不同极槽配合电动汽车永磁同步电机弱磁性能及抗饱和能力研究

电动汽车永磁同步电动机需要宽的调速范围,但在高速弱磁时,铁心的饱和带来了较大的反电势失真和转矩波动,影响电机的运行性能。本文比较分析不同极槽配合的内置永磁同步电机高速弱磁工况的反电动势、电磁转矩和转矩波动情况。仿真分析表明,在高速弱磁条件下与分数槽电机相比,整数槽永磁同步电动机具有较高的反电势失真率和转矩波动;其中36槽8极电机弱磁能力最好,18槽8极电机转矩波动最小。     

Reduction of higher harmonic sequences in terminal voltage of an AC exciting synchronous generator using magnetically anisotropic slot wedges

This paper describes relationships between characteristics of a magnetically anisotropic slot wedge and voltage higher harmonics in an ac exciting synchronous generator terminal due to permeance ripple caused by an open-slot-type rotor. From the relationships obtained, practical guidelines were formulated for machine designs applying the magnetically anisotropic slot wedge. The results are as follows.

• 1 (1) Equivalent permeability of the magnetically anisotropic slot wedge became isotropic wedge permeability for air-gap flux ripple.
• 2 (2) Two ways were identified to reduce voltage-higher harmonics by using the slot wedges.
• 3 (3) The level of leakage flux passing through the anisotropic slot wedge was determined only by its permeability in the width direction.
• 4 (4) Effectiveness of the magnetic anisotropic slot wedges inserted into the stator slots was verified from experimental results using a model machine of the open- slot-type rotor.

     

Fundamental study of high Q‐factor RF spiral inductor using carbonyl‐iron/epoxy composite magnetic core

In order to increase the Q‐factor of an RF spiral inductor used in the RF front‐end circuit of smartphone handsets, we introduced a carbonyl‐iron/epoxy composite magnetic core in the air‐core spiral inductor. The composite magnetic core, which was made by metal‐mask printing, consisted of carbonyl‐iron powder of 1.1 μm mean diameter and an epoxy resin matrix. We found that the 45 vol.% CIP composite magnetic core had a saturation magnetization of 0.9 T, relative permeability of ∼6, and loss tangent (tan δ) of ∼0.2 at 1 GHz. A two‐turn copper spiral inductor fabricated with the composite magnetic core filled only in the spacing between the conductor lines showed a clear Q‐factor increase of ∼29% compared to the air‐core spiral inductor at 1 GHz. Thus we obtained a substantial increase in the Q‐factor by the embedded composite magnetic core in the spacing between the conductor lines. The main reason for this is that the magnetic flux passing through the conductor lines was decreased by the magnetic core embedded in the spacing between conductor lines as a result of the magnetic flux passing mainly through the embedded magnetic core. Therefore, proximity effect is suppressed in the conductor line of the spiral coil. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

具有磁性和非磁性槽楔的汽轮发电机转子槽分度的计算与分析

为了研究汽轮发电机转子不同槽分度对电机电磁场的影响,以150 WM空冷汽轮发电机为例,建立了汽轮发电机的二维数学模型和物理模型。采用二维有限元方法,计算了转子带有非磁性槽楔和磁性槽楔时不同槽分度下的电磁场及发电机的饱和电抗值,并在此基础上研究了不同槽分度情况下非磁性和磁性材料的3种转子槽楔对发电机定、转子损耗的影响。计算结果表明,转子采用弱磁性槽楔和导磁导电的Fe-Cu合金槽楔后,发电机的饱和同步电抗相对于铝合金槽楔对应的饱和同步电抗减小,同时可以有效减小气隙磁密中的谐波含量,降低表面损耗。计算结果为发电机转子磁性槽楔和槽分度的选择设计提供了理论依据。     

Torque ripple improvement for synchronous reluctance motor using an asymmetric flux barrier arrangement

An interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is a highly efficient motor and operates in a wide speed range; therefore, it is used in many industrial and home appliance applications. However, the torque ripple of synchronous motors such as the IPMSM and synchronous reluctance motor is very large. The variation of magnetic resistance between the flux barriers and teeth causes the torque ripple. In this paper, flux barriers are asymmetrically designed so that the relative positions between the outer edges of the flux barriers and the teeth do not correspond. As a result, torque ripple can be reduced dramatically.     

采用新型磁性槽楔的永磁同步电机分析

针对磁性槽楔能够改善电机气隙磁导波形,减小气隙磁密谐波,削弱电机齿槽效应,从而减小电机损耗和转矩波动,提高电机效率的优异特性,提出一种新型的叠片式磁性槽楔。该结构能够进一步优化开口槽电机的气隙磁密波形,降低齿槽转矩,减小电机损耗,同时又不会影响电机定子槽漏抗。本文用解析法分析磁性槽楔磁导率对于气隙磁密谐波以及定子槽漏抗的影响,通过一台130kW的永磁同步电机模型,运用有限元仿真分析比较叠片式磁性槽楔与普通磁性槽楔的电气性能。     

基于复合磁性槽楔的 PMLSM 推力波动抑制

永磁直线同步电机(permanent magnet linear synchronous motor,PMLSM)存在齿槽力,影响电机的控制性能。 本文提出一 种基于软磁、硬磁材料混搭的新型复合磁性槽楔结构(composite magnetic slot wedge,CMSW),能有效抑制 PMLSM 推力波动。 首 先,分析了单一磁性槽楔的材料、尺寸和空间位置分布对 PMLSM 输出推力和推力波动的变化规律。 然后,研究新型复合磁性 槽楔的软磁、硬磁材料配比和位置分布,对电机输出推力、推力波动和齿槽力等电磁性能的影响。 以最大推力和推力波动最小 为优化目标,利用正交优化法对复合磁性槽楔的尺寸进行优化。 研究表明,采用新型复合磁性槽楔可有效降低推力波动和损 耗,推力波动降低 79. 4%,而平均推力基本不变,为 PMLSM 推力波动抑制提供新的技术途径。     

磁性槽楔对大型永磁风力发电机性能的影响

介绍了磁性槽楔的种类和特点,以及磁性槽楔在电机节能方面的原理和实际作用。通过建立金风62型（1.2MW）永磁直驱同步风力发电机的电磁场模型,使用导磁性能不同的槽楔进行实际计算和测试,结果表明：发电机使用导磁性能较好的磁楔（相对磁导率为3～10）后,不论不带负荷还是带负荷,电机的气隙磁密分布都会较不使用磁楔变得更加均匀,磁密脉动和铁耗减小,气隙系数减小,电机的温升降低,效率得到提高。但同时应考虑到今后应尽可能地增大槽楔的电阻率,以减少槽楔自身的损耗,为永磁风力发电机效率的提高和优化设计提供计算依据。     

基于转子形状优化设计的三次谐波注入式五相IPMSM气隙磁场优化

五相永磁同步电机(PMSM)可通过注入三次谐波电流来提高电机的转矩密度。除三次谐波外,削弱永磁体产生的其他次空间谐波可以降低电机的转矩脉动、减小电机的振动和噪声。因此,针对三次谐波注入式五相内嵌式永磁同步电机(IPMSM),提出一种转子铁心形状优化设计方法。理论推导转子铁心形状的解析表达式,根据电机参数进行有限元建模,得到优化后的电机模型气隙磁密谐波含量及转矩脉动。与优化前的电机模型进行仿真对比,得到的结果与理论分析吻合,气隙磁场优化效果显著。     

The Application of Magnetic Wedges in the Slots of Magnetoelectric Valve Engines

The effect of magnetic wedges in a half-closed slot on the magnetic field configuration in the air gap of a brushless dc engine with permanent magnets has been examined. Based on field numerical calculations, it has been established that magnetic wedges recessed into the grooves of slots can almost eliminate the high-frequency magnetic field oscillations caused by stator teeth in the air gap. This effect takes place if the relative magnetic permeability is not lower than 40. In valve engines with magnetic wedges, the eddy currents in conductive array of permanent magnets are suppressed, causing their heating and significantly reducing reactive electromagnetic torques (sticking torques of the rotor). After installing magnetic wedges with protrusions in the slots, the amplitude of the fifth harmonic of the magnetic induction causing the losses in magnets decreases by 13 times. Such an engine has almost no losses in the magnets. The calculations of losses in the magnets indicate that without recommended wedges the eddy currents will occupy the entire volume of magnets. The maximum reactive torque with such wedges reduces by six times. Magnetic wedges with usual location in a semiclosed slot (not recessed into the groove of the slot) have a small effect on the magnetic field configuration in the air gap.     

Measurement of dynamic magnetic loss parameter in ferrites

The measurement of the iron loss in ferrites is important for developing high‐efficiency switching power supplies. The authors have proposed the dynamic magnetic loss parameter, λ_f, for evaluating the iron loss in ferrites. In previous studies, the parameter was assumed to be a constant value for an individual ferrite material and defined for one period of a small B–H loop. In this paper, assuming that λ_f is a function of the time derivative of the magnetic flux density, dB/dt, a novel measurement method of λ_f of a Ni‐Zn ferrite is proposed using rectangular wave voltage excitation and the Fourier expansion of the exciting current. In order to realize an iron loss measurement system with the rectangular wave voltage excitation, a high‐frequency FET inverter has been developed. The results of measuring λ_f show that it is uniquely determined by dB/dt regardless of the B–H loop size. The measured dB/dt characteristics of λ_f are applied to practical examples for switching power supplies and sinusoidal wave voltage excitations. Their experimental and computational results coincide and it is clarified that the measured dB/dt characteristics are effective and useful. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(1): 1–6, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20101     

一种抑制盘式永磁电机转矩脉动的方法

针对盘式永磁电机气隙磁密和反电动势中含有谐波、存在转矩脉动的问题,提出了一种磁极形状优化方法以降低盘式永磁电机气隙磁密波形和反电动势波形的畸变率、抑制转矩脉动。 建立了盘式永磁电机的等效磁网络模型,基于此模型解析计算出电机的空载反电动势,并通过有限元法进行了仿真验证。在确定最小气隙长度前提下,对不同磁极整形方法（即不整形、圆弧削极、偏心圆弧削极）气隙磁密、反电势、转矩脉动这些电磁性能进行了比较,得出了最佳优化方案。结果表明,优化设计后,气隙磁密波形和反电动势波形的畸变率明显减小,转矩脉动得到抑制。     

Einfluss magnetischer Nutverschlusskeile auf den magnetisch wirksamen Luftspalt und die Nutstreuung

übersicht  Bei Induktionsmaschinen mit in offene Nuten eingebrachten Hochspannungswicklungen werden oftmals Nutverschlusskeile aus magnetisch leitf?higem Material eingesetzt, um den Magnetisierungsbedarf und die Leerlaufverluste herabzusetzen. Diese Ma?nahme bewirkt jedoch eine Zunahme der Nutstreuung. Die nichtlinearen magnetischen Eigenschaften des Keilmaterials bewirken eine Abh?ngigkeit vom Betriebspunkt der Maschine. Da der Anzugsstrom wesentlich durch die Streuung begrenzt wird, und Magnetisierungsbedarf sowie Streuung den Leistungsfaktor beeinflussen, kommt der korrekten Berücksichtigung der Keile gro?e praktische Bedeutung zu. Die Auswirkungen magnetischer Nutverschlusskeile auf das radiale Luftspalt- sowie das Nutquerfeld werden mit Hilfe von Feldberechnungen an elf Motoren untersucht. Die numerisch erzielten Ergebnisse werden mit analytischen Ans?tzen verglichen.

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Contents  In order to reduce the magnetizing current and no-load losses of high voltage induction motors with open slots, the use of magnetic slot wedges is very common. Simultaneously, the slot leakage is increased. The non linear permeability of the material of the magnetic slot wedges results in a dependency on the motor current. As the starting current is limited mainly by the leakage reactance and the power factor is influenced by leakage and magnetizing current, the appropriate determination of the slot wedges behaviour is very important. The influence of magnetic slot wedges on the radial component of the field in the air-gap and the slot quadrature field is investigated by means of field calculations for eleven motors. The numerically obtained results are compared with analytical approaches.

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Eingegangen: 14 Dezember 2000     

Suspension of soft magnetic materials using high Tc superconductors

This paper describes a novel suspension technique using high T_c superconductors and magnetic materials. It was found for a field-cooled superconductor and an adjacent magnetic material that the usual inverse relationship between the attractive magnetic force and gap distance reverts to a direct relationship for small gap length. Thus, stable, noncontact suspension is possible within a certain gap range. This phenomenon was found for even a soft magnetic material possessing minimal coercive force. Since remarkable reversals were observed for magnetic materials with diameters much smaller than that of the pinned area, it is considered that some of the pinned flux is subject to a gathering effect in the magnetic material. Stable, contactless suspension of a 180 g carbon steel weight under a high T_c superconductor was achieved using this technique.     

考虑磁路饱和的内置式永磁同步电机电感参数旋转辨识算法

实现对永磁同步电机调速系统高性能控制的基础是准确的数学模型和电机参数,其中电感参数对电机的稳态和动态运行性能影响较大,而对于内置式永磁同步电机而言电感除了受凸极结构影响之外,还受磁路饱和等因素的影响。考虑到定子电流引起的磁路饱和效应与交叉耦合效应对电感的影响,基于矢量控制技术分别提出了d轴和q轴电感旋转辨识新算法,即d轴复合电流激励法和转矩调整法。为了提高电感辨识准确度,还采用基于电压误差曲线的补偿算法对逆变器非线性因素引起的输出电压误差进行了补偿。最后在电机控制实验平台上通过实验验证了提出的电感辨识算法的可行性和有效性。     

Sensorless induction machine observation with nonlinear magnetic characteristic

This paper addresses the problem of state estimation in induction motors. Generally, the motor observer design has been dealt based on standard models neglecting the saturation effect in the magnetic characteristic. As a matter of fact, magnetic saturation cannot be ignored especially when considering control strategies (speed and torque) that involve large flux variations. Such large flux variations are necessary to meet optimal operation conditions in the presence of wide range load torque changes. On the other hand, it is well known that use of mechanical (speed and torque) sensors entails reliability issues. In this paper, a new sensorless adaptive observer is designed for induction machine based on a model that accounts for the nonlinear feature in the magnetic circuit. The observer consists of two interconnected state‐dependent gain observers and is formally shown to provide accurate estimates of the mechanical and magnetic variables using only stator current and voltage measurements. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design considerations of sinusoidally excited permanent-magnet Machines for low-torque-ripple applications

Several high-performance motor drive applications require the motor drive to produce smooth torque with very stringent torque-ripple requirement. This paper is focused on various machine design considerations that can be used in reducing the torque ripple of a sinusoidally excited permanent-magnet brushless dc motor. The paper quantifies the various sources of torque ripple, which may be minimized by appropriate design considerations. The paper discusses the factors influencing the harmonic content of the induced voltage, effect of slot/pole combination, winding distribution, and magnetic saturation. Design optimization is directed to minimize cogging torque and the harmonic contents in the back electromotive force, thus reducing the overall torque ripple. Comprehensive finite-element (FE) analysis along with experimental data are provided to validate the theory. The research demonstrates that saturation in the magnetic circuit is another major contributor to the torque ripple and torque nonlinearity as the current increases. A model is developed to study the saturation effect on torque linearity and is verified by FE simulation. Design techniques have been provided to minimize the overall torque ripple and increase the torque linearity.     

基于磁齿轮调制的复合电机有限元分析

为了降低机械损耗,获得高转矩密度电机,研究了一种磁齿轮复合电机,该电机充分利用磁场调制型磁齿轮内部空间,将磁场调制型磁齿轮和永磁电机复合在一起。利用有限元软件建立磁齿轮复合电机二维有限元模型,分析了电机磁力线分布、气隙磁密及对应的傅里叶分析、感应电动势、稳态运行转矩、齿槽转矩等特性。仿真结果表明,此类复合电机磁力线分布均匀,气隙磁密对应的最大谐波次数符合设计要求,三相反电动势对称性好,内外转子转矩比与传动比一致,齿槽转矩较小。与传统永磁电机相比此类电机有很好的转矩传输比和较高的转矩密度,具有很好的应用前景。     

Novel voltage limiter for fast torque response of IPMSM in voltage saturation region

A new voltage limiter for fast torque response of IPMSM in the voltage saturation region is proposed, which we name the “maximum torque response voltage limiter.” In transient condition, the fastest response is vital while voltage saturation occurs. Thus, the problem is to divide the limited voltage into d‐ and q‐axis voltages so as to generate the fastest torque response. The nonlinear relation between the torque and the d‐q axis currents of the IPMSM makes the problem complicated. In our proposed method, both voltage equations and a torque equation of the IPMSM are considered and, based on the Lagrange optimization technique, explicit expressions for the d‐ and q‐axis voltages are derived. Compared with conventional voltage limiters such as the constant phase angle method, the constant back emf method, and the constant d‐axis voltage method, the proposed limiter yields faster torque response in the voltage saturation region, which is confirmed by computer simulation and experimental results. Furthermore, the proposed method uses simple software calculations, and it can be readily implemented without any modification of the hardware system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(4): 57–69, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21078