Quantum mechanical description of the interactions between DNA and water

In recent years, a lot of attention has been focused on the electronic properties of DNA. With recent advances in linear scaling quantum mechanics there are now new tools available to enhance our understanding of the electronic properties of DNA among other biomolecules. Using both explicit solvent models and implicit (continuum) solvent models, the electronic characteristics of a dodecamer duplex DNA have been fully studied using both divide and conquer (D&C), semi-empirical quantum mechanics and non-D&C semi-empirical quantum mechanics. According to the AM1 Hamiltonian, ∼3.5 electrons (∼0.3 electron/base pair) are transferred from the duplex to the solvent. According to the density of state (DOS) analysis, in vacuo DNA has a band gap of ∼1 eV showing that in the absence of solvent, the DNA may exhibit similar properties to those of a semiconductor. Upon increasing solvation (2.5–5.5 Å), the band gap ranges from ∼3 eV to ∼6 eV. For the implicit solvent model, the band gap continues this widening trend to ∼7 eV. Therefore, upon solvation and in the absence of dopants, the DNA should begin to loose its conductive properties. Finally, when one considers the energy and localization of the frontier orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), solvent has a stabilizing effect on the DNA system. The energy of the HOMO drops from ∼15 eV in vacuo to ∼2 eV for 5.5 Å of water to ∼−8 eV for the implicit solvent model. Similarly, the LUMO drops from ∼16 eV for in vacuo to ∼9 eV for 5.5 Å of water to ∼−1 eV for the implicit model. Beyond the importance of the computed results on the materials properties of DNA, the present work also shows that the behavior of intercalators will be affected by the electronic properties of DNA. This could have an impact on our understanding of how DNA based drugs interact with DNA and on the design of new DNA based small molecule drugs.     

Spectral and chemical analysis of tropical forests: Scaling from leaf to canopy levels

Variation in the foliar chemistry of humid tropical forests is poorly understood, and airborne imaging spectroscopy could provide useful information at leaf and canopy scales. However, variation in canopy structure affects our ability to estimate foliar properties from airborne spectrometer data, yet these structural affects remain poorly quantified. Using leaf spectral (400–2500 nm) and chemical data collected from 162 Australian tropical forest species, along with partial least squares (PLS) analysis and canopy radiative transfer modeling, we determined the strength of the relationship between canopy reflectance and foliar properties under conditions of varying canopy structure.At the leaf level, chlorophylls, carotenoids and specific leaf area (SLA) were highly correlated with leaf spectral reflectance (r = 0.90–0.91). Foliar nutrients and water were also well represented by the leaf spectra (r = 0.79–0.85). When the leaf spectra were incorporated into the canopy radiative transfer simulations with an idealistic leaf area index (LAI) = 5.0, correlations between canopy reflectance spectra and leaf properties increased in strength by 4–18%. The effects of random LAI (= 3.0–6.5) variation on the retrieval of leaf properties remained minimal, particularly for pigments and SLA (r = 0.92–0.93). In contrast, correlations between leaf nitrogen (N) and canopy reflectance estimates decreased from r = 0.87 at constant LAI = 5 to r = 0.65 with randomly varying LAI = 3.0–6.5. Progressive increases in the structural variability among simulated tree crowns had relatively little effect on pigment, SLA and water predictions. However, N and phosphorus (P) were more sensitive to canopy structural variability. Our modeling results suggest that multiple leaf chemicals and SLA can be estimated from leaf and canopy reflectance spectroscopy, and that the high-LAI canopies found in tropical forests enhance the signal via multiple scattering. Finally, the two factors we found to most negatively impact leaf chemical predictions from canopy reflectance were variation in LAI and viewing geometry, which can be managed with new airborne technologies and analytical methods.     

Symmetric and symplectic exponentially fitted Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods for Hamiltonian problems

The construction of symmetric and symplectic exponentially fitted modified Runge–Kutta–Nyström (SSEFRKN) methods is considered. Based on the symmetry, symplecticity, and exponentially fitted conditions, new explicit modified RKN integrators with FSAL property are obtained. The new integrators integrate exactly differential systems whose solutions can be expressed as linear combinations of functions from the set { exp(± iωt)}, ω > 0, i² = −1, or equivalently from the set { cos(ωt), sin(ωt)}. The phase properties of the new integrators are examined and their periodicity regions are obtained. Numerical experiments are accompanied to show the high efficiency and competence of the new SSEFRKN methods compared with some highly efficient nonsymmetric symplecti EFRKN methods in the literature.     

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of [0 0 1] and [0 1 1]-poled relaxor ferroelectric PZN–PT and PMN–PT single crystals

The properties of PZN–PT and PMN–PT single crystals of varying compositions and orientations have been investigated. Among the various compositions studied, [0 0 1]-optimally poled PZN-(6–7)%PT and PMN-30%PT exhibit superior dielectric and piezoelectric properties, with K^T ≈ 6800–8000, d₃₃ ≈ 2800 pC/N, d₃₁ ≈ −(1200–1800) pC/N for PZN-(6–7)%PT; and K^T = 7500–9000, d₃₃ = 2200–2500 pC/N and d₃₁ = −(1100–1400) pC/N for PMN-30%PT. These two compositions are also fairly resistant to over-poling. The [0 0 1]-poled electromechanical coupling factors (k₃₃, k₃₁ and k_t) are relatively insensitive to crystal composition. [0 1 1]-optimally poled PZN-7%PT single crystal also exhibits extremely high d₃₁ values of up to −4000 pC/N with k₃₁ ≈ 0.90–0.96. While [0 1 1]-poled PZN-7%PT single crystal becomes over-poled with much degraded properties when poled at and above 0.6 kV/mm, PZN-6%PT crystal shows no signs of over-poling even when poled to 2.0 kV/mm. The presence of a certain amount (i.e., 10–15%) of orthorhombic phase in a rhombohedral matrix has been found to be responsible for the superior transverse piezoelectric properties of [0 1 1]-optimally poled PZN-(6–7)%PT. The present work shows that flux-grown PZN–PT crystals exhibit superior and consistent properties and improved over-poling resistance to flux-grown PMN–PT crystals and that, for or a given crystal composition, flux-grown PMN–PT crystals exhibit superior over-poling resistance to their melt-grown counterparts.     

Ferroelectric properties of direct-patterned half-micron thick PZT film

Ferroelectric properties of direct-patterned PZT(PbZr_0.52Ti_0.48O₃) films with 460 μm × 460 μm size and 510 nm thick were analyzed for applying to micro-detecting devices. A photosensitive solution containing ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde was used for the preparation of direct-patterned PZT film. PZT solution was coated on Pt(1 1 1)/Ti/SiO₂/Si(1 0 0) substrate for three times to obtain half-micron thick film and three times of direct-patterning process were repeated to define a pattern on multi-layer PZT film. Through intermediate and final anneal procedure of direct-patterned PZT film, any shrinkage along horizontal direction was not observed within this experimental condition, i.e., the size of the pattern was preserved after annealing, only a thickness reduction was observed after each annealing treatment. Ferroelectric properties of direct-patterned PZT film with 460 μm × 460 μm size and 510 nm thick were compared with those of un-patterned conventional PZT film and shown to be almost the same. Through this work, the high potentiality of direct-patternable PZT film for applying to micro-devices without the introduction of physical damages from dry-etching could be confirmed.     

A ranking procedure based on a natural monotonicity constraint

We formulate a new ranking procedure in the traditional context where each voter has expressed a linear order relation or ranking over the candidates. The final ranking of the candidates is taken to be the one which best adheres to a natural monotonicity constraint. For a ranking a ≻ b ≻ c, monotonicity implies that the strength with which a ≻ c is supported should not be less than the strength with which either one of a ≻ b or b ≻ c is supported. We investigate some properties of this ranking procedure and encounter some surprising preliminary results.     

Measurement of phase equilibria in Ti-Co-Pt ternary system

Phase equilibria in the Ti-Co-Pt ternary system were measured through diffusion triple and alloy sampling. Based on the results from Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, the isothermal sections of the Ti-Co-Pt system were constructed, which consist of 16 and 13 three-phased regions at 973 and 1173 K, respectively. A new ternary phase τ was detected, which contains 23.6–29.9 at% Pt at 973 K and 27.4–40.1 at% Pt at 1173 K. Furthermore, an invariant reaction between 973 and 1173 K was deduced, i.e. τ + Ti₄Pt₃ ↔ Ti₃Pt + TiPt. By the way, the solubilities of Pt mainly substituting for Co in TiCo and TiCo₃ respectively increase from 22.4 at% and 26.1 at% at 973 K to 23.8 at% and 33.1 at% at 1173 K.     

Empirical modeling of splitting tensile strength from cylinder compressive strength of concrete by genetic programming

Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength are both mechanical properties of concrete that are utilized in structural design. This study presents gene expression programming (GEP) as a new tool for the formulations of splitting tensile strength from compressive strength of concrete. For purpose of building the GEP-based formulations, 536 experimental data have been gathered from existing literature. The GEP-based formulations are developed for splitting tensile strength of concrete as a function of age of specimen and cylinder compressive strength. In experimental parts of this study, cylindrical specimens of 150 × 300 mm and 100 × 200 mm in dimensions are utilized. Training and testing sets of the GEP-based formulations are randomly separated from the complete experimental data. The GEP-based formulations are also validated with additional 173 data of experimental results other than the data used in training and testing sets of the GEP-based formulations. All of the results obtained from the GEP-based formulations are compared with the results obtained from experimental data, the developed regression-based formulation and formulas given by some national building codes. These comparisons showed that the GEP-based formulations appeared to well agree with the experimental data and found to be quite reliable.     

Remote sensing of canopy light use efficiency in temperate and boreal forests of North America using MODIS imagery

Light use efficiency (LUE) is an important variable characterizing plant eco-physiological functions and refers to the efficiency at which absorbed solar radiation is converted into photosynthates. The estimation of LUE at regional to global scales would be a significant advantage for global carbon cycle research. Traditional methods for canopy level LUE determination require meteorological inputs which cannot be easily obtained by remote sensing. Here we propose a new algorithm that incorporates the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and a modified form of land surface temperature (T_m) for the estimation of monthly forest LUE based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. Results demonstrate that a model based on EVI × T_m parameterized from ten forest sites can provide reasonable estimates of monthly LUE for temperate and boreal forest ecosystems in North America with an R² of 0.51 (p < 0.001) for the overall dataset. The regression coefficients (a, b) of the LUE–EVI × T_m correlation for these ten sites have been found to be closely correlated with the average EVI (EVI_ave, R² = 0.68, p = 0.003) and the minimum land surface temperature (LST_min, R² = 0.81, p = 0.009), providing a possible approach for model calibration. The calibrated model shows comparably good estimates of LUE for another ten independent forest ecosystems with an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.055 g C per mol photosynthetically active radiation. These results are especially important for the evergreen species due to their limited variability in canopy greenness. The usefulness of this new LUE algorithm is further validated for the estimation of gross primary production (GPP) at these sites with an RMSE of 37.6 g C m^? 2 month^? 1 for all observations, which reflects a 28% improvement over the standard MODIS GPP products. These analyses should be helpful in the further development of ecosystem remote sensing methods and improving our understanding of the responses of various ecosystems to climate change.     

A DFT study on the central-ring doped HBC nanographenes

Nanographenes (NGs) are a segment of graphene whose dangling bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms, introducing different properties and promising applications. Here we investigate the electronic, thermodynamic, optical, and structural properties of four C₃₆X₃Y₃H₁₈ NGs (X = B, and Al; and Y = N, and P) based on the density functional theory calculations. It was mainly found that 1) BN-NG is planar molecule and the others are buckybowl-shaped ones, 2) The bowl-to-bowl inversion Gibbs free energies (ΔG^#) of buckybowl shaped NGs are very huge and the rate constant is very small, hindering the inversion, 3) The relative energetic stability order based on the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH_f^°) is as BN > AlN > BP > AlP, which the BN, and AlN doped NGs are stable at room temperature but the BP and AlP doped ones are instable, 4) The electrical conductivity order of magnitude is inverse of that of stability, 5) An exciton binding energy is predicted in the range of 0.57–0.75 eV for the NGs which corresponds to Frenkel exciton type, 6) the NGs are not soluble in organic solvent in agreement with the experimental results and is partially soluble in water solvent with Gibbs free energy of solvation (ΔG_solv) in the range of −6.1 to −10.1 kcal/mol.     

Computational assessment of several hydrogen-free high energy compounds

Tetrazino-tetrazine-tetraoxide (TTTO) is an attractive high energy compound, but unfortunately, it is not yet experimentally synthesized so far. Isomerization of TTTO leads to its five isomers, bond-separation energies were empolyed to compare the global stability of six compounds, it is found that isomer 1 has the highest bond-separation energy (1204.6 kJ/mol), compared with TTTO (1151.2 kJ/mol); thermodynamic properties of six compounds were theoretically calculated, including standard formation enthalpies (solid and gaseous), standard fusion enthalpies, standard vaporation enthalpies, standard sublimation enthalpies, lattice energies and normal melting points, normal boiling points; their detonation performances were also computed, including detonation heat (Q, cal/g), detonation velocity (D, km/s), detonation pressure (P, GPa) and impact sensitivity (h₅₀, cm), compared with TTTO (Q = 1311.01 J/g, D = 9.228 km/s, P = 40.556 GPa, h₅₀ = 12.7 cm), isomer 5 exhibites better detonation performances (Q = 1523.74 J/g, D = 9.389 km/s, P = 41.329 GPa, h₅₀ =  28.4 cm).     

Facile synthesis of lanthanide vanadates and their luminescent properties

GdVO₄:Eu³⁺, Bi³⁺ with tetragonal phase has been successfully synthesized by employing efficient irradiations. The assembly of composites with fine grains based on acoustic energy and microwave radiation requires low temperature (90 °C) and short reaction time (60 min). All the compounds exhibited red emissions and they can be sensitized through the doped Bi³⁺ ions. The dependence of pH changes and doping concentration on the fluorescence features has been discussed. The photoluminescence measurements show that the optical properties achieved the best results at pH = 9 for GdVO₄:Eu³⁺(5 mol%), Bi³⁺(1 mol%) or pH = 7 for GdVO₄:Eu³⁺.     

Orientation and thickness dependence of electrical and gas sensing properties in heteroepitaxial indium tin oxide films

Heteroepitaxial indium tin oxide (ITO) films were grown on three differently oriented yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates ((1 0 0), (1 1 0), (1 1 1)) by rf magnetron sputtering, and their structural characteristics and electrical and gas sensing properties were investigated. The initially formed ITO exhibited an island structure on the very thin layer and became a continuous film after the prolonged deposition. The heteroepitaxial relationships between ITO films and YSZ substrates were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, pole figure, and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The chemical composition, determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), was slightly different at early stage depending on the substrate orientation, but it became similar after the longer deposition. Hall measurements indicated that the electrical resistivity of ITO films decreased with increasing the deposition time (or film thickness) irrespective of the film orientation. The ITO film deposited on (1 1 0) YSZ for 10 s showed the highest electrical resistivity. The gas sensor fabricated from the ITO film on (1 1 0) YSZ deposited for 10 s showed the highest NO₂ gas response at relatively low temperature (100 °C), which was attributed to the higher Sn concentration and higher surface roughness of that film.     

Monitoring land degradation risk using ASTER data: The non-evaporative fraction as an indicator of ecosystem function

There is a need to develop operational land degradation indicators for large regions to prevent losses of biological and economic productivity. Disturbance events press ecosystems beyond resilience and modify the associated hydrological and surface energy balance. Therefore, new indicators for water-limited ecosystems can be based on the partition of the surface energy into latent (λE) and sensible heat flux (H).In this study, a new methodology for monitoring land degradation risk for regional scale application is evaluated in a semiarid area of SE Spain. Input data include ASTER surface temperature and reflectance products, and other ancillary data. The methodology employs two land degradation indicators, one related to ecosystem water use derived from the non-evaporative fraction (NEF = H / (λE + H)), and another related to vegetation greenness derived from the NDVI. The surface energy modeling approach used to estimate the NEF showed errors within the range of similar studies (R² = 0.88; RMSE = 0.18 (22%)).To create quantitative indicators suitable for regional analysis, the NEF and NDVI were standardized between two possible extremes of ecosystem status: extremely disturbed and undisturbed in each climatic region to define the NEFS (NEF Standardized) and NDVIS (NDVI Standardized). The procedure was successful, as it statistically identified ecosystem status extremes for both indicators without supervision. Evaluation of the indicators at disturbed and undisturbed (control) sites, and intermediate surface variables such as albedo or surface temperature, provided insights on the main surface energy status controls following disturbance events. These results suggest that ecosystem functional indicators, such as the NEFS, can provide information related to the surface water deficit, including the role of soil properties.     

Assessment of grape yield and composition using the reflectance based Water Index in Mediterranean rainfed vineyards

In rainfed vineyards water deficits play a major role in determining berry yield and composition. Therefore, reliable indicators of vine water status might be of great value for the optimization of grape yield and quality. In the present study the feasibility of using hyperspectral reflectance indices related to plant biophysical properties at predicting berry yield and quality attributes in rainfed vineyards is assessed. The study was conducted on Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay in commercial vineyards in the D.O. Penedès region (Catalonia, Spain) over two consecutive years (2007–2008). Field measurements of fractional intercepted Photosynthetic Active Radiation (fIPAR), canopy reflectance, predawn water potential (Ψ_p) and the canopy to air temperature difference at midday (ΔT_midday) were conducted at the stage of veraison. Yield, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Titratable Acidity (TA) and the ratio TSS/TA (maturation index, IMAD) were determined at harvest. Contrasted water availability among vineyards prompted considerable variation in berry yield and quality attributes. Across years, higher yield was accompanied by higher TA (r = 0.59, p < 0.01) and lower IMAD (r = ? 0.63, p < 0.01) while no significant relationship was observed between yield and TSS. Yield was related to canopy vigor (fIPAR) in a variable extend: in 2007, yield was positively related to fIPAR (r = 0.71, p < 0.05) while yield was found to decrease along with increasing fIPAR in 2008 (r = ? 0.62, p < 0.05). Contrastingly, NDVI provided consistent estimates of yield across years (r = 0.57, p < 0.05). These results suggest that NDVI might be more appropriate to characterize the effects of varying water availability on yield than fIPAR. In addition, yield was found to be related to ΔT_midday (r = ? 0.63 and r = ? 0.66, in 2007 and 2008, respectively). Accordingly, the Water Index (WI), an indicator of vine water status, provided robust estimates of yield across years (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). The strength of the correlation between NDVI and WI vs. yield suggests that yield was influenced by changes in both leaf area (intercepted light) and photosynthesis (stomatal aperture) in a variable extent according to the timing and severity of water deficits in the years of study. Berry quality attributes did not show significant relationships against fIPAR but were related to ΔT_midday. Accordingly, NDVI did not show significant correlation with berry quality attributes, while WI was found to be consistently related to TA (r = 0.70, p < 0.01) and IMAD (r = ? 0.71, p < 0.01) across years. The results obtained suggest that the WI might provide reliable estimates of berry quality attributes in vineyards experiencing moderate to severe water deficits with potential application in precision viticulture activities such as selective harvesting according to grape quality attributes as well as for ripening assessment.     

Experimental blood glucose interval identification of patients with type 1 diabetes

Many problems are confronted when characterizing a type 1 diabetic patient such as model mismatches, noisy inputs, measurement errors and huge variability in the glucose profiles. In this work we introduce a new identification method based on interval analysis where variability and model imprecisions are represented by an interval model as parametric uncertainty.The minimization of a composite cost index comprising: (1) the glucose envelope width predicted by the interval model, and (2) a Hausdorff-distance-based prediction error with respect to the envelope, is proposed. The method is evaluated with clinical data consisting in insulin and blood glucose reference measurements from 12 patients for four different lunchtime postprandial periods each.Following a “leave-one-day-out” cross-validation study, model prediction capabilities for validation days were encouraging (medians of: relative error = 5.45%, samples predicted = 57%, prediction width = 79.1 mg/dL). The consideration of the days with maximum patient variability represented as identification days, resulted in improved prediction capabilities for the identified model (medians of: relative error = 0.03%, samples predicted = 96.8%, prediction width = 101.3 mg/dL). Feasibility of interval models identification in the context of type 1 diabetes was demonstrated.     

Enhancement of second-order nonlinear optical response in boron nitride nanocone: Li-doped effect

The unusual properties of Li-doped boron nitride nanomaterials have been paid further attention due to their wide applications in many promising fields. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been carried out to investigate the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of boron nitride nanocone (BNNC) and its Li-doped BNNC derivatives. The natural bond orbital charge, electron location function, localized orbital locator and frontier molecular orbital analysis offer further insights into the electron density of the Li-doped BNNC derivatives. The electron density is effectively bounded by the Li atom and its neighboring B atoms. The Li-doped BNNC molecules exhibit large static first hyperpolarizabilities (β_tot) up to 1.19 × 10³ a.u. for Li@2N-BNNC, 5.05 × 10³ a.u. for Li@2B-BNNC, and 1.08 × 10³ a.u. for Li@BN-BNNC, which are significantly larger than that of the non-doped BNNC (1.07 × 10² a.u.). The further investigations show that there are clearly dependencies of the first hyperpolarizabilities on the transition energies and oscillator strengths. Moreover, time-dependent DFT results show that the charge transfer from BNNC to Li atom becomes more pronounced as doping the Li atom to BNNC. It is also found that the frequency-dependent effect on the first hyperpolarizabilities is weak, which may be beneficial to experimentalists for designing Li-doped BNNC molecules with large NLO responses.     

Crystal morphology prediction of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine in ethanol solvent by molecular dynamics simulation

In order to understand the mechanism of the effect of solvent on the crystal morphology of explosives, and be convenient for the choice of crystallization solvent, the attachment energy (AE) model was performed to predict the growth morphology and the main crystal faces of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) in vacuum. The molecular dynamics simulation was applied to investigate the interactions of TNAZ crystal faces and ethanol solvent, and the growth habit of TNAZ in ethanol solvent was predicted using the modified AE model. The results indicate that the morphology of TNAZ crystal in vacuum is dominated by the six faces of [0 2 1], [1 1 2], [0 0 2], [1 0 2], [1 1 1] and [0 2 0], and the crystal shape is similar to polyhedron. In ethanol solvent, The binding strength of ethanol with TNAZ faces changes in the order of [0 2 1] > [1 1 2] > [0 0 2] > [1 0 2] > [1 1 1] > [0 2 0], which causes that [1 1 1] and [0 2 0] faces disappear and the crystal morphology becomes more regular. The radial distribution function analysis shows that the interactions between solvent and crystal faces mainly consist of coulomb interaction, van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds.     

A new class of massively parallel direction splitting for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations

We introduce in this paper a new direction splitting algorithm for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The main originality of the method consists of using the operator (I ? ?_xx)(I ? ?_yy)(I ? ?_zz) for approximating the pressure correction instead of the Poisson operator as done in all the contemporary projection methods. The complexity of the proposed algorithm is significantly lower than that of projection methods, and it is shown the have the same stability properties as the Poisson-based pressure-correction techniques, either in standard or rotational form. The first-order (in time) version of the method is proved to have the same convergence properties as the classical first-order projection techniques. Numerical tests reveal that the second-order version of the method has the same convergence rate as its second-order projection counterpart as well. The method is suitable for parallel implementation and preliminary tests show excellent parallel performance on a distributed memory cluster of up to 1024 processors. The method has been validated on the three-dimensional lid-driven cavity flow using grids composed of up to 2 × 10⁹ points.     

Design of high speed gate driver employing IZO TFTs

This paper presents a new bi-side gate driver integrated by indium-zinc-oxide thin film transistors (IZO TFTs). Our optimized operate method can achieve high speed performance by employing a lower duty ratio (25%) CK2 with its pulse located in the middle of the pulse of CK2L to fully use the bootstrapped high voltage of node Q. In addition, the size of devices is optimized by calculation and simulation, and the function of the proposed gate driver is predicted by the circuit simulation. Furthermore, the proposed gate driver with 20 stages is fabricated by the IZO TFTs process. It is shown that a 2.6 μs width pulse with good noise-suppressed characteristic can be successfully output at the condition of R_load = 6 kΩ and C_load = 150 pF. The power consumption of the proposed gate driver with 20 stages is measured as 1 mW. Hence, the proposed gate driver may be applied to the display of 4K resolution (4096 × 2160) at a frame rate of 120 Hz. Moreover, there is a good stability for the proposed gate driver under 48 h operation.