The Interplay Between the Main Flour Constituents in the Rheological Behaviour of Wheat Flour Dough

There is still considerable debate in the literature about the respective roles of starch and gluten in both the linear and non-linear rheology of wheat flour dough. Hence, to elucidate the individual contributions of gluten and starch to the overall dough behaviour, the rheological properties of dough and mixtures of different gluten-starch ratios were studied systematically in shear and extension, by means of an adequate rheological toolbox consisting of linear small amplitude oscillatory shear tests and non-linear tests such as creep-recovery in shear and uniaxial extension. The starch component plays a pivotal role in linear dough rheology. With increasing starch content, the linearity limit observed in oscillatory shear tests decreases as a power-law function. Starch also clearly affects the extensional viscosity at small strains. Consequently, in the linear region differences between different gluten systems may become obscured by the presence of starch. As breadmaking qualities are known to be intrinsically linked to the gluten network, it is imperative to probe the non-linear behaviour of dough in order to expose differences in flour quality. The quality differences between a strong and a weak flour type were revealed most clearly in the value of the strain-hardening index in uniaxial extension and the total recovery compliance in non-linear creep-recovery tests. Notwithstanding its earlier successful application to pure gluten gels, the accuracy of the critical gel model in predicting the linear rheological properties of dough was found to be limited, due to dough having a small linearity limit and a finite longest relaxation time.     

三维编织复合材料拉伸与弯曲声发射特征分析

论述了声发射技术在三维编织复合材料拉伸和弯曲过程中的应用以及试验方法,描述了三维编织复合材料拉伸与弯曲过程中声发射的特征。拉伸试验结果表明:编织角小的试件,其应力应变曲线基本为直线,损伤为脆性特征;编织角大的试件,应力应变曲线表现出双线性,各自呈现出脆性破坏特征。弯曲试验表明:小编织角复合材料的载荷挠度曲线保持线性关系;大编织角复合材料的载荷挠度曲线是非线性关系。     

Dynamic rheology of wheat flour dough. I. Non‐linear viscoelastic behaviour

Controlled stress rheometry was used to investigate the effects of starch and gluten fractions on the non‐linearity of wheat flour dough. Flour–water dough showed non‐linear viscoelastic behaviour over all stress values in a cyclic stress sweep. The amplitude‐dependent behaviour of the starch and amplitude‐independent nature of the gluten revealed that starch is responsible for the non‐linearity of the flour–water dough system. Adding starch to gluten caused a substantial narrowing of its linear viscoelastic range. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Gluten–starch interface characteristics and wheat dough rheology—Insights from hybrid artificial systems

Referring to the total surface existing in wheat dough, gluten–starch interfaces are a major component. However, their impact on dough rheology is largely unclear. Common viewpoints, based on starch surface modifications or reconstitution experiments, failed to show unambiguous relations of interface characteristics and dough rheology. Observing hybrid artificial dough systems with defined particle surface functionalization gives a new perspective. Since surface functionalization standardizes particle–polymer interfaces, the impact on rheology becomes clearly transferable and thus, contributes to a better understanding of gluten–starch interfaces. Based on this perspective, the effect of particle/starch surface functionality is discussed in relation to the rheological properties of natural wheat dough and modified gluten–starch systems. A competitive relation of starch and gluten for intermolecular interactions with the network-forming polymer becomes apparent during network development by adsorption phenomena. This gluten–starch adhesiveness delays the beginning of non-linearity under large deformations, thus contributing to a high deformability of dough. Consequently, starch surface functionality affects the mechanical properties, starting from network formation and ending with the thermal fixation of structure.     

Prediction of the rheological properties of wheat dough by starch-gluten model dough systems: effect of gluten fraction and starch variety

The present study sought to investigate the rheological properties of wheat starch-gluten (WS-G) and potato starch-gluten (PS-G) model doughs with different gluten fractions to elucidate the effectiveness of using model dough to predict wheat dough properties. The highest linear viscoelastic region, frequency dependence, maximum creep compliance and the lowest viscoelastic modulus and zero shear viscosity were observed in the wheat dough, followed by WS-G and PS-G model doughs. PS exerted a more significant damage effect on the gluten network while WS shared a tight integration with gluten protein, forming a more stable dough structure. The viscoelasticity of the model doughs shared a close association with the wheat dough under increased gluten fraction, while the frequency dependence of the model doughs showed no trend towards wheat dough. Therefore, starch-gluten model dough could not fully stimulate the functionality of wheat dough irrespective of its gluten fraction.     

谷朊粉和小麦淀粉添加量对重组面团冻藏品质的影响

面团的冷冻保存品质无法满足鲜湿面条工业化生产的要求。为了研究面团主要组分（面筋蛋白和淀粉）对面团冷冻品质的影响,以高筋小麦面粉（50%）、谷朊粉和小麦淀粉（不同比例）为原料进行面团重组,-18℃冻藏20 d分析其水分分布、流变特性、糊化特性、凝胶强度、微观结构以及氢键强度,以100%原小麦面粉作为对照组。结果表明,随着谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例从4:1减小至1:4,冷冻重组面团中的水分分布逐渐由结合水向自由水迁移,弹性模量从125900 Pa降低至73020 Pa;样品的各项糊化参数增大,凝胶硬度也由114.30 g增大到181.39 g。扫描电镜观察发现,谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例越低越不利于面筋蛋白网络结构的均匀性。添加了谷朊粉和小麦淀粉后,重组面团中的氢键强度均大于对照组,且随着谷朊粉:小麦淀粉比例的减小不断增大。当谷朊粉:小麦淀粉为4:1时,冻藏20 d的重组面团的弹性模量值比对照组高49.95%,有效延缓了面团在冻藏过程中的品质劣变。将淀粉与面筋蛋白进行面团重组可以提高面团的黏弹性,进而有利于其冷冻保存品质。     

Experimental study on the bending fatigue behaviors of 3D five directional braided T-shaped composites

The static three-point bending properties and cyclic bending fatigue performances of three-dimensional five-directional braided T-beam composite (3D5DBTC) have been investigated at room temperature. The fatigue life of 3D5DBTC under different stress levels was analyzed based on the obtained S–N curves. The load–displacement hysteresis loops curves and stiffness degradation curves were recorded to reveal the relationship between stiffness degradation and damage evolution. It is shown that there were three distinct stages corresponding respectively to matrix cracks, interface debonding, and fiber breaking in the whole fatigue loading. In addition, to understand the ultimate fracture failure mechanism of 3D5DBTC under the different fatigue loading conditions, the damage morphologies of 3D5DBTC after fatigue testing were observed by macrographs and SEM micrographs. The matrix crack and the resin–yarns interface debonding occurred on the flange while fiber breakages occurred in the web. Meanwhile, macrographs and SEM images confirm that fiber breaking is the dominant damage under the high stress level, while matrix cracking and interfacial debonding are the main failure modes at low stress level.     

The effects of extruded black rice flour on rheological and structural properties of wheat-based dough and bread quality

Addition of raw black rice flour leads to deficient processability on bread making quality. One of the effective methods to modify the functional properties of black rice flour (BRF) composite dough is to extrude black rice flour (EBRF) before incorporation. This study investigated and compared the effect of BRF and EBRF addition level of 10%–50% on the rheology, microstructure of dough and bread quality. The rheological properties of composite dough were recorded by Mixolab, stress relaxation and tensile test. The substitution of EBRF presented higher water absorption but lower development time, protein weakening, starch gelatinization, starch gel stability and starch retrogradation than wheat flour dough. Both the BRF and EBRF dough presented solid-like behaviour, while the EBRF dough showed more viscous, higher resistance and extensibility than BRF dough. The dough microstructure of dough was observed by SEM, and a more compact structure of EBRF dough could be seen than BRF dough. The incorporation of EBRF in bread quality presented higher specific volume, lower bake loss and firmness than BRF bread. These findings indicated the potential utilisation value of extruded black rice flour in bread making.     

Processing conditions and transglutaminase sources to “drive” the wheat gluten dough quality

Gluten proteins are highly impacting the quality of various gluten-based products, and transglutaminases (TGs) are used to influence the protein cross-linking. In this study we monitored the interplay of “harsh” and “mild” gluten processing for dough mixing and pasta-like sheet production and TGs from a commercial and newly sourced bacteria (SB6). Despite the harshly separated gluten presenting strongly cross-linked proteins in the beginning of the mixing, similar levels of polymerization were achieved at the optimum mixing time but with differences in the secondary protein structure. TG addition increased polymerization in wheat doughs, possibly as a result of increased glutenin polymerization, while gliadins become more soluble with SB6. This enzyme also dramatically increased polymerization in mild gluten. These results show that an adequate investigation when using TGs and gluten from various origins is necessary to adequately predict the quality in various gluten-based products, thus, of great relevance to the food industry.Industrial relevanceCurrently, there is a mounting trend towards the modification of gluten proteins to improve technological features and functionality. In breadmaking, when weak flour (low protein content) is used or general stabilization is desired for technological purposes, additives can be used to stabilize the gluten protein matrix. The use of transglutaminase (TG) has grown in popularity as they promote specific cross-linking between residues of glutamine and lysine in proteins. Another way of improving dough functionality is by increasing the oxidation of disulfide groups by adding gluten which is a co-product of the starch industry. Industrial production of gluten includes the use of heating and shear forces, which may impact gluten dough-forming ability. Thus, increased understanding of the interplay of gluten processing and the impact of choice of the TG origin in gluten dough quality is highly applicable in food industry.     

三维正交机织复合材料的冲后压缩性能

为揭示纱线张力对三维机织复合材料抗冲击及冲后压缩性能的影响规律,基于多剑杆织造工艺,配置不同接结纱张力(25、50、100 cN)织造三维正交机织物,通过真空辅助树脂传递模塑成型工艺制备复合材料,并在室温下进行低速冲击及冲后压缩性能测试。结果表明：当接结纱张力为100 cN时,试样在冲击载荷下发生表层树脂大面积破裂和剥离并使纬纱失去支撑,同时,试样表层纬纱发生较大卷曲,促使压缩载荷发生屈曲失效;接结纱张力为100 cN试样的压缩性能相比接结纱张力为25 cN试样下降约50%;接结纱张力较高时易导致纬纱卷曲增大和树脂富集,并由此降低试样的弯曲刚度和冲后压缩性能。     

氧化淀粉对小麦面团品质变化影响研究

通过对面筋强度、巯基和二硫键含量测定、面筋蛋白电泳观察分析及面团流变学特性变化,研究氧化淀粉对小麦面团品质特性影响。结果表明,氧化淀粉能增加面筋乳酸溶涨值和透光率,提高面筋强度;对面筋蛋白具有氧化作用,增加大分子麦谷蛋白亚基含量,对面团粉质特性影响不显著;但能改善面团拉伸性能,其中以羧基含量为0.27%至0.40%氧化度氧化淀粉对面团品质变化影响最为显著。     

豆渣膳食纤维对不同面粉糊特性、热力学性质及面团质构的影响

本论文通过RVA、DSC和TPA分析了添加豆渣膳食纤维后不同面粉的性质,RVA结果分析表明,添加少量豆渣膳食纤维可使高筋粉和中筋粉糊化参数略有增加,而添加量增加到一定程度时,由于体系中淀粉分子数量减少,使面粉的粘度参数降低。DSC结果分析表明,豆渣膳食纤维的添加可以增大高筋粉和低筋粉的糊化温度,降低中筋粉的糊化温度,并且由于淀粉含量的减少,使三种面粉的糊化焓值均降低。TPA结果分析表明,添加一定量膳食纤维对高筋粉和低筋粉面团品质在一定程度上有损害,而对中筋粉面团胶着性、弹性、粘性和回复性方面有一定改善作用。     

稻米-高筋小麦混合粉面团的静态和动态流变学特性

本实验研究了6 种稻米-高筋混合粉面团的静态和动态流变学特性。结果表明,随着稻米粉添加量的增加,在动态流变频率扫描中,混合面团的储存模量（G’）和损耗模量（G’’）整体呈上升趋势,损耗角正切（tan δ）整体呈规律性下降趋势;在静态流变的蠕变松弛实验中,最大蠕变应变量、最大蠕变柔量和瞬时恢复柔量逐渐减小,零剪切黏度和瞬间恢复比率逐渐增加,表明加入稻米粉后面筋蛋白有所稀释,但稻米粉中的淀粉吸水膨胀相互黏附,且与米蛋白相互作用赋予面团更高的弹性模量和更复杂的内部结构。在动态流变的温度扫描中,糊化温度前后混合面团的黏弹性变化明显,G’和G’’曲线类似淀粉糊化曲线,说明生面团加热的过程中,影响其流变学特性的主要成分为淀粉;降温过程中,稻米粉添加量的影响较小,高温区G’和G’’呈规律性增加,温度低于60 ℃后各项流变指标规律性差;在整个降温的过程中样品均具有类固体的性质。     

Rheological characterization of fresh and cooked potato tissues (cv.?Monalisa)

 The rheological properties of fresh and cooked (15 min in boiling water) potato tissue which had been deformed to a lessor or greater extent by uniaxial compression, shear, uniaxial tension, successive cycles of stress relaxation, creep compliance and texture profile analysis were evaluated. Structural failure of fresh tissue under compression always occurred along a single plane of maximum shear stress, while fresh tensile specimens failed under tension. Tensile tests proved better methods by which to determine the failure parameters of cooked specimens since it was possible to observe two differents modes of failure with this technique. Equivalent modes of failure (causing damage to the cell wall or cell separation) and changes in structural components caused by cooking proved easier to idetify with tensile tests. The six element Burger's model incorporating two discrete Voigt-Kelvin units was the most suitable for defining tissue creep behaviour. The instantaneous elastic modulus could be related to the internal cell pressure, and gelatinization of starch and viscoelastic units appeared to reflect the viscoelastic properties of pectic sustances and hemicelluloses, respectively. Received: 1 December 1997     

几种面粉添加剂的作用机理及研究进展

综述了食品添加剂单甘脂、谷氨酰胺转胺酶、谷朊粉、沙蒿胶、马铃薯淀粉的作用机理及国内外研究进展情况。单甘酯可提高面团弹性、韧性和强度;谷氨酰胺转胺酶能提高面筋含量,降低延伸性;谷朊粉吸水后能形成具有网络结构的湿面筋;在面条加工中利用沙篙极强的黏结力可改善面团的流变特性;添加马铃薯淀粉可使面条表面光亮蒸煮时间明显缩短。     

面团组分及环境因素对面团二硫键形成的影响研究现状

面包、馒头、面条等面制品加工过程的本质是小麦面粉中蛋白与水相互作用形成包裹有淀粉和脂肪的面筋网络结构,该结构加热后转变为形态固定的食品。面团中二硫键的形成量对面筋网络结构的质量和最终食品的品质起着决定性的作用,而面团中的蛋白、淀粉等组分和环境因素影响面团中二硫键的形成量。本文综述了近年来面筋蛋白组成、淀粉组成及种类、面团pH、发酵以及面团成熟温度等环境因素对面团中二硫键形成的影响,提出了未来这方面研究的可能探索方向及相关产业的可能发展趋势,以期为研究人员和食品生产者分析面制品品质变化提供理论支持,促进提高面团品质、面制品质量的二硫键调控理论的形成和创建。     

Characteristics of scalded dough fermented by co-cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y13 and Torulaspora delbrueckii Y22

Scalding process could change properties of dough. Co-culture of yeasts could improve the quality of product. In this study, characteristics of scalded dough with co-cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y10, Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y13 and Torulaspora delbrueckii Y22 were investigated. Most starch granules lost shape and crystal pattern after scalding, meanwhile, gluten network had become weak, suggesting the gelatinisation of starch and damage of gluten protein. After fermentation, Y13 and Y22 cell populations increased rapidly. However, the cell number of Y10 decreased from 6.91 Lg CFU per gram dough to 5.42 Lg CFU per gram dough. Gluten protein aggregated into chunks after 8 h of fermentation, meanwhile, the water molecules in dough were bound more tightly. These results indicated that scalded dough provide a unique environment for the growth of yeasts, and further affect the characteristics of dough during fermentation.     

Influence of wheat starch on rheological,structural and physico-chemical properties gluten–starch dough during mixing

This study mainly explored that the influence of wheat starch source on the rheology behaviours and structural properties of gluten–starch dough, and then the model doughs were prepared by the AK58 wheat gluten and three types of starches from strong (ZM366S), medium (AK58S) and weak gluten wheat (ZM103S) during mixing were studied. The damaged starch content of wheat starch was positively correlated with the wheat gluten strength, while the granule size was negatively. The G', G" and the extension resistance of ZM366S dough were higher than those of other doughs, which implied the source of starch also had a significant influence on the rheological properties. CLSM also observed that ZM366S was more closely bound to the gluten protein network. The glutenin macropolymer (GMP) content of ZM366S model dough was the highest, while the SH content was the lowest. Decreases in elasticity, extension and GMP, and small increase in SH content were displayed during dough mixing. Molecular forces were varied with different wheat starch and mixing time. The covalent bond was the main force between ZM103S and gluten, whereas the hydrogen and covalent bonds were the main force between ZM366S or AK58S and gluten. The interactions between ZM366 starch and gluten were stronger than others starch.     

谷朊粉对糙米粉面团性质影响研究

研究了谷朊粉添加量对糙米粉面团性质的影响,主要包括粉质特性、热机械性质、流变学性质、微观结构等。结果表明:随着谷朊粉添加量增大,面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、淀粉衰减值和回生程度均在逐渐增长,蛋白弱化度在逐渐降低。糙米粉面团的弹性模量和粘性模量均在增大,且弹性模量大于粘性模量。扫描电镜结果显示:随着谷朊粉添加量增大,面团的网络结构越来越明显,淀粉颗粒镶嵌在蛋白形成的网络结构中,增加了面团的弹性及变形的阻力。