超临界二氧化碳流体萃取油茶籽油及其GC／MS分析

采用环境友好的超临界二氧化碳流体萃取技术制备油茶籽油,考察了压力、时间、温度和二氧化碳流量等因素对茶籽油萃取率的影响,得到优化的工艺参数：当萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度35℃、CO2流量30L／h、萃取时间为3h时茶籽油萃取率可高达44．4％。根据中华人民共和国国家标准进行检测的结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体萃取出的茶籽油,无需进一步精制即可达到国家食用植物油卫生标准GB／T2716—2005,而除含皂量、水分及挥发物外的指标均达到国家一级茶油标准GB11765—2003;GC／MS分析结果表明油茶籽油富含73．6％不饱和脂肪酸。实验结果表明：超临界二氧化碳流体技术萃取茶籽油具有操作简便、萃取率高、无溶剂残留、绿色环保等优点,萃取出的茶籽油具有较高的品质和良好的应用前景。     

Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Fish Oil from Viscera of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Fish oil was extracted from the viscera of African Catfish using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). A Central Composite Design of Response Surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the SC-CO₂ extraction parameters. The oil yield (Y) as response variable was executed against the four independent variables, namely pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. The oil yield varied with the linear, quadratic and interaction of pressure, temperature, flow rate and soaking time. Optimum points were observed within the variables of temperature from 35 °C to 80 °C, pressure from 10 MPa to 40 MPa, flow rate from 1 mL/min to 3 mL/min and soaking time from 1 h to 4 h. However, the extraction parameters were found to be optimized at temperature 57.5 °C, pressure 40 MPa, flow rate 2.0 mL/min and soaking time 2.5 h. At this optimized condition, the highest oil yields were found to be 67.0% (g oil/100 g sample on dry basis) in the viscera of catfish which was reasonable to the yields of 78.0% extracted using the Soxhlet method.     

Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Seed Oil Extracted by Optimized Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Seeds are another product in addition to leaves (raw materials for teas) of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plant. The great increase of tea consumption in recent years raises the challenge of finding commercial applications for tea seeds. In the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction edible oil from tea seed was carried out, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize processing parameters including time (20-90 min), temperature (35-45 °C) and pressure (50-90 MPa). The fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of the extracted oil was also investigated. The highest yield of oil (29.2 ± 0.6%) was obtained under optimal SC-CO(2) extraction conditions (45 °C, 89.7 min and 32 MPa, respectively), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that (25.3 ± 1.0%) given by Soxhlet extraction. Meanwhile, tea seed oil extracted by SC-CO(2) contained approximately 80% unsaturated fatty acids and showed a much stronger scavenging ability on the DPPH radical than that extracted by Soxhlet. SC-CO(2) is a promising alternative for efficient extraction of edible oil from tea seed. Moreover, tea seed oil extracted by SC-CO(2) is highly edible and has good antioxidant activity, and therefore may play a potential role as a health-promoting food resource in human diets.     

基于响应曲面法优化文冠果种仁油的提取工艺研究

以文冠果种仁为原料,利用响应曲面法优化文冠果种仁油的提取工艺。在单因素实验的基础上,应用Box-Behnken设计方法建立数学模型,选择提取温度、提取时间和液料比为影响因子,以文冠果种仁油提取率为响应值,进行响应曲面分析。确定文冠果种仁油的最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度58℃、提取时间31 min、液料比6∶1（mL∶g）,在此条件下文冠果种仁油的平均提取率为59.58%,与模型高度拟合。     

超临界CO2萃取韭菜籽油的研究

运用超临界CO_2萃取技术,从韭菜籽中萃取出韭菜籽油。探讨了萃取压力、萃取温度和萃取时间对出油率的影响,初步确定其适宜操作条件为:萃取压力23 Mpa;萃取温度35℃;萃取时间2～3 h,该条件下出油率达18%以上。为合理评价韭菜籽油产品质量优劣,对其理化性质进行了测定,并通过气相色谱仪分析了其脂肪酸组成。结果表明,韭菜籽油中含8种脂肪酸,包括5种饱和脂肪酸和3种不饱和脂肪酸;其中含量最多的脂肪酸是油酸,含量为61.88%,且总不饱和酸的含量达64%以上。     

Optimization of Solvent Extraction of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera) Seed Kernel Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

Extraction of seed kernel oil from moringa (Moringa oleifera) was investigated with hexane, petroleum ether and acetone as the first extraction medium at various kernel particle size, extraction temperature and residence time, which were called as independent variables. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of experiments was used to study the effect of solvent type, particle size, extraction temperature and residence time of solvent on the oil yield, which was called as dependent variable. The maximum oil yield of 33.1% for hexane, 31.8% for petroleum ether and 31.1% for acetone was obtained. Among the three solvents, hexane yielded the maximum oil from moringa seed kernels. Among three process parameters studied, particle size had the most significant effect on the oil yield followed by extraction temperature and time for all the solvents. Response surface methodology technique was used to optimize the independent variables for maximum oil extraction. From the optimized values of particle size (0.62 mm), extraction temperature (56.5°C) and residence time (7 h), maximum oil yield obtained was 33.5%, using hexane. Optimized values of independent variables for maximum yield were varied for other two solvents. This protocol provides improved opportunities for the medicinal use of moringa oil in addition to its popularity as a vegetable in south Asia.     

超声强化密相CO2萃取葵花籽油的研究

进行了超声强化密相CO2萃取葵花籽油的研究,探讨了萃取温度、压力、时间、CO2流速以及超声功率密度和频率对葵花籽油萃取率的影响.结果表明,附加20 kHz、100 W·L-1的超声波后,萃取压力、时间和CO2流速分别降低了5 MPa、0.5 h和0.5 L·h-1.超声对萃取的影响主要是由于超声的机械波动效应.采用了响应曲面法对超声强化萃取条件进行了优化,并得到优化后的萃取条件为:萃取温度28.3℃、压力28 MPa、时间178 min、CO2流速3.0 L·h-1、超声功率密度为100 W·L-1、超声频率为20 kHz.在优化条件下,UDCE与DCE相比能够提高19%的萃取率.     

响应曲面法优化刺山柑水溶性多糖提取工艺及其抗氧化性能研究

以刺山柑果实为原料,在单因素实验的基础上,选择提取温度、提取时间和液料比为影响因子,以刺山柑水溶性多糖提取率为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合方法建立数学模型,利用响应曲面法确定超声辅助提取刺山柑水溶性多糖的优化工艺条件为：提取温度85℃、提取时间89 min、液料比30∶ 1（mL∶g）,在此条件下刺山柑水溶性多糖平均提取率为8.89％.提取得到的刺山柑水溶性多糖对羟基自由基（·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（·O2-）均有一定的清除作用,具有一定的抗氧化活性.     

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Flavonoids from Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Peel and Their Antioxidant Activity

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction of flavonoids from pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) peel and their antioxidant activity were investigated. Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology was employed to maximize the extraction yield of flavonoids. Correlation analysis of the mathematical-regression model indicated that a quadratic polynomial model could be used to optimize the SC-CO₂ extraction of flavonoids. The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest extraction yield of flavonoids from pomelo peel were a temperature of 80 °C, a pressure of 39 MPa and a static extraction time of 49 min in the presence of 85% ethanol as modifier. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 2.37%, which matched positively with the value predicted by the model. Furthermore, flavonoids obtained by SC-CO₂ extraction showed a higher scavenging activity on hydroxyl, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals than those obtained by conventional solvent extraction (CSE). Therefore, SC-CO₂ extraction can be considered as a suitable technique for the obtainment of flavonoids from pomelo peel.