膜蒸馏系统的热质扩散耦合分析

从相变耦合、逆流换热耦合以及蒸汽分子在膜孔中热质扩散耦合的角度出发,分别分析了热物料侧相变热质传递过程、膜蒸馏系统逆流换热过程以及蒸汽分子在膜孔中的热质扩散过程,并建立了三者与膜通量之间的关系式.得出自发的蒸汽分子迁移过程驱动了非自发的传热过程,当传质过程强化时,蒸汽分子传递速率增加,导致膜通量增加;膜蒸馏系统换热的强化有助于削弱温度极化,伴随着膜两侧表面温度梯度的增加,膜通量增加;关系式同时说明了减小膜的厚度,有利于膜通量增加.     

太阳能膜蒸馏淡化水系统研究进展

在能源紧张和水资源匮乏的时代背景下,利用太阳能驱动膜蒸馏系统来淡化海水和苦咸水成为一项重要的水处理技术.为了提高膜蒸馏通量,使用了旋转切向入流的方式来强化传质过程,并对其作了深入的数值模拟和机理研究.在空气隙膜组件结构上做了进一步的改进,其通量与原有膜组件通量接近,但易于加工制作和可多种方式组合使用.为提高太阳能热水系统的性能,开展了集热器性能的实验研究,并应用FLUENT软件对全玻璃真空管集热系统进行三维数值模拟计算.太阳能膜蒸馏的实验表明在呼和浩特夏季,完全可以利用太阳能驱动膜蒸馏系统全天工作.     

热电制冷在空气隙膜蒸馏系统中的应用研究

设计了一种采用热电制冷的并接式空气隙膜蒸馏系统,以热电制冷替代机械式制冷为膜蒸馏过程提供冷量。通过对膜蒸馏过程与热电制冷的匹配研究,给出了最佳匹配工况的基本要求。制作了具有水冷散热热电制冷的膜蒸馏冷腔,对单片热电制冷器采用风冷散冷的制冷性能进行研究,结果表明：一定热端散热强度下,热电制冷膜蒸馏冷腔的冷面温度可满足膜蒸馏运行;当热端循环水进口温度为20℃、流量为100L/h、风机风量为660m3/h、热电制冷器工作电流为5.5A时,热电制冷量为87.1W,制冷效率为1.3,二者均为最大值,且预测相应理论蒸馏通量为40kg/（m2?h）。研究结果为小型太阳能热电制冷空气隙膜蒸馏系统的理论研究和实际应用奠定了基础。     

塔式太阳能热发电吸热器模拟计算

本文建立了塔式太阳能热发电高温吸热器传热性能数值计算模型,采用有限元分析方法进行模拟计算,编制了预测塔式太阳能热发电吸热器热工模拟程序。本文在综合考虑多场耦合特性的情况下,研究了吸热器单模块周向非均匀热流边界条件下吸热介质对流换热系数、吸热管外壁温度、光热转化效率的数值及分布。数值模拟为工程设计提供可靠的科学依据,为塔式太阳能热发电整体控制策略的制定提供参考。     

水平蛇形地埋管与土壤换热数值计算模型与实验结果对比分析以及变系统加热量对水平蛇形地埋管换热性能的影响

采用热响应实验方法,在系统流量相同的前提下,改变热响应实验的加热量运行埋深2.2m层的水平蛇形地埋管系统。还建立了与实验工况之一条件一致的水平蛇形地埋管与土壤换热耦合数值计算模型,利用CFD软件求解,比较分析埋深为2.2m层水平蛇形地埋管与土壤换热数值计算工况和实验工况,发现数值计算结果与实验结果吻合较好,从而证明实验结果是可用的。比较在相同流量不同加热量的实验工况下单独开启2.2m层水平蛇形地埋管与土壤换热数进出口水温、土壤平均传热系数K随时间的变化,得出一定的变化规律和参考数据。     

全玻璃真空集热管热损系数的理论计算和实验

本文根据热网络法原理,运用电子计算机计算了不同工况下全玻璃真空集热管加涂不同选择性吸收涂层的热损系数;应用非稳态卡计法原理,提出了热损系数的测试方法和计算公式,实测结果与理论计算相符,表明该方法简便、快速和可靠。最后提出了工程上应用性较强的热损系数经验计算公式。     

膜蒸馏技术在溶液蓄能中的应用

本文以太阳能热利用和蓄能技术为研究背景,提出了一种基于膜蒸馏的太阳能溶液蓄能模式。采用疏水性聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维膜为膜蒸馏材料,基于膜蒸馏常温操作、小温差大传热面积的特点,利用膜材料微观上的高比表面积和单位体积的高接触面积为载体,选取50%溴化锂溶液为工质,以减压膜蒸馏的方式进行溶液浓缩和潜能存储,浓缩后的溶液可作为吸收式热力系统的工质。为此,针对50%的溴化锂溶液进行了减压膜蒸馏实验,对不同溶液温度、溶液流量在不同真空度下进行减压膜蒸馏实验,得到了3组实验数据。根据实验结果,对膜蒸馏式溶液蓄能系统进行分析,结果表明:蓄能密度可以达到245 kJ/kg,单位面积的膜组件可以产生0.27~0.40 kW的蓄能量,膜蒸馏式溶液蓄能为太阳能利用、吸收式热力系统和蓄能技术提供了一种新的应用方法和途径。     

超声电机定子热机电耦合特性

应用于极端环境的超声电机会受到温度场、应力场和电场的共同作用,定子在热机电耦合激励下的响应与电机工作特性密切相关.以行波型旋转超声电机为对象建立定子的能量泛函,采用假设模态的方法得到了热机电耦合动力学模型.运用有限元方法对热机电耦合作用下的定子进行仿真,分析了与理论计算结果的差异.建立了定子热扫频试验平台和热变形试验平台,测定温度对定子稳态形变、模态频率和振幅的影响,对理论模型的分析方法进行了评价.理论分析和试验结果揭示了超声电机定子在热机电耦合作用下的振动行为的变化规律,为下一步极端环境超声电机的设计和优化提供了依据.     

膜蒸馏过程探讨

讨论了膜蒸馏涉及的膜材料特性.提出水膜阻力概念,认为疏水膜材料结构的优化与膜蒸馏工艺有关.提出鼓泡膜蒸馏方法,在热流体中鼓入空气气泡,由气液两相流效应来强化热流体的扰动.提出透气膜蒸馏方法,通过气体的吹扫夹带作用,使膜孔内水蒸气的传质由低效的扩散转为高效的对流机理.提出曝气膜蒸发方法,利用不同温度的空气吸湿原理进行膜曝气.将膜蒸馏过程与化学除硬度、超滤耦合,可除去结垢性钙镁离子;将膜蒸馏过程与气浮絮凝过程耦合,可除去有机污染物,实现高倍率浓缩.提出多效膜蒸馏方法,膜组件兼有蒸发与换热功能,使膜蒸馏过程中的水蒸气冷凝与原水加热过程耦合,可以实现低成本的膜蒸馏过程.     

非导电胶膜互连的液晶显示屏翘曲模拟

为研究非导电胶膜封装的液晶显示屏可靠性,用有限元法分析玻璃覆晶模块的温度及应力场.建立玻璃覆晶模块的三维模型,应用热-力耦合分析的顺序耦合法求解热压键合、卸载冷却过程中的模块翘曲和热应力分布.结果表明,热压键合是近稳态的热过程,凸点附近的玻璃基板和芯片温度一致,非导电胶膜在固化过程中吸收热应力、松弛热应变,玻璃覆晶模块的内部温差小、翘曲量小;卸载冷却是非稳态的热过程,模块中各点的温度相差较大,但随时间而逐渐下降并趋于一致,玻璃覆晶模块的内部温差大、热应力大、翘曲量大.减小热压键合过程中的机械载荷和卸载冷却过程中模块的温差,有利于降低液晶显示屏内部的残余热应力及翘曲.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.