聚醚砜蜂窝状多孔膜的研究

以聚醚砜(PES)为材料通过水蒸汽辅助法制备蜂窝状多孔膜,利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察膜表面形貌特征.研究溶剂、铸膜液浓度和湿度等因素对形成多孔膜结构的影响,通过控制铸膜液浓度、湿度等因素来控制膜的表面形貌及其所成蜂窝状孔的大小.实验结果表明,高湿度环境和具有一定浓度的聚合物溶液是制备蜂窝状多孔膜的必要条件;溶剂的挥发性是形成规整蜂窝状孔结构的关键因素,形成蜂窝状多孔膜的最佳条件为溶剂CH_2Cl_2,相对湿度93.5%,铸膜液中PES质量分数为2%,注射量为60μL.     

环境相对湿度对高疏水性PVDF膜结构与性能的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)/辛醇/水为制膜体系,采用粗糙基底辅助相转化法制备PVDF多孔膜。考察了环境相对湿度对膜结构、透过性能和表面浸润性的影响。结果表明,环境相对湿度增大,膜表面孔数量增多,膜底面聚合物球晶生长更为充分,表面侧致密皮层减薄,在高湿度环境下,成为几乎对称的海绵状断面结构;当环境相对湿度低于50%时,膜的气通量几乎为0,相对湿度高于50%条件下,膜的气通量随相对湿度增大而增大;膜底面的疏水性随相对湿度的增大变化不甚明显,水接触角均在130°以上。     

通孔氧化铝模板的强脉冲电化学剥离研究

利用0.3mol·L-1的草酸电解液,采用二步恒压阳极氧化法(30-50V)在高纯铝片上获得了高度有序的多孔氧化铝模板,利用HClO₄-CH₃OH混合溶液为电解液,利用还原反应产生的气体压力将多孔氧化铝膜从铝基底上剥离,获得了大面积(2cm×2cm)均匀无裂的多孔氧化铝的通孔模板,厚度为30-100μm;分析了影响孔径和阻挡层的因素和模板电化学剥离的机理;与其他剥离方法相比,该方法具有工艺简单、周期短、模板溶解少、无污染、模板韧性好, 可获得大面积均匀无裂膜,在纳米结构组装体系研究方面具有重要的实用价值.     

金属蒸镀膜的附着力测定

1.前言 对于蒸镀膜在基板上的附着强度和把该膜从基板上剥离下来时的破坏过程的研究,在考虑蒸镀膜应用技术及其膜的持久性时是重要的。并且,做为蒸镀膜的物性研究也是很有兴趣的问题。 在这里通过真空蒸镀法就测定玻璃基板上蒸镀金属(银、铜、铝)的附着力、膜厚度的依存性以及基板温度的依存性的结果进行报告。 2.试验材料的制作 附着力测定时所用材料(银、铜、铝)的蒸镀是采用扩散泵排气系统进行排气的真空室。试验材料的纯度用99.999～99.99%在锦蒸发器中进行加热,其蒸发速度为2～4A/s。蒸镀过程中的真空度为4 × 10-3帕。基板采用 26 ×…     

含氟聚合物纳米多孔纳米纤维膜的制备

采用"电纺-相分离-沥滤"方法制备了聚(偏氟乙烯-co-六氟丙烯)(PVDF-HFP)以及聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)纳米多孔纳米纤维膜.首先,将PVDF-HFP或PVDF和致孔剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)混合电纺,得到共混物纳米纤维膜.然后,将纳米纤维膜在水中沥洗出共混物中的PVP,获得纳米多孔纳米纤维膜.用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)观察水洗前后纤维表面精细结构.结果表明,纳米多孔纳米纤维表面呈多孔结构,孔径数10 nm.PVP的分子量对水洗后纤维表面结构有明显影响.致孔剂含量不同获得的PVDF-HFP纳米多孔纤维膜力学性能相近.     

ZnO多孔纳米固体厚膜气敏传感器的制备和性质表征

以ZnO纳米粉(平均粒径30nm)为原料,利用水热热压方法制备了多孔的ZnO体块纳米固体,测试了以多孔纳米固体为原料制成的厚膜气敏传感器对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)乙醇、丙酮、苯、甲苯和二甲苯蒸气的气敏特性,并与用ZnO纳米粉制备的厚膜传感器进行了比较.结果发现,与ZnO纳米粉相比,用ZnO多孔纳米固体制备的厚膜传感器在空气中的电阻大大减小,最佳敏感温度降低、响应时间和恢复时间大大缩短.通过综合分析ZnO纳米粉和ZnO多孔纳米固体的XRD、TEM及厚膜传感器的SEM测试结果研究了厚膜传感器气敏特性的差异.     

高可见光透过、高紫外截止镀膜玻璃的制备

为了提高镀膜玻璃的可见光透过率, 本研究通过反胶束溶液刻蚀法制备出一种新型玻璃基板, 即表面多孔玻璃。玻璃表面形成了蜂窝状的多孔膜层, 减小了对可见光的反射率, 从而使可见光平均透过率提高了7%。通过一系列射频磁控溅射实验, 探索了可见光平均透过率高, 紫外阻隔率最高的最佳工艺条件。在此条件下, 分别在制备的表面多孔玻璃和普通玻璃上镀CeO₂/TiO₂防紫外线膜, 并采用紫外-可见分光光度计、SEM、XRD、XPS等测试手段对样品进行了分析表征。结果表明, 在相同的镀膜条件下, 当镀膜后表面多孔玻璃与镀膜普通玻璃的紫外光阻隔率均为99%时, 表面多孔玻璃镀膜后的可见光平均透过率为85%, 而普通玻璃镀膜后的可见光平均透过率仅为79%。此外, 玻璃表面上的孔结构还提高了薄膜与基板的接触面积, 使膜基结合力提高2倍左右。     

多孔SiC陶瓷表面的超疏水改性及其对油-固体系的分离性能

以二水醋酸锌和氨水为原料,采用化学浴沉积法在平均孔径为250 nm的多孔SiC陶瓷表面构造花状ZnO微纳结构,并用正辛基三乙氧基硅烷接枝改性.考察了Zn²⁺浓度、反应温度和反应时间对沉积在多孔陶瓷表面ZnO形貌的影响,进而考察其对多孔陶瓷表面超疏水性能的影响.对比了超疏水改性前后多孔陶瓷的表面性质及其油-固分离性能.结果表明,花状ZnO在多孔SiC陶瓷表面沉积的最佳条件是：Zn²⁺浓度为75 mmol/L,反应温度为96℃,反应时间为3 h.此时硅烷接枝改性后多孔陶瓷表面超疏水效果最好,其表面水接触角和滚动接触角分别为173°±2.5°和2.5°±1°.在油-固分离实验中,超疏水多孔SiC陶瓷对固体炭黑具有良好的截留性能,当跨膜压差为0.25 MPa时,其稳态通量为498.3 L/(m²·h).与空白样相比,通量提高了53.6%.     

皮肤敷料用温敏性氮异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝改性聚四氟乙烯膜

采用紫外辐照法将N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAAm)接枝于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)膜表面,得到聚氮异丙基丙烯酰胺接枝改性PTFE膜(PTFE-gPNIPAAm)。采用SEM和IR,对接枝前后PTFE膜的形貌结构及成分进行表征分析,计算其接枝率和透湿率,并考察其在不同温度下的溶胀性能。结果表明,通过紫外辐照,PNIPAAm接枝于PTFE膜表面;当NIPAAm单体浓度为5%(质量分数)时,接枝率最高;PTFE膜的透湿率在接枝后显著降低;PTFE-gPNIPAAm膜的溶胀行为在32℃附近发生明显变化。该接枝改性多孔膜有望用作具有温敏特性的易剥离皮肤伤口敷料。     

磺化PPEK掺杂磷钨酸混合膜的阻醇性及质子导电性能

磺化二氮杂萘酮结构的聚醚酮(SPPEK)与磷钨酸(PWA)的混合膜用两组分的DMAc混合溶液通过刮膜制备,对SPPEK/PWA膜进行了FTIR-ATR、表面形貌、质子导电性和甲醇透过性进行了研究.SPPEK/PWA膜的质子导率100%的相对湿度下80℃时质子导率为0.17S/cm,室温甲醇渗透系数为1.02×10-7cm2/s,比Nafion 117膜低20多倍.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...