Consequence analysis to determine damage to buildings from vapour cloud explosions using characteristic curves

The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to estimate the consequences to buildings from the pressure wave caused by unconfined vapour cloud explosions (VCEs). This methodology is based on the use of characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves, shown in a previous paper [F. Diaz Alonso, E. Gonzalez Ferradas, J.F. Sanchez Perez, A. Mi?ana Aznar, J. Ruiz Gimeno, J. Martinez Alonso, Characteristic overpressure-impulse-distance curves for vapour cloud, explosions using the TNO Multi-Energy model, J. Hazard. Mater. A137 (2006) 734-741]. They allow the overpressure and impulse at each distance from the explosion to be determined. Since they can be combined with damage criteria (such as those shown by the PROBIT equations), they can be used to perform consequence analysis as the damage is shown in the same diagram as the overpressure, impulse and distance. Since damages suffered by buildings usually affect people inside, it is important to take them into account when performing consequence analysis. This is done in this paper, where diagrams and equations are presented to determine minor damage to buildings (broken windows, displacement of doors and window frames, tile displacement, etc.), major structural damage (cracks in walls, collapse of some walls) and collapse (the damage is so extensive that the building is partially or totally demolished). This paper completes the consequence analysis to humans outdoors shown by F.D. Alonso et al. [F. Diaz Alonso, E. Gonzalez Ferradas, T. Jimenez Sanchez, A. Mi?ana Aznar, J. Ruiz Gimeno, J. Martinez Alonso, Consequence analysis to determine the damage to humans from vapour cloud explosions using characteristic curves, J. Hazard. Mater., in press].     

温压炸药自由场爆炸空气冲击波的数值模拟研究

基于二次反应理论,采用AUTODYN程序对温压炸药(RDX/AWAL/粘合剂=20/43/25/12)自由场爆炸空气冲击波进行了数值模拟研究.得出结论:在比例距离1～8m/kg1/3内,铝粉后燃反应对超压峰值的贡献约为24％～31％,对正超压区冲量的贡献约为31％～39％,对正超压区持续时间的贡献约为12％ ～95％,...     

室内爆炸超压荷载简化模型

美国UFC规范计算室内爆炸荷载时假设爆炸荷载在整个空间均匀分布,但由于壁面的限制作用,真实室内爆炸的压力场并不均匀。该文利用非线性显式动力分析程序AUTODYN的Remap技术对室内爆炸进行模拟,研究了壁面爆炸荷载的分布规律;依据壁面爆炸超压时程曲线特点及其峰值超压分布,对爆炸荷载作用区域进行划分,并提出了各区域爆炸荷载典型参数—峰值超压、冲击波作用时间、准静态峰值气体压力及吹降时间的计算式,建立了室内爆炸荷载简化模型,并进一步研究了爆源高度和房间尺寸对荷载简化模型的影响。结果表明:室内爆炸下壁面不同区域爆炸荷载的分布形式及计算方法不同,拟合得到了各区域爆炸荷载的简化计算式;爆源高度及房间尺寸对峰值超压影响较大,对冲击波冲量影响较小。     

密闭空间内爆炸缩比相似模型研究

以相似理论为基础,对密闭空间内爆炸毁伤参数进行量纲分析,建立密闭空间内爆炸相似模型,用LS-DYNA进行原模型装药递增直至结构破坏计算,并以结构产生裂纹的临界装药量进行缩比系数分别为0.8,0.6,0.4,0.2,0.1的缩比模型仿真计算。结果表明,结构尺寸不变而药量变化时壁面的冲击波服从相似规律;反射超压服从以受单、双及三面墙影响分开考虑的相似规律;冲量由于受结构破损影响不服从相似规律;缩比系数不小于0.1时缩比模型与原模型壁面的冲击波超压、比例脉冲宽度及比例冲量服从相似规律,缩比模型冲击波超压、比例脉冲宽度及比例冲量与原模型最大相对误差分别为3.3%、4.96%、5.1%;随缩比系数的减小,结构壁面的冲击波超压及冲量呈现出离散分布特性,相似程度有所降低。在研究的缩比系数范围内,可利用缩比模型试验结果预测原模型内爆炸毁伤效应。     

Blast characteristics and TNT equivalence values for some commercial explosives detonated at ground level

We report measurement of the pressure-time profiles produced by the initiation at ground level of four common commercial sector explosives with different detonation velocities. The results indicate that there are no significant differences in the blast waveshapes from the explosives when measured at distances of 25 and 50 m from the initiation point. Analysis of both peak overpressure and positive phase impulse data has yielded values for the TNT Equivalence of the materials at two scaled distances. Our work indicates that the TNT Equivalence values of the materials studied vary with scaled distance and on whether they are evaluated from overpressure or impulse.     

基于ICP技术的炸药冲击波压力测定

采用由137型传感器、VXI数据采集和计算机数据处理系统等组成的测定炸药自由场冲击波压力的高速动态测量系统,测得了某传爆药柱在空中爆炸时产生的空气冲击波超压曲线,并通过计算和数据拟合方法,得到了超压曲线、超压随时间变化的关系式以及不同条件下的峰值超压、正压作用时间等参数。实验表明:随着测点爆心距的增大,峰值超压递减,且测点爆心距越大,超压衰减速率越小。当爆心距为0.6m时,超压值为0.1143 MPa,而当距离为1.2 m时,超压值则为0.0323 MPa。     

冲击荷载下两端简支高桥墩的动力屈曲

考虑剪切变形和大位移的影响,建立高桥墩在冲击荷载作用下的非线性动力学基本方程式;通过位移形函数假设,采用伽辽金积分方法得到了时间变率的动力学控制方程;利用四阶Runge-Kutta法进行数值求解,得到冲击荷载作用下高桥墩的临界荷载、位移响应曲线以及各种荷载和几何参数对临界荷载的影响规律。通过数值算例比较了三角形冲击荷载和矩形冲击荷载作用下的荷载-位移幅值响应曲线;给出了矩形冲击荷载作用下,不同峰值的位移响应曲线、临界荷载随高桥墩柔度的变化曲线、不同冲击持续时间对临界荷载的影响。     

装药偏差对小比例内爆炸试验结果影响分析

小比例内爆炸模型试验是当前国内外研究内爆炸荷载的主要方法。针对文献报道小比例内爆炸试验所得内爆炸荷载数据离散较大的特点,建立了考虑装药位置偏差的结构内爆炸流场三维有限元计算模型,对比试验数据验证了计算模型的合理性,比较分析了装药位置偏差对小比例内爆炸试验结果的影响。结果表明:内爆反射超压峰值对装药位置偏差非常敏感,拟合得到了装药位置偏差距离对超压峰值影响系数的经验计算公式;装药位置偏差对冲量影响相对较小,其最大相对差值不超过13%。     

冲击荷载下一端简支一端固支高桥墩的动力屈曲

考虑剪切变形和大位移的影响,建立一端简支一端固支高桥墩在冲击荷载作用下的非线性动力学基本方程式;通过位移形函数假设,采用伽辽金积分方法得到了时间变率的动力学控制方程;利用四阶Runge-Kutta法进行数值求解,得到冲击荷载作用下高桥墩的临界荷载、位移响应曲线以及各种荷载和几何参数对临界荷载的影响规律。通过数值算例比较了三角形冲击荷载和矩形冲击荷载作用下的荷载-位移幅值响应曲线;给出了矩形冲击荷载作用下,不同峰值的位移响应曲线、临界荷载随高桥墩柔度的变化曲线、不同冲击持续时间对临界荷载的影响     

Predicting the effectiveness of blast wall barriers using neural networks

Blast damage assessment of buildings and structural elements requires an accurate prediction of the blast loads in terms of the peak pressures and impulses. Blast loadings on structures have typically been evaluated using empirical relationships. These relationships assume that there are no obstacles between the explosive device and the target. If a blast barrier is used to protect personnel or a structure behind it, the actual blast loading environment will be significantly reduced for some distance behind the barrier. This paper is concerned with an accurate prediction of the area of effectiveness behind the barrier using experimental data and a neural network-based model. To train and validate the neural network, a database is developed through a series of measurements of the blast environment behind the barrier. The principal parameters controlling the blast environment, such as wall height, distance behind the wall, height above ground, and standoff distance are used as the training input data. Peak overpressure and peak scaled impulse are used as the outputs in the neural network configuration. The trained and validated neural network is used to develop contour plots of overpressure and impulse adjustment factors to simplify the process of predicting the effectiveness of blast barriers. The developed model is also deployed in a stand-alone application that is used as a fast-running predictive tool for the blast overpressures and impulses behind the wall.     

爆炸冲击波作用于便携式防爆墙的绕射规律

为研究爆炸冲击波作用于便携式防爆墙的绕射规律,利用LS/DYNA软件,采用欧拉耦合的方法,分析了TNT药量不同爆距相同、TNT药量相同爆距不同以及TNT药量相同墙厚不同的条件下墙体对环流超压的影响规律,且拟合出了不同TNT药量时墙后超压峰值公式,并通过防爆墙墙前、墙后超压值与已知试验值对比,验证了计算模型的正确性.结果表明:环流超压峰值随着TNT药量的增加而增加,随着墙体厚度的增加而减少,且其超压峰值出现在墙后约2倍墙高位置处;当爆距大于2.4 m时,环流超压的峰值先递增、后递减,最大环流超压发生在约2倍墙高位置;当爆距小于2.4 m时,最大环流超压向墙体移动,距离墙体后面1.0 m左右.验证了其绕射规律与已知研究结果的一致性.     

Numerical investigations of nonideal explosions

This study focusses on nonideal free-field blast waves arising from the finite rate of energy addition in a distributed nonspherical source region. The behavior of the blast wave is determined in a compressible medium surrounding a centrally ignited flammable mixture during and after the propagation of a heat addition wave which models the detonative or deflagrative combustion process. Numerical integration of the nonsteady, two-dimensional Euler equations is performed by incorporating a heat addition “two-gamma” working fluid model to represent the flame or detonation wave. This study also investigated the behavior of a blast wave generated by the burst of a high-pressure ellipsoid. The effect of the heat addition waves on the near and far field blast waves was studied by determining the relevant blast parameters, peak overpressure, and positive phase impulse, as well as the detailed evolution of the gas dynamic variables with time and distance. The blast parameters which correspond to low velocity flames compare favorably with those obtained using linear acoustic monopole theory. The results indicate that pressure relief associated with the presence of a compressible inert medium surrounding the combustion products after the flame propagates to the interface of nonspherical clouds sevrely restricts the intensity of the explosion and thereby reduces the damages that can be produced by the blast wave.     

Reflected blast wave resultants behind cantilever walls: A new prediction technique

This paper presents the results of an experimental study conducted at approximately one-tenth scale to assess the sensitivity of blast parameters at a target structure located behind a protective blast wall to changes in charge size and geometrical configuration. A prediction technique, based on a modified scaled distance here termed “protection factor”, allows the assessment of peak reflected overpressure and reflected impulse at a point on the target structure.     

Research on the Distribution of Unconfined Gas Cloud Explosion Field

Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention - To research the distribution of unconfined gas cloud explosion overpressure field and impulse field, build domed finite element model of combustible...     

柱形爆炸容器内爆炸冲击波的传播规律研究

为了研究柱形爆炸容器内炸药爆炸冲击波的传播规律,利用空中爆炸传感器测量了不同药量和不同距离条件下冲击波压力时程曲线,发现实验测试值与传统的理论经验公式计算值存在较大误差。通过实验结果和理论分析,探讨了误差产生的原因,并对柱形爆炸容器内超压测试曲线出现多峰值超压的原因进行了分析。最后,基于实验测试结果及爆炸相似律原理拟合出适用于该环境下的冲击波超压计算公式,经过拟合修正后计算误差由70%~80%降至0.57%~15%。该研究可为爆炸容器的设计和应用提供理论参考。     

基于本构模型的发泡聚乙烯缓冲特性曲线研究

目的 建立EPE本构模型,并基于本构模型研究EPE缓冲系数-最大应力曲线。方法 通过静态压缩实验得到EPE应力-应变曲线,利用三次Bezier曲线拟合实验曲线,根据拟合曲线求得缓冲系数,从而得到缓冲系数-最大应力曲线。结果 利用三次Bezier曲线拟合得到了EPE分段本构模型,基于本构模型建立了EPE分段缓冲系数-最大应力曲线参数方程。本构模型、基于本构模型建立的EPE缓冲系数-最大应力曲线均收敛于分段点（0.3,0.1075）,且当拟合应力值为0.4529 MPa时,得到缓冲系数最小值（5.0362）。结论 利用三次Bezier曲线拟合得到的应力-应变曲线与实验曲线有很好的拟合度,分别基于本构模型建立的和由实验数据得到的2条EPE缓冲系数-最大应力曲线有较好的拟合度,基于三次Bezier曲线拟合的本构模型研究EPE缓冲特性曲线是可行的。     

Airblast TNT equivalence for a range of commercial blasting explosives

Results are reported from a programme of work undertaken by the UK Health and Safety Executive to investigate the airblast produced by commercial sector explosives having velocities of detonation (VoD) in the range 2000-8200 m s(-1). The data produced will be useful in evaluating the blast hazards of such explosives in industrial circumstances and also as a means of assessing post-accident damage. All of the solid explosive materials studied produced blast waves which ramped up into shock-wave form close to the point of initiation. The dependence of peak overpressure and positive phase impulse on scaled distance is presented and compared to that of TNT. The TNT equivalence (TNT(e)) technique is shown to be applicable to solid phase explosives with a wide range of VoD, although the precise values of TNT(e) vary with distance.     

快速拼装式防爆墙消波性能数值模拟研究

为研究快速拼装式防爆墙墙后超压分布规律及影响因素,基于2D映射3D网格建模技术,采用AUTODYN有限元软件分别对TNT当量为6.82 kg,爆高1 m、爆距3 m、墙厚0.5 m,墙体高度为1.5 m、2 m、2.5 m的计算模型和比例爆距分别1.58 m/kg~(1/3)、1.28 m/kg~(1/3)、1.05 m/kg~(1/3)的计算模型以及比例爆距为1.05 m/kg~(1/3),爆高1 m、墙高2 m、墙厚0.5 m,爆距为2 m、3 m、4 m的计算模型进行了模拟,分析了墙体高度、比例爆距和炸药位置对墙后超压分布的影响。结果表明:墙体高度增加将显著增强防爆墙消波性能,墙体高度在1.5~2.5 m范围内变化时,墙后消波系数变化较大;随着比例爆距的减小,墙后较远处消波系数有所增大;随着测点高度和爆高增大,测点处受到的防爆墙保护效应将减小。综合考虑以上因素对墙后测点超压的影响,拟合出了计算墙后超压大小的公式,计算结果与数值模拟结果能较好的吻合。     

坑道内典型工业炸药爆炸灾害效应的数值模拟

为了研究典型工业炸药在相对封闭的空间中爆炸产生的灾害效应,利用非线性动力学方法对3种典型的工业炸药(2号岩石硝铵炸药、乳化炸药、铵油炸药)在坑道内爆炸冲击波的传播特性和温度场分布情况进行了模拟计算,重点研究了工业炸药爆炸产生的超压与冲量破坏效应,并与传统高能炸药TNT进行对比分析。结果表明:2号岩石硝铵炸药爆炸产生的冲击波超压破坏作用和冲量破坏作用最大,乳化炸药次之,铵油炸药的破坏作用最小;爆炸均产生了明显二次超压破坏现象,其出现的原因是坑道局部出现冲击波聚焦现象;在高温灾害效应方面,2号岩石硝铵炸药的高温灾害效应最高,乳化炸药次之,铵油炸药最小。并将数值模拟结果与经验公式结果进行了比较,其吻合较好,证明了计算模型和参数选择的合理性。     

爆炸冲击波超压加载伪随机网壳的分布规律研究

采用缩比模型爆炸试验与数值仿真相结合的方法,开展了爆炸冲击波超压加载伪随机网壳的分布规律研究。首先,选取具有代表性的某伪随机140面体网壳结构,开展了缩比模型爆炸试验,获得了表面特征测点的冲击波超压数据;之后,对比分析了试验与仿真结果的误差及原因,以试验数据为基础,建立了爆炸冲击波与某伪随机140面体网壳结构相互作用的数值仿真模型,并对空中爆炸和地面爆炸的3种不同距离共6种工况下,网壳结构的特征表面超压作用过程进行了计算和分析,拓展了试验结果;最后,对伪随机网壳表面冲击波超压分布规律进行了研究,并提出了增强网壳结构安全性的防护措施,为伪随机网壳结构抗冲击安全设计提供了参考。结果表明:与传统对称网壳结构相比,伪随机网壳在超压峰值分布规律和作用机制等方面都更为复杂,受到结构伪随机特性的影响,在相似位置表面,超压峰值也有明显差异;网壳迎爆面底部和中部超压峰值与其他部位相比,一般较高;在网壳外一定距离构筑防爆墙和加固网壳中部及底部节点的方法,可提升伪随机网壳结构的抗冲击安全性。