NiTi(110)表面氧原子吸附和扩散的第一性原理研究

利用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了奥氏体B2相NiTi(110)表面附近氧原子的吸附和扩散行为。计算结果表明,表面上三原子洞位是氧原子最稳定的吸附位置,且随着表面吸附氧原子覆盖度的增加,平均每个氧原子的吸附能呈上升趋势,说明吸附氧原子之间存在排斥作用。当氧原子覆盖度较低(θ≤0.5 ML)时,氧原子更容易吸附在表面上的三原子洞位,当氧覆盖度较高(θ0.5 ML)时,除了表面上的三原子洞位外,氧原子还开始吸附在表面下的八面体中心和表面上的四原子洞位。氧原子从表面上向表面下扩散时,穿过表面第一层的能垒较高(2.11eV),而继续向下扩散的能垒较低(0.34eV),氧原子从表面上向表面下扩散起决定作用的一步是氧原子从表面上穿过表面第一层原子,一旦氧原子扩散到表面下,氧原子将会很容易向下扩散。     

碘化铯晶体中Pb2+基聚集相的发光性质

掺铅的碘化铯（Pb：CsI）晶体在400℃空气中进行热处理可以在晶体中诱导产生发光中心,这些发光中心的激发谱与CS－Pb-I体系中一系列化合物的激子吸收谱相吻合．它们被认为是由该晶体在退火过程中所形成的CsPbI3、Cs4PbI6等聚集相产生的．测量了10～30K温度范围内分别在410nm和360nm波长激发下Ph：CsI的发射谱,观察到各发射谱的相对强度随退火时间而变化,这表明在400℃退火温度下晶体中各类Cs－Ph－I聚集相的形成和转化已十分活跃．     

热处理对磁控溅射制备氧化铬涂层的结构及力学性能的影响

本文采用射频反应磁控溅射技术制备氧化铬涂层并在不同温度及不同的保温时间内进行热处理,通过X射线衍射、纳米压痕、摩擦磨损测试仪等研究温度及保温时间对涂层结构、表面形貌、硬度、弹性模量、耐磨性及涂层与基体间的结合力进行研究.研究表明低于其晶化温度(400℃)进行退火对其结构影响不大,其力学性能没有明显提高,而在高于其晶化温度(500℃)进行退火,其结构变化比较明显,同时其力学性能显著提高,其硬度从初始态的12.3 GPa提高到26GPa,相同试验条件下的磨损量也显著降低,从初始态的1.1×10-3 mm3降低到1×10-5 mm3.涂层与基体之间的结合力随着退火温度的提高、保温时间的延长有明显的改善.保温时间对其结构影响不大,但对其表面形貌有一定的影响,在低于晶化温度延长保温时间表面平均粗糙度降低,而高于晶化温度延长保温时间表面平均粗糙度增加.     

高氧空位氧化锌晶体的制备及光催化性能

利用气相沉积法,在低氧气氛下制备高缺陷的ZnO晶体。分别将样品在800℃、900℃、1000℃下通氧退火1h,对ZnO晶体做表面修饰。PL光谱实验和光催化降解亚甲基蓝实验表明ZnO晶体的氧空位、表面态和光催化活性间存在内在联系。1000℃下退火的样品表面缺陷程度多于800℃和900℃下退火样品,光催化活性也优于后两者。     

Au电极与CdMnTe晶体的表面接触电阻率研究

采用圆形传输线模型研究了金(Au)电极与碲锰镉(CdMnTe)晶体的欧姆接触特性,Au电极采用AuCl3化学镀金法制备,计算了其接触电阻率。实验探讨了表面处理和退火对Au/CdMnTe接触电阻率的影响。结果表明,CdMnTe晶体经过化学抛光和化学机械抛光后Au/CdMnTe的接触电阻率分别为544.5和89.0Ω·cm2。通过AFM与XPS分析了晶体表面的形貌与成分,发现表面粗糙度和富Te成分对CdMnTe薄层电阻和载流子传输长度有较大的影响,决定了接触电阻率的大小。在150℃空气气氛退火1h后,经CP和CMP表面处理的样品,Au/CdMnTe接触电阻率均减小,分别为313.6和30.2Ω·cm2。退火促进了Au向CdMnTe晶体的扩散,使接触电阻率进一步降低,欧姆接触性能提高。     

Fe／Si薄膜中硅化物的形成和氧化

用磁控溅射方法制备Fe/Si薄膜,采用卢瑟福背散射(RBS)技术研究了退火过程中的相变过程和氧化.结果表明:未退火的Fe/Si薄膜界面清晰,873K退火后,界面附近Fe、si原子开始相互扩散,973K退火后富金属相Fe1 xSi形成,而1073K退火后形成中间相FeSi,当温度增加至1273K后所有硅化物完全转变为富硅相FeSi2,即随退火温度的升高,Fe、Si原子间扩散增强,从而形成不同化学计量比的Fe-Si化合物,且薄膜中易迁移原子种类由Fe变为Si.同时,质子束RBS和XRD测量结果显示,在未退火及低温退火的样品中,薄膜有氧化现象,随退火温度增加,由于高温下金属氧化物被还原并逐渐挥发,样品中氧的含量逐渐减少最后完全消失.     

退火工艺对SiO2-Al2 O3-MgO-F系玻璃陶瓷分相和析晶的影响

以SiO2、Al2O3、MgO和AlF3为主要原料,采用高温熔融法,在一定温度下将原料熔化,然后将熔体浇铸到预热的模具中,经不同退火工艺得到基础玻璃。将此玻璃快速加热到析晶温度,进行相同的析晶处理,得到玻璃陶瓷样品。应用TEM、SEM和XRD等技术,系统研究了退火工艺对SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-F系玻璃陶瓷分相和析晶的影响。结果表明：随着退火温度的提高,玻璃的结构逐渐得到松弛,促进了Mg^2 和F^-离子的扩散,玻璃内分相程度逐渐增大,其分相形貌由液滴状→连通状→团簇状过渡;玻璃的分相程度对高温析晶时晶体的析出形态也有一定影响,与低温退火的玻璃相比较,高温退火时析出的云母晶体更加均匀;随着退火时间的延长,析出的晶体变得越来越细小,晶体间的交错度和晶体的均匀程度逐渐增大。     

退火对La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Cox（x=0，0.6）合金结构与电化学性能影响

为了改善La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Cox(x=0,0.6)合金电极的循环稳定性,对铸态合金在0.3MPa压力氩气保护下进行不同温度退火(1123、1223和1323K),保温时间均为10h.研究了退火温度对合金电化学性能的影响.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,铸态及1123K温度退火后合金主要由LaNi5、(La,Mg)2Ni7相及少量LaNi2相组成;退火温度为1223和1323K时,合金中LaNi2相消失,合金主要由LaNi5、(La,Mg)Ni3及(La,Mg)2Ni7相组成.电化学试验结果表明,随着退火温度增加,x=0及x=0.6的合金最大放电容量分别从铸态的343.7、319.2增加到1323K时的390.4、357.5mAh/g;同时退火改善合金的循环稳定性,100次充放电循环后,随着退火温度升高,x=0、0.6时合金的容量保持率(S100)分别从铸态的55.17%、58.22%增加到1323K时的76.66%、67.58%.     

退火温度对酸性条件下水热合成的YVO4荧光粉的微结构及发光特性的影响

在柠檬酸三钠(Na3cit)表面活性剂辅助下利用水热法在cit3-∶Y3+摩尔比为2∶1且pH值为3条件下制备出了单分散的球形YVO4微米荧光粉,但过多cit3-基团吸附在荧光粉表面严重遮盖了YVO4晶体本身优异的性能。本论文采用退火除去吸附在荧光粉表面的cit3-基团,结果显示随着退火温度的升高(180,300,500,700,900℃),cit3-基团逐渐以CO2和水蒸汽的形式从荧光粉表面脱附,导致球形颗粒表面逐渐变得粗糙且有孔洞生成。随着cit3-基团的逐渐脱附,cit3-基团的信息逐渐消失,YVO4晶体的信息逐渐呈现。900℃下退火1 h后cit3-基团彻底脱附且YVO4晶体的结晶质量得到提高从而导致其光致发光强度达到最强。     

退火工艺对铜包钢线界面扩散和结合强度的影响

采用双铜带压接法制备铜包钢线,研究了铜包钢线的退火热处理工艺,探讨了退火温度和时间对铜-钢复合界面扩散和结合强度的影响。结果表明,随着铜包钢线退火温度的升高和时间的延长,扩散层厚度增加,界面结合强度提高。与保温时间相比,退火温度对其影响较大。退火温度为750℃,保温2h后界面结合效果最佳,继续升高温度和延长时间,界面扩散层厚度和结合强度几乎不变。利用扩散方程计算Fe和Cu原子的扩散激活能和扩散常数,确定了扩散常数与退火温度的关系。综合考虑铜包钢线扩散层厚度与结合强度的关系及生产实际要求,得到铜包钢线的最佳退火工艺为750℃保温2h。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from