the globalization of science and technology (S&T) more than India, China, and the United States. All three have leveraged the growing internationalization of innovation to offset weaknesses in their own national innovation systems. Still, globalization raises critical questions of autonomy, security, and equality, and in turn the political struggle over these three issues shapes the pace and scope of the globalization of S&T. Significant deterioration on any one of these criterion could lead to substantially less support among policy makers and the public for the globally networked system of innovation that appears to be emerging.     

US science and technology: An uncoordinated system that seems to work

The US has emerged as the world leader in science and technology research and development in the 60 years following World War II. This status is due, in part, to a successful public–private partnership in research and higher education fostered after the war, and to the fiercely competitive and innovative nature of US industry. This paper provides some background to the complexities of US federal funding of research and development, as well as a brief history of US science and technology policy following World War II. The paper describes how research is managed and funded in the US; outlines how the US federal government interacts with universities and private industry; remarks on the nature of international cooperation; and comments on the future direction of US science and technology policy, including growing challenges to its position of leadership.     

风能资源开发利用的气象技术应用和发展

基于要实现科学高效地开发利用风能资源,促进我国从风能大国向风能强国发展,针对风能资源开发利用过程中的气象技术应用,依据过去大量的项目实践、数据分析和相关测试试验结果,归纳总结了气象技术在我国风能资源开发利用各环节的应用现状、存在问题及其对项目效益可能产生的影响;在分析大气科学的相关原理和风电产业发展对气象技术应用的特殊需求基础上,提出了风能资源测量、分析评估、数值模拟和数值预报技术应用时应注意的几个关键技术问题及其发展方向。     

Developing an Environmentally Friendly Engineering Ethic: A Course for Undergraduate Engineering Students

An undergraduate course designed to develop a new, environmentally-friendly, engineering ethic is described. The various components of the course are: individual and societal values clarification, the current state of the environment, critical and creative thinking skills development and conflict resolution. For each component, the rationale is given along with activities and evaluation of the unit.     

New vistas for technology and risk assessment? The OECD Programme on Emerging Systemic Risks and beyond

This paper presents a framework for understanding risk from the perspective of technological innovation and change. Special focus is put on systemic technological change, which tends to affect several dimensions of society at the same time. By drawing on innovation theory, and exemplifying by reference to the OECD futures project on Emerging Systemic Risk, the article elaborates a framework for technology assessment where the central elements are ubiquitous technological change and risk. Several key dimensions for technology assessment of this kind are identified, including increased mobility of people and goods, magnitude and concentration of humans, the speed and depth of change in the risk landscape, public to private shifts in the ‘ownership’ of risk, and the role played by expectations and perception to risk. The article ends with suggesting a number of new norms for risk and technology assessment coupled with new risk methodologies for further investigation.     

Evaluation of the benefits of vehicle safety technology: The MUNDS study

Real-world retrospective evaluation of the safety benefits of new integrated safety technologies is hampered by the lack of sufficient data to assess early reliable benefits. This MUNDS study set out to examine if a “prospective” case-control meta-analysis had the potential to provide more rapid and rigorous analyses of vehicle and infrastructure safety improvements. To examine the validity of the approach, an analysis of the effectiveness of ESC using a consistent analytic strategy across 6 European and Australasian databases was undertaken. It was hypothesised that the approach would be valid if the results of the MUNDS analysis were consistent with those published earlier (this would confirm the suitability of the MUNDS approach). The findings confirm the hypothesis and also found stronger and more robust findings across the range of crash-types, road conditions, vehicle sizes and speed zones than previous. The study recommends that while a number of limitations were identified with the findings that need be addressed in future research, the MUNDS approach nevertheless should be adopted widely for the benefit of all vehicle occupants.     

影视广告的生态伦理批评

数字媒体时代下,人们所看到的广告已经不再是单纯的平面化、实体化的户外印刷广告,更多的是以数字媒体为载体的互联网终端广告,影视广告就是典型的存在。为了博得大众眼球、达到广告宣传效果,部分影视广告在内容和形式表现上忽视了生态伦理价值。文章通过对案例分析得出在生态伦理意识上公益影视广告对比商业影视广告的优势,并提出解决商业影视广告生态伦理问题的方法与策略。     

基于可视化的事故树分析系统研究与开发

事故树分析是安全系统工程最重要的分析方法之一,它能对各种系统的危险性进行辨识和评价,不仅能分析出事故的直接原因,而且能深入地揭示出事故的潜在原因。用它描述事故的因果关系直观、明了,思路清晰,逻辑性强,既可定性分析,又可定量分析。基于可视化理论和技术,建立了事故树可视化模型,确定了系统功能目标,完成了系统结构设计,构造了事故树图形生成与事故树动态分析于一体的集成分析环境,开发出事故树计算机分析系统,为事故分析和安全评价提供高效、准确的技术和方法。