聚醚共聚酰胺/聚乙二醇共混膜的制备及其气体渗透性能的研究

以聚醚共聚酰胺(Pebax1074)嵌段共聚物和分子量为400的聚乙二醇(PEG400)为膜材料,采用聚合物共混和流延成膜的方法,制备出不同质量比的均一透明Pebax1074/PEG400共混均质膜.PEG400作为塑化剂与Pebax1074共混之后,改变了聚合物链段的活动性,增加了醚氧键的含量,使N2、H2、CH4和CO2渗透系数以及CO2对其它气体的选择性都得到了增加.操作条件对气体在共混膜中的渗透性能也有较大的影响.由于塑化效应的作用,膜两侧的压差对CO2和非极性气体的渗透系数影响不同,并且随共混膜中PEG400含量的变化而变化.气体在共混膜中的渗透系数随操作温度的升高而增大,通过Arrhenius方程可把渗透通量与温度联系起来.     

聚醚共聚酰胺多层复合气体分离膜的制备及其分离性能

采用浸渍涂覆法,以聚醚共聚酰胺PEBA1074嵌段高分子为选择层膜材料制备具有超薄分离层的PEI/PDMS/PEBA1074/PDMS多层复合气体分离膜,探讨了操作条件对H2、N2、CH4和CO2等在多层复合膜中的渗透性能的影响.多层复合膜对极性气体具有较高的渗透通量,并且对极性/非极性气体分离体系具有较高的选择性.CO2对多层复合膜存在增塑作用,其渗透通量随操作压力的增加而增加;随着操作温度的升高,H2、N2、CH4和CO2在复合膜中的渗透通量显著增大,而CO2/非极性气体(H2、N2和CH4)的分离系数减小.气体渗透通量与温度的关系在PEO链段熔点的上下分别满足不同的Arrhenius方程.当操作温度大于PEO链段熔点温度时,气体的渗透活化能减小.     

聚醚共聚酰胺-三醋酸甘油酯多层复合气体分离膜的制备及其分离性能

以聚醚共聚酰胺Pebax1074为分离层主体膜材料,以三醋酸甘油酯(GTA)为添加剂,制备具有超薄分离层的Psf/PDMS/Pebax1074和Psf/PDMS/Pebax1074-GTA/PDMS多层复合气体分离膜.考察了Pebax1074和GTA浓度、温度、压力等条件对H2、N2、CH4和CO2等在复合膜中的渗透性能的影响.结果显示,随Pebax1074浓度的增大,Psf/PDMS/Pebax1074膜对气体的渗透通量急剧下降,气体选择性逐渐增大至接近Pebax1074本征值.当GTA质量分数大于50%,Psf/PDMS/Pebax1074-GTA复合膜的气体渗透通量大幅增加,而气体选择性不高.利用硅橡胶对复合膜表面保护后,气体选择性接近Pebax1074材料本征值.Psf/PDMS/Pebax1074-GTA/PDMS多层复合膜对CO2具有较高的渗透通量和较高的选择性.CO2对多层复合膜存在塑化效应,渗透通量随压差增大而增大;随着操作温度的升高,H2、N2、CH4和CO2在复合膜中的渗透通量显著增大,而CO2/(N2、CH4、H2)的分离系数减小.     

聚醚共聚酰胺复合气体分离膜对CO2/N2分离性能的研究

以烟道气中CO2的捕集为研究背景,以聚醚共聚酰胺Pebax1657嵌段共聚物为选择层膜材料,采用浸渍涂覆法,制备具有超薄分离皮层的PEI/PDMS/Pebax1657/PDMS多层复合气体分离膜,研究复合气体分离膜对CO2/N2混合气的分离特性.由于CO2的增塑作用,复合膜对CO2/N2混合气的分离系数为40左右,低于其理想分离系数.操作压力和原料气中CO2浓度对复合膜的渗透分离性能以及混合气的分离效果影响显著.在实际应用中,可通过调节膜两侧操作压力来提高CO2的富集浓度.     

埃洛石纳米管结构改性后用于Pebax基质中强化气体分离

基于埃洛石纳米管(HNTs)内外层结构化学性质不同,使用硫酸(H2 SO4)、盐酸(HCl)对埃洛石进行选择性刻蚀,得到了两种纳米多孔埃洛石,即S-HNTs和H-HNTs.将这两种纳米多孔埃洛石引入Pebax MH 1657(Pebax)基质中制备混合基质膜(MMMs).纯CO2、CH4气体渗透结果表明,在S-HNTs和H-HNTs填充量分别为6％(质量分数)和8％(质量分数)时,Pebax-S-HNTs MMMs和Pebax-H-HNTs MMMs性能达到最优,与纯Pebax膜相比,CO2渗透系数分别增加了97.8％和125.3％,CO2/CH4的理想分离因子分别增加了69.7％和40.0％.气体分离性能的改善主要是由于HNTs的刻蚀扩孔成功以及微/介孔分级多孔结构的存在.这是因为,首先,对HNTs内[AlO6]八面体进行选择性刻蚀导致管腔尺寸增加,提高了气体渗透;其次,微/介孔分级多孔结构的存在为气体扩散提供了多种传递路径,曲折路径的存在促进了气体选择性的提高.     

Pebax/SAPO-34混合基质膜的制备及性能研究

选用Pebax1657和SAPO-34为膜材料,分别采用醋酸和1-丁醇为溶剂,通过流延法制备Pebax/SAPO-34混合基质膜(MMMs).研究发现,溶剂能显著地影响膜的结构形态以及渗透性能.纯Pebax膜的气体渗透系数受溶剂的影响较大,而选择性受溶剂影响不大.对于分子筛含量较高(质量分数33%)的MMMs,以1-丁醇为溶剂时,分子筛的分散均匀程度更高,但就材料的成膜性而言,醋酸为溶剂时更好.MMMs中气体渗透系数的变化是结晶度、扩散曲度、链段运动能力和膜形态等因素的共同作用的结果.醋酸为溶剂时,由于相分离的发生,气体的渗透系数出现突跃,最大提高到纯Pebax膜的3倍.1-丁醇为溶剂时,除H2外,气体渗透系数先出现一定程度的提高,而后由于受到链段僵化以及扩散曲度的影响而降低.     

Pebax气体分离膜制备及其用于沼气提纯的研究

以聚醚共聚酰胺(Pebax)为分离层膜材料,采用浸渍涂覆法制备复合气体分离膜,考察了Pebax复合膜对CH_4、CO_2和H_2S等纯气以及一系列浓度的CO_2/CH_4混合气的渗透分离性能,并采用螺旋卷式膜分离器错流模型模拟分析Pebax气体分离膜用于沼气提纯的技术可行性.实验结果表明,Pebax膜具有较高的CO_2渗透通量和CO_2/CH_4分离系数.由于CO_2的增塑作用,复合膜对CO_2/CH_4混合气的分离系数小于其理想分离系数;不同浓度混合气中CO_2与CH_4的渗透通量随原料气中CO_2分压的增大而增大,而与原料气中CO_2的浓度无关.Pebax单级膜分离的沼气提纯效果受切割比、压力比等操作条件以及原料气组成等因素的影响,通过设计两级Pebax膜分离工艺可将CH_4富集到95%以上,同时回收90%的CH_4,改进膜工艺参数可获得更高的提纯效果,证明Pebax复合气体分离膜用于沼气提纯CH_4是可行的.     

聚醚砜-纳米二氧化硅气体分离复合膜的性能

研究了纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)颗粒的添加对聚醚砜纳米二氧化硅气体分离复合膜气体渗透性能的影响.采用SEM、机械性能和气体分离性能等评价方法分别表征膜的微观结构、力学性能及分离性能.结果表明:随着SiO2添加量的增加,杨氏模量增大,H2、N2、O2、CH4和CO2气体的渗透通量增大,但O2/N2,CO2/CH4和H2/N2的分离因子有所降低;中空纤维气体分离复合膜在放置一段时间后,性能趋于稳定;制备好的膜以乙醇和正己烷为交换剂,在烘箱中烘干作为后处理方式能够使膜具有较好的分离性能.     

Cu3(BTC)2对PDMS/PEI复合膜气体分离的改性研究

将金属骨架化合物(MOFs) ——Cu3(BTC)2填充到聚二甲基硅氧烷中,制备聚二甲基硅氧烷/聚醚酰亚胺(PDMS/PEI)非对称平板复合膜,进行了4种气体O2、N2、CO2及CH4的渗透过程研究,考察了Cu3 (BTC)2填充量及操作条件对膜分离性能的影响.结果表明,随Cu3 (BTC)2填充量的增加,4种气体的渗透通量及O2/N2、CO2/N2和CO2/CH4的分离系数较未改性的复合膜均有所提高,其中填充量为25％的改性复合膜获得了较优的效果;随操作压力的升高,气体的渗透通量增大而分离系数略有上升;随操作温度的升高,气体的渗透通量增大,CO2/N2和O2/N2的分离系数有所下降,而CO2/CH4的分离系数略有增加.     

溶胶-凝胶法甲基化改性SiO2膜的气体渗透性和再生性研究

以甲基三乙氧基硅烷替代部分正硅酸乙酯作为前驱物,用溶胶-凝胶法对亲水性SiO2膜进行改性,制备了甲基化改性SiO2膜.通过FTIR、SEM和气体渗透实验考察了甲基化改性对SiO2膜形貌、化学结构、气体渗透性及再生性的影响.结果表明,压差、温度对两种SiO2膜渗透分离性能的影响相似;甲基化改性使SiO2膜气体渗透速率显著增加,而H2/CO2选择性却没有明显下降;在水气环境中陈化后,虽然两种SiO2膜的H2/CO2选择性均未显著降低,但亲水性SiO2膜气体渗透速率下降明显,而甲基化改性SiO2膜则下降较小.再生可以部分恢复SiO2膜的渗透分离性能,与陈化前相比,再生使两种SiO2膜的渗透性能降低,H2/CO2选择性增大,甲基化改性大大减小了再生对膜渗透性能的劣化.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...