Network interference and number-fact retrieval: Evidence from children's alphaplication.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 46(2) of Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie (see record 2007-10803-001). Figure 1 was inadvertently omitted. Reprints of this article, available from the authors, will include this figure.] Investigated the origins of several phenomena of number-fact retrieval by asking 45 children (aged 8 yrs 2 mo to 10 yrs 7 mo) to memorize alphaplication facts (arithmetic-like memory items composed of letters instead of numbers). Ss' performance in the task showed paralleled aspects of simple arithmetic performance. There was a strong performance advantage for tie over nontie problems on both reaction time (RT) and errors. Specific errors frequently involved operand-related answers. Correct RTs and error rates across problems were closely linked. Correct answers to poorly learned problems tended to be the most common error responses. Performance was not as good for problems that were introduced later in the learning sequence. Results support the network-interference approach to number-fact retrieval of J. I. Campbell and D. J. Graham (see record 1986-16912-001). (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Retrieval inhibition and interference in cognitive arithmetic.

A reanalysis of data from J. I. Campbell and J. M. Clark (see record 1989-38820-001) confirmed the prediction of the network-interference model that inhibition of incorrect, associatively related responses should facilitate retrieval. When successive multiplication problems (MPs) were related ("neighbors" in the same times-tables), 2nd-problem response times were faster and accuracy was higher than when successive MPs were unrelated. In another experiment, 16 university students (aged 19–29 yrs) received pairs of MPs in which the 2nd problem was presented 500 ms after the response to the first. Experimental trials confirmed the predicted benefits of inhibition of related answers. Control trials (subtraction probe followed by a multiplication target) showed that experimental effects were not due to operand repetition. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Role of analogical reasoning in the induction of problem categories": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by D. D. Cummins (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1992[Sep], Vol 18[5], 1103–2124). On page 1111, there are labeling errors in 2 figures. In Figure 1c, problem 11 should have a "V' in the topic column; that line should read "11 V Fl.' In Figure 1d, problems 2 and 4 should have "CU' in the structure column; those lines should read "2 T CU' and "4 T CU,' respectively. Also in that figure, problems number 8 and 13 should have "Fl' in the structure column; those lines should read "8 V Fl' and "13 W Fl.' (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1993-04297-001.) In 3 experiments, novices were required to answer questions while reading a series of problems. The questions required them either to analyze individual problem structures (intraproblem processing) or compare problem structures (analogical comparison processing) to derive answers … (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Prospective study of postpartum depression: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors": Correction.

Reports an error in "Prospective study of postpartum depression: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors" by Michael W. O'Hara, Danny J. Neunaber and Ellen M. Zekoski (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1984[May], Vol 93[2], 158-171). Much of the data reported in Tables 4 and 5 are incorrect. Most of the errors are small and they do not affect the p values shown in the tables, with three exceptions which are provided in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1984-23277-001.) 99 women (mean age 26.5 yrs) were followed from the 2nd trimester of pregnancy until about 6 mo postpartum. Depression diagnostic and severity assessments were conducted during pregnancy and after delivery. Instruments included the Beck Depression Inventory and an interview adapted from the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Depression severity decreased steadily from the 2nd trimester until 9 wks postpartum. Approximately 9% of the Ss during pregnancy and 12% of the Ss during the postpartum period were diagnosed as having a major or minor depression. A model of depression was constructed to account for both postpartum depression symptomatology and the syndrome of postpartum depression. Predictor variables (e.g., prepartum depression symptomatology, obstetric risk factors) accounted for about 50% of the variance in depressive symptomatology. Predictor variables (e.g., depression history, stressful childcare events) accounted for about 30% of the variance in diagnostic status. Findings underscore the importance of studying changes in depression diagnostic status as well as changes in level of depressive symptomatology in prospective studies. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Clinical comparability of the standard MMPI and the MMPI-168": Correction to Hart, McNeill, Lutz, and Adkins.

Reports an error in "Clinical comparability of the standard MMPI and the MMPI-168" by Ronald R. Hart, John W. McNeill, David J. Lutz and Thomas G. Adkins (Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1986[Jun], Vol 17[3], 269-272). In this article, the copyright information was incorrect. The corrected copyright information is included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-26219-001.) Examined the clinical correspondence of the full-scale Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the MMPI-168 on a psychiatric screening sample of 210 men (mean age 43.27 yrs). The present results fail to replicate previous optimistic findings regarding the worth of the MMPI-168 and accent the need for caution in any further use of this abbreviated instrument. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"On the application of within and between analysis: Are absence and affect really group-based phenomena?": Correction to Yammarino and Markham.

Reports an error in "On the application of within and between analysis: Are absence and affect really group-based phenomena" by Francis J. Yammarino and Steven E. Markham (Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992[Apr], Vol 77[2], 168-176). The exponents in Equations 4 and 5 are incorrect. The correct exponent in each equation is 1/2. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1992-29454-001.) J. M. George (1990) examined personality, affect, and absence behavior as group-level phenomena. The recognition of level of analysis issues in that study was important, and the formulation of group-level hypotheses was interesting. However, the incomplete application of within and between analysis (WABA) led to suspect conclusions about group-based effects. The current study reexamined and reinterpreted George's results in light of an appropriate application of WABA. Personality, affect, and absence behavior appear to be based primarily on individual rather than group differences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: A meta-analytic study": Correction.

Reports editorial errors in the original article by P. Verhaeghen et al (Psychology and Aging, 1992[Jun], Vol 7[2], 242–251). The S groups reported in the unpublished dissertation by T. M. Flynn (1987) and in the article by Flynn and M. Storandt (see record 1990-28066-001) mentioned in the 3rd part of Table 1 on page 244 are in fact the same. The changes in the results are minimal and have no consequences whatsoever for the conclusions drawn from the meta-analysis. Correct versions of Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 can be obtained from the 1st author. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 79:34705.) The effectiveness of memory training for the elderly was examined through a meta-analysis of pre- to posttest gains on episodic memory tasks in healthy Ss (aged 60+ yrs). Pre- to posttest gains were found to be significantly larger in training groups (0.73 SD, k?=?49) than in both control (0.38 SD, k?=?10) and placebo (0.37 SD, k?=?8) groups. Treatment gains in training groups were negatively affected by age of participants and duration of training sessions and positively affected by group treatment, pretraining, and memory-related interventions. No differences in treatment gain were obtained as a function of type of mnemonic taught nor the kind of pretraining used. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Corporal punishment": Comment.

Comments that A. Maurer (see record 1975-00027-001) commits 2 errors in her discussion of the exceedingly complex issues of corporal punishment. One concerns the basic psychological concept of behavior modification. The other error arises from the seemingly simplistic answers she gives to the ethical problems involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by J. E. Cutting et al (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1992, Vol 121[1], 41–72). On page 46, Equation 6 should read as follows: φ?=?arctan [y/sqrt(x–2?+?z–2)]. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1992-22181-001). Examined, in 9 experiments, how people find their way through cluttered environments with ease and without injury. Two approaches to wayfinding are considered: Differential motion parallax (DMP) is a retinal motion invariant of near and far objects moving against fixation; the information in optical flow (IOF) is a radical pattern of vectors, relying on decomposition of retinal flow. Evidence is presented that DMP guides wayfinding during natural gait, accounting for errors as well as correct responses. Evidence against IOF is also presented, and a space–time aliasing artifact that can contaminate IOF displays is explored. Finally, DMP and IOF are separated, showing they can yield different results in different environments. Thus, it is concluded that (1) DMP and IOF are different, (2) DMP and not IOF is used for wayfinding, (3) moving observers do not usually decompose retinal flow, and (4) optical flow may be a mathematical fiction with no psychological reality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Gender characteristics and adjustment: A longitudinal study": Addendum.

Reports an error in "Gender characteristics and adjustment: A longitudinal study" by Jennifer Aubé and Richard Koestner (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1992[Sep], Vol 63[3], 485-493). The authors would like to acknowledge that the age 41 longitudinal data used in their study were collected by David McClelland, Carol Franz, Joel Weinberger, Richard Koestner, and Joseph Healy. This data collection was supported by a grant from the Seaver Institute. The data are currently being archived at the Henry Murray Research Center of Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1993-01033-001.) Used a prospective longitudinal design to investigate the long-term developmental implications of gender-related interests and traits. Archival data were available for Ss in the R. R. Sears et al (1957) study. Men, who at age 12 yrs endorsed interests and undesirable traits more typically associated with women, had poorer social–personal adjustment at ages 31 and 41 yrs. No effects were found for women. Feminine expressive traits at age 31 yrs did not impact on 41-yr-old adjustment for either men or women, whereas masculine instrumental traits were positively related for both. These findings support a multidimensional view of gender and indicate that harsher consequences follow when adolescent boys endorse nontraditional gender-related interests and undesirable traits than when girls do so. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Type A behavior pattern and emotion expression in younger and older adults": Correction.

Reports an error in the original article by C. Malatesta-Magai et al (Psychology & Aging, 1992[Dec], Vol 7[4], 551–561). A citation that was inadvertently omitted from the original article is provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1993-17168-001.) 80 younger (M?=?28 yrs) and 80 older (>50 yrs, M?=?69 yrs) Type A and Type B Ss were evaluated for Type A behavior pattern using the Structured Interview (SI) and given personality tests for anxiety, depression, anger, aggression, hostility, and anger-in–anger-out. Ss also underwent an emotion induction procedure. Videotapes of the emotion induction procedure (N?=?160) and the SI (N?=?80) were coded for facial expression of emotion. Type As did not differ from Bs on anxiety or depression but did on anger and aggression. Type As showed anger inhibition and anger bound to shame, as predicted by emotion socialization theory. The greatest number of differential effects were observed between age groups. Older individuals, in general, were more emotionally expressive than younger Ss across a range of emotions. Women appeared more conflicted about anger expression than men, and Type A women more so than Type A men. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Effects of media on picturing by children and adults": Correction to Seidman and Beilin.

Reports an error in "Effects of media on picturing by children and adults" by Susan Seidman and Harry Beilin (Developmental Psychology, 1984[Jul], Vol 20[4], 667-672). The reference to Copple, Cocking, and Waxman on pages 667 and 672 is incorrectly cited as 1968. The correct date is 1980. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1984-25563-001.) Examined the hypothesis that adults and children have media-specific conceptions of picturing and that the functional uses of photography and drawing differ across development. 30 preschoolers (aged 4.0-5.6 yrs), 30 schoolchildren (aged 6.6-10.0 yrs), and 30 adults (aged 17-63 yrs) responded to either a photographic or drawing task. In each task, Ss were asked to talk aloud about what they were doing or thinking as they produced their pictures. The results show a progression with age from viewing photography as only reflecting the real object (preschoolers), to viewing it as a medium that allows for control and alteration of reality (school age children and adults). For drawing, all age groups displayed knowledge of the ability to control aspects of their productions. Symbolic performance is thus as closely linked to the S's experience in the use of a medium as to the age of the S. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Neuropsychological assessment of memory in the elderly": Erratum.

Reports an error in "Neuropsychological assessment of memory in the elderly" by Donald E. Read (Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie, 1987[Jun], Vol 41[2], 158-174). On p. 171: The last sentence of the first paragraph should read "This finding has now been replicated in a follow-up study with the same subjects (Read, 1986)." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-30166-001.) Administered 3 tests designed for the neuropsychological assessment of older people. The tests focus on evaluating the storage abilities of the brain for both explicit and implicit aspects of memory. Ss were volunteers in 3 age groups: 89 males and 153 females (aged 50–59 yrs); 122 males and 181 females (aged 60–69 yrs); and 77 males and 112 females (aged 70–79 yrs). The tests were (1) the Supermarket Test, designed to measure both immediate and delayed episodic memory for test items, plus episodic recall of the spatial location of the same items; (2) the Visual Closure Test, designed to measure implicit and explicit memory; and (3) the Sequential Geometric Design Test, designed to measure visuoperceptual ability and nonverbal memory. Findings show the tests to work well with patients suffering from mild to severe memory loss and with those in the early stages of dementia. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Relation between mastery behavior in infancy and competence in early childhood": Correction to Messer et al.

Reports an error in "Relation between mastery behavior in infancy and competence in early childhood" by David J. Messer, Mary E. McCarthy, Susan McQuiston, Robert H. MacTurk, Leon J. Yarrow and Peter M. Vietze (Developmental Psychology, 1986[May], Vol 22[3], 366-372). In the article, an incorrect copyright note has been given. The copyright note has been corrected and is included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1986-24138-001.) 53 infants were observed at 6 and 12 mo of age during 2 24-min play sessions. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were given at 6 and 12 mo and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) at 30 mo of age. Results reveal that measures of competence in infancy (successful task completion during play and the BSID scores) were not strongly correlated with the 30-mo MSCA scores. In contrast, infant mastery behavior during play strongly predicted MSCA scores: The time spent investigating toys at 6 mo and persistence in solving tasks at 12 mo of age were behaviors significantly positively correlated with the MSCA scales. It is suggested that infant behaviors that predict later competence do not remain static but change with age and that infants' mastery behavior is a more effective predictor of later development than their competence with either toys or developmental tests. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"The Memory Functioning Questionnaire for assessment of memory complaints in adulthood and old age": Correction to Gilewski et al.

Reports an error in "The Memory Functioning Questionnaire for assessment of memory complaints in adulthood and old age" by Michael J. Gilewski, Elizabeth M. Zelinski and K. Warner Schaie (Psychology and Aging, 1990[Dec], Vol 5[4], 482-490). In the aforementioned article, the author note at the beginning of the article should have contained the following statement: "The Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ) items that appear in the appendix at the end of this article were published previously in 'Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ)' by Michael J. Gilewski and Elizabeth M. Zelinski (Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 1988, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 665-670). The current article reflects the construction validation, scoring, and interpretation of the MFQ more accurately than does the article that appeared in Psychopharmacology Bulletin." (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1991-08788-001.) The results of psychometric analyses of the Metamemory Questionnaire (MQ) of E. M. Zelinski et al (1980), developed to evaluate perception of everyday memory functioning, are presented for a sample of 343 men and 435 women (aged 16-89 yrs). Exploratory factor analysis yielded 4 correlated factors (General Frequency of Forgetting, Retrospective Functioning, and Mnemonics Usage) that accounted for 36.7% of the variance in responses to the MQ. Factor structure was invariant across age groups (16-54 vs 55-89 yrs), 2 independent samples, and over 3 yrs. Because some of the original MQ scales did not load on the factors, only 64 of the original 92 items were retained for inclusion in the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ). Internal consistency of MFQ scores is high. The MFQ is therefore reliable for evaluating memory self-appraisals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Development of the concept of truth-functional negation": Correction to Kim.

Reports an error in "Development of the concept of truth-functional negation" by Kyung Kim (Developmental Psychology, 1985[May], Vol 21[3], 462-472). In the article, several key words were omitted from the last sentence of the Method section on page 464, column 2, third paragraph. The corrected sentence is included in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1985-25108-001.) Studied the development of the concept of truth-functional negation in 2 experiments, using 36 English-speaking children (aged 3-6 yrs) and 10 Korean-speaking children (aged 4-5 yrs) as Ss. In Exp I, English-speaking Ss were given a sentence-variation task in which the following 4 sentence types were used to describe 36 pictures of common items: true affirmative, false affirmative, true negative (TN), and false negative. The results show that a majority of Ss under 5 yrs had difficulty with negative sentences, particularly TN sentences, indicating a lack of explicit understanding of truth-functional negation as defined in logic. In Exp II, a cross-linguistic replication of Exp I was attempted with Korean-speaking Ss. Despite some cross-linguistic differences in the negation system, the Korean-speaking Ss showed essentially the same pattern of results, suggesting that the development in question proceeds within the general limit set by the general cognitive development. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Graduate training in psychotherapy: Are therapy outcomes enhanced?": Comment on Stein and Lambert (1995).

Comments on the article by D. M. Stein and M. J. Lambert (Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 1995[Apr], Vol 63[2], 182–296). The authors misunderstood the meta-analysis of P. Crits-Cristoph et al (see record 1992-20595-001) as examining the relation of therapist experience to "therapist effects" (i.e., differences between therapists in their average outcomes). The Crits-Cristoph et al results did not show that experienced therapists had better outcomes than less experienced therapists. It is also noted that the data in Table 3 are, in fact, correct. However, these 2 errors do not affect the main findings of Stein and Lambert's article. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in PA, Vol 82:26915.) Several sources of indirect evidence supporting the value of graduate training in psychotherapy are reviewed here. Training protocols that are known to enhance trainees' skills are briefly discussed, as are conclusions of meta-analytic reviews examining relationships between therapist experience and training, and therapy outcome. An updated meta-analysis of therapy outcome studies involving within-study comparisons of psychotherapists of different levels of training and experience is summarized.… (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)