甲烷化催化剂进碱后的处理及效果

中海化学有限公司富岛一期30×104t合成氨装置脱碳部分采用苯菲尔工艺,工艺气经过吸收塔脱除CO2后,送入甲烷化系统,在甲烷化炉中,微量的CO2与CO在催化剂作用下与H2反应生成CH4,使甲烷化出口CO+CO2≤5×10-6.甲烷化炉共装催化剂34m3,催化剂型号是英国ICI11-3,活性成分为Ni,载体主要为铝酸钙等.     

焦炉煤气制天然气工艺的设计研究

基于清洁生产和碳氢尾气合成天然气,设计了采用焦炉煤气制天然气的三段甲烷化工艺方案。对工艺设计中甲烷化催化剂的活性评价及影响进行了分析研究,研制了活性高、耐热性能好、抗结碳能力强的甲烷化催化剂。工业应用装置实践结果表明,该工艺设计方案运行稳定,焦炉煤气制天然气工艺技术及其催化剂完全能够满足合成天然气的技术要求,经三段甲烷催化剂处理后的焦炉煤气,其CO转化率大于99%,出口w(CO+CO2)50×10-6。     

CO、CO_2及其共存体系的甲烷化反应

介绍了甲烷化的反应体系,CO、CO2甲烷化反应的机理;比较了CO体系、CO2体系和CO、CO2共存体系的甲烷化反应特点以及三种反应体系对催化剂的要求;综述了适用于不同体系催化剂的研究进展,并重点介绍了多种催化剂的载体、助剂与活性组分之间的相互作用方式以及几种催化剂对碳氧化物甲烷化反应的催化机理;甲烷化反应的应用方向逐步从合成氨、合成气制天然气向燃料电池、焦炉煤气等方向扩展,对反应体系的研究也由CO甲烷化体系向CO2甲烷化体系和共存体系方向发展;复合载体负载的多金属催化剂成为现在甲烷化催化剂的主要研究方向,纳米颗粒催化剂、等离子体等技术开始应用于甲烷化催化剂。     

合成氨生产中甲烷化反应器的设计

甲烷化是最终从氨合成气中除去微量的CO和CO_2的过程,在工业上应用已有二十多年的历史。 任何氧或含氧化合物进入氨合成系统会使氨合成催化剂中毒。所以在氨合成以前,合成气中的CO和CO_2必须从系统中脱除或转化成惰性物质。在现代的合成氨工厂中,合成气是以蒸汽转化为基础,后接高温和低温水煤气变换的组合装置,并带有CO_2的吸收设备,然后用甲烷化以除去残余的CO和CO_2,使甲烷化反应器出口的CO和CO_2总浓度小于10ppm。 甲烷化具有过程简单、设备小和催化剂费用较低的优点。     

生物质合成气甲烷化机理及催化体系研究进展

天然气的供需矛盾促使人们寻找新的天然气资源,其中利用生物质合成天然气（Bio-SNG）的替代技术受到了全世界的关注。在整个工艺过程中,生物质合成气制取甲烷是关键技术,而甲烷化催化剂是其核心要素。简述了近年来生物质合成气甲烷化机理及其催化体系的研究进展,重点讨论了合成气中CO甲烷化、CO₂甲烷化反应机理,以及甲烷化催化剂中活性金属、助剂和载体对CO甲烷化、CO₂甲烷化以及CO与CO₂共存条件下甲烷化反应性能的影响,分析了目前仍存在的主要问题,并指出了进一步研究的发展方向。     

甲烷化催化剂失活原因分析及对策

主要阐述高CO含量的甲烷化炉设计特点和运行过程中催化剂失活原因的分析,并提出整改措施进行了改造.     

CO_2/CO甲烷化催化剂及其反应机理研究进展

概述了CO2/CO加氢制甲烷过程,重点阐述甲烷化催化剂制备方法、催化剂活性组分、助剂和载体对催化剂结构的影响;分析了甲烷化反应机理及甲烷化反应中催化剂失活现象。针对目前甲烷化催化剂现状,提出深入研究甲烷化反应机理、开发耐硫催化剂是甲烷化今后的研究方向。     

生物质合成气甲烷化机理及催化体系研究进展

天然气的供需矛盾促使人们寻找新的天然气资源,其中利用生物质合成天然气(Bio-SNG)的替代技术受到了全世界的关注。在整个工艺过程中,生物质合成气制取甲烷是关键技术,而甲烷化催化剂是其核心要素。简述了近年来生物质合成气甲烷化机理及其催化体系的研究进展,重点讨论了合成气中CO甲烷化、CO_2甲烷化反应机理,以及甲烷化催化剂中活性金属、助剂和载体对CO甲烷化、CO_2甲烷化以及CO与CO_2共存条件下甲烷化反应性能的影响,分析了目前仍存在的主要问题,并指出了进一步研究的发展方向。     

合成甲烷化反应分析与优化

结合日产1000吨合成氨装置甲烷化炉催化剂的选用,对甲烷化炉历年运行比较,探索延长催化剂使用的策略,结合实际,探索延迟催化剂使用策略和缩短甲烷化升温时间。     

CO选择性甲烷化的研究进展

CO选择性甲烷化被认为是适用于低温燃料电池的、最具发展潜力的CO深度去除技术,而该技术大规模应用的关键在于高性能负载型催化剂的开发。本文综述了近些年来CO选择性甲烷化的研究进展,以催化剂的选取和评判标准为起点,着重论述了CO和CO₂甲烷化的反应机理、粒径效应以及载体和助剂对催化剂活性和选择性的影响,最后总结了CO选择性甲烷化的研究并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。分析表明,选取合适的活性组分负载量以及载体和助剂可以大幅度提高催化剂的CO甲烷化活性,而通过氯离子改性以及Ru-Ni双金属的制备来控制金属-载体作用界面则是提高催化剂CO甲烷化选择性的关键。指出对甲烷化反应机理的研究和具有长期稳定性催化剂的开发是未来CO选择性甲烷化研究的重点。     

MgO/La2O2CO3催化剂上的低温甲烷氧化偶联

共沉淀法制备的MgO/La2O2CO3催化剂使甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)在炉温460℃时开始反应,且使反应在50℃炉温下至少24 h。助剂Ni的加入降低了起始和最低反应温度,使催化剂在380℃的炉温下开始反应,之后在无热源的情况下可使反应至少24 h。助剂Zn的加入提高了反应活性,使C2的选择性提高了6%,但同时对低温反应不利,反应在炉温100℃下6 h后自动停止。OCM体系中的强放热反应为OCM温和反应提供了热源。催化剂中的La2O2CO3是维持低温甲烷氧化偶联反应的关键H活性组分。     

沉淀剂对SrCO3/La2O2CO3上低温甲烷氧化偶联反应的影响

利用共沉淀法制备了系列SrCO3/La2O2CO3催化剂,制备中沉淀剂的选择影响催化剂的物理化学性质,并最终决定其在低温甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)中的催化性能,其中以摩尔比2：1的NaOH/Na2CO3 为复合沉淀剂效果最好,对应的催化剂中检测到两种La2O2CO3的组分,分别为四方晶相的(I-)和六方晶相的(II-)La2O2CO3。这两种晶相的共存为OCM的低温反应提供所需要的活性位。助剂SrCO3 抑制了甲烷的过度氧化,提高了C2的选择性。所得到的最佳的催化剂能在100 oC炉温下维持OCM反应至少24 h,使CH4.转化率达到25.6%,C2选择性达到43.4%。伴随OCM的甲烷氧化生成COx的副反应产生的热点效应为OCM温和反应提供了热源。     

固定床中天然气与煤联合气化制合成气反应过程的实验研究

用固定床反应器模拟合成气制备炉,对天然气与煤联合气化反应过程进行了研究. 实验结果表明,在合成气制备炉下部主要发生甲烷和碳的氧化反应,氧气完全消耗. 合成气在制备炉内上升过程中,未转化完的甲烷继续裂解,中间产物水蒸汽和CO2被还原. 出口合成气在离开制备炉时整个炉内体系接近反应平衡.     

Computational study of staged membrane reactor configurations for methane steam reforming. II. Effect of number of stages and catalyst amount

The present work complements part I of this article and completes a computational analysis of the performances of staged membrane reactors for methane steam reforming. The influence of the number of stages and catalyst amount is investigated by comparing the methane conversion and hydrogen recovery yield achieved by an equisized‐staged reactor to those of an equivalent conventional membrane reactor for different furnace temperatures and flow configurations (co‐ and counter‐current). The most relevant result is that the proposed configuration with a sufficiently high number of stages and a significantly smaller catalyst amount (up to 70% lower) can achieve performances very close to the ones of the conventional unit in all the operating conditions considered. This is equivalent to say that the staged configuration can compensate and in fact substitute a significant part of the catalyst mass of a conventional membrane reactor. To help the interpretation of these results, stage‐by‐stage temperature and flux profiles are examined in detail. Then, the quantification of the performance losses with respect to the conventional reactor is carried out by evaluating the catalyst amount possibly saved and furnace temperature reduction. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

助剂MgO对甲烷二氧化碳重整Co/BaTiO3催化剂催化性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法在Co/BaTiO3催化剂中引入助剂MgO,考察了其对甲烷二氧化碳重整Co/BaTiO3催化剂的催化反应性能的影响,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)对催化剂进行了表征,结果表明,助剂MgO使钴催化剂中的活性Co2O3组分增多,还原性和分散性能较好;在n(CO2)∶n(CH4)为1∶1、气相空速(GHSV)为12 000 h-1、反应温度为700℃的条件下,催化剂Co-MgO/BaTiO3表现出良好的催化性能,且反应初期甲烷转化率可达到94.87%,CO选择性可达85.21%,H2收率可达74.08%。     

Low methane selectivity using Co/MnO catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction: Effect of increasing pressure and Co-feeding ethene

CO hydrogenation using cobalt/ manganese oxide catalysts is described and discussed. These catalysts are known to give low methane selectivity with high selectivity to C₃ hydrocarbons at moderate reaction conditions (GHSV < 500 h^–1, < 600 kPa). In this study the effect of reaction conditions more appropriate to industrial operation are investigated. CO hydrogenation at 1–2 MPa using catalyst formulations with Co/Mn = 0.5 and 1.0 gives selectivities to methane that are comparable to those observed at lower pressures. At the higher pressure the catalyst rapidly deactivates, a feature that is not observed at lower pressures. However, prior to deactivation rates of CO + CO₂ conversion > 8 mol/1-catalyst h can be observed. Co-feeding ethene during CO hydrogenation is investigated by the reaction of¹³C0-¹²C₂H₄-H₂ mixtures and a significant decrease in methane selectivity is observed but the hydrogenation of ethene is also a dominant reaction. The results show that the co-fed ethene can be molecularly incorporated but in addition it can generate a C, species that can react further to form methane and higher hydrocarbons.     

Influence of forced feed composition cycling on catalytic methanol synthesis

Studies have been carried out between 230 and 270°C and 1.97 and 2.93 MPa total pressure on the synthesis of methanol over an industrial catalyst of the copper-zinc oxide-alumina type using a gradientless reactor. Two modes of forced feed composition cycling were explored: periodic variations of the mole fraction of H₂ and CO and periodic variation of the CO₂ content. The latter mode substantially improved methanol production and suppressed the parasitic formation of methane, while the former mode had just the opposite effect. Measurements of methanol, methane and CO during a cycle as well as separate observations of the response to step-changes in concentration indicated substantial storage of CO on the catalyst surface. Rapid response of methane to the CO₂ content suggests over-reduced areas of the catalyst surface are responsible for methane formation and that these regions are readily oxidized. CO₂ or H₂O associated with methane formation appear to relate to the dynamics of methanol formation.     

CO铜基变换催化剂氰化氢中毒机理热力学研究

为了掌握CO变换催化剂在高炉煤气气氛下的中毒机理,文中采用热力学非均相反应体系中的Gibbs自由能最小原理,从理论上分析了CO变换催化剂在高炉煤气气氛下,HCN中毒可能发生的化学反应及产物。对各个反应的吉布斯自由能及化学反应平衡常数进行了对比分析,结果表明:氰化氢(HCN)对于铁基高温变换催化剂在其活性温度下的中毒作用很小,而对于铜基低温变换催化剂在100—300℃的活性温度下,主要的中毒产物为CuCN,CuO,Cu2O,Cu(OH)2,C,且高炉煤气自身的主要气体混合也是使催化剂中毒的原因之一。此外,氧气的存在会加快催化剂的中毒反应。其中低温变换催化剂的活性物质Cu微晶与CO和O2反应的吉布斯自由能小于0,且绝对值最大,热力学平衡常数最大。这个反应是竞争能力最强的主导反应。     

Dehydrogenation of Methane over Mo/ZSM-5. Effects of Additives in the Methane Stream

The dehydrogenation of methane was carried out over a Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. It was revealed that the purity of the methane was very critical for the evaluation of the catalyst activity. In order to study the phenomenon, the effects of the addition of O₂, CO₂, CO or H₂ to the feed were investigated. A small amount of O₂ increased the amounts of aromatic compounds and CO produced. The addition of H₂ scarcely affected the conversion of methane, but it prevented the deactivation of the catalyst, i.e., benzene production remained constant during a 6 h test.     

The investigation of individual reaction steps in the oxidative coupling of methane over lithium doped magnesium oxide

To elucidate the importance of various reaction steps in the oxidative conversion of methane, experiments were carried out with three reaction products: ethane, ethylene and carbon monoxide. These products were studied separately in oxidation experiments with and without a catalyst. Moreover, the effect of admixing them to a methane/oxygen feed was investigated. All experiments were carried out in a micro flow tubular quartz reactor which was either empty or filled with catalyst at a temperature of 800 °C. The ethane and ethylene experiments showed that the conversion of ethane to ethylene is much more rapid than ethane combustion, irrespective of the presence of a catalyst. The main combustion path goes via ethylene. Ethane is converted much more rapidly than methane and this imposes serious constraints on the maximum attainable yields. The principal combustion product in the absence of a catalyst is CO but with a catalyst, CO₂ dominates, in agreement with rapid catalytic oxidation observed with CO/O₂ feeds.

The conclusions are summarized in a simplified overall reaction scheme.