Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by FRP laminates

The present experimental study, performed on brick masonry panels strengthened by Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates, was aimed to investigate the efficiency of an alternative shear reinforcement technique. A series of nine unreinforced masonry (URM) panels and 24 strengthened panels have been subjected to diagonal compression tests. Different reinforcement configurations were evaluated. Experimental results pointed out that FRP reinforcement applied only at one side of the panels did not significantly modify the shear collapse mechanisms (diagonal splitting) of the URM; while double-side configurations provided a less brittle failure and a noticeable ultimate capacity increase. Performances of the different reinforcement configurations are compared in terms of strength and mechanism of failure; finally, experimental results are also used to calibrate existing analytical formulations for ultimate shear strength prediction.     

Assessing the effectiveness of embedding CFRP laminates in the near surface for structural strengthening

Near surface mounted (NSM) is a recent strengthening technique based on bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars (rods or laminate strips) into pre-cut grooves on the concrete cover of the elements to strength. To assess the effectiveness of the NSM technique, an experimental program is carried out involving reinforced concrete (RC) columns, RC beams and masonry panels. In columns failing in bending the present work shows that the failure strain of the (CFRP) laminates can be attained using the NSM technique. Beams failing in bending are also strengthened with CFRP laminates in order to double their load carrying capacity. This goal was attained and maximum strain levels of about 90% of the CFRP failure strain were recorded in this composite material, revealing that the NSM technique is also very effective to increase the flexural resistance of RC beams.The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcing (EBR) and NSM techniques to increase the flexural resistance of masonry panels is also assessed. In the EBR technique the CFRP laminates are externally bonded to the concrete joints of the panel, while in the NSM technique the CFRP laminates are fixed into precut slits on the panel concrete joints. The NSM technique provided a higher increase on the panel load carrying capacity as well as a larger deflection at the failure of the panel.The performance of EBR and NSM techniques for the strengthening of RC beams failing in shear is also analyzed. The NSM technique was much more effective in terms of increasing the beam load carrying capacity as well as the beam deformability at its failure. The NSM technique was easier and faster to apply than the EBR technique.     

Experimental characterization of stone masonry in shear and compression

Shear and compressive mechanical properties are needed for the evaluation of the strength of masonry shear walls by means of simplified methods or numerical analysis. This, in turn, allows to design or assess masonry buildings subjected to combined vertical and horizontal loading. Even if many results on the mechanical properties of modern brick and block masonry are available in the literature, only a few results exist for stone masonry.Here, the shear and compressive strength parameters of stone masonry using granite blocks are provided. In addition, a first aspect addressed is the shape of the shear stress–displacement diagrams under monotonic and cyclic loading. A second aspect addressed is the influence of the surface roughness and of the bed joint material on the compressive behavior of masonry.     

Repair of in-plane shear damaged masonry walls with external FRP

Extensive damage in a large number of existing masonry buildings during recent earthquakes has shown the need for structural repairing techniques for masonry structures. Externally bonded fibers (FRP) is a retrofitting technique that has been shown that can be used to repair or strengthen reinforced concrete and masonry structures. Masonry walls strengthened with FRP can have large increase in strength, but the effect of the of the presence of damage in the walls at the time of the repair has not been studied. Four full-scale shear-dominant clay brick masonry walls, initially damaged in shear by loading them up to their maximum strength, were repaired using two configurations of externally bonded carbon fiber strips and tested under cyclic shear loading up to failure. It was observed that the maximum strength and deformation capacity, as well as the cracking pattern and failure mode, of the repaired walls was similar to that of undamaged walls that were strengthened with the same reinforcing schemes.     

FRP和TRC加固砌体墙受剪性能试验研究

砌体结构的抗震性能较差,且砌体墙作为主要承载构件易在地震中受到面内剪切作用。而加固是提高砌体墙面内受剪性能的有效方法。FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer)和TRC(textile-reinforced concrete)两种材料具有轻质、高强、耐腐蚀等优势,在应用于砌体结构加固时增强效果显著。为了比较这两种材料加固砌体墙的受剪性能,采用砂浆、FRP和TRC对砌体墙进行加固,进行了加固砌体墙试件的面内受剪试验,分析不同加固方式的破坏模式、承载力、延性和耗能能力。研究表明,未加固和砂浆加固的砌体墙在破坏时有不同程度的脆性特征,采用FRP和TRC加固均可改善这一现象。在本研究试验条件下,FRP和TRC在提升峰值剪应力方面增强效果相似,但TRC加固试件在延性和耗能方面效果更好。最后,结合现有规范中的相关计算方法,计算FRP和TRC加固层的受剪承载力,并且将计算值与试验值进行对比以评估相关计算方法的合理性,结果表明相关计算方法较为保守。     

碳纤维布抗震加固开门窗洞口砌体墙片的试验研究与受剪承载力分析

通过对6片开门窗洞口砖砌体墙片在低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验研究,探讨碳纤维布用于抗震加固无筋开洞口墙片的破坏形态、受力特性和加固效果,对比不同碳纤维布粘贴方式对无筋开洞口砌体墙片抗震加固效果的影响,据此建议对地震区开窗洞墙体采用沿洞口周围粘贴碳纤维布并在窗洞角部附加锚固碳纤维布条的有效加固方式,对开门洞墙体采用沿洞口周围粘贴碳纤维布并在宽墙肢上对角粘贴碳纤维布的有效加固方式。同时根据试验研究结果,建立以碳纤维布拉杆机制为基础的碳纤维布加固开洞口砌体墙片的受剪承载力计算模型,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,说明该计算模型能较好地反映碳纤维布与无筋砌体墙体共同工作的受力机理,可供工程设计参考使用。     

Shear behavior of unreinforced and reinforced masonry panels subjected to in situ diagonal compression tests

Approach to safety evaluations issued by modern codes is clearly based on quantitative assessment of performances. As a consequence, validated mechanical parameters and numerical models should be made available on large scale for practical applications. This is the background of the present paper that deals with a specific type of masonry largely used in Central Italy and particularly in Umbria and Abruzzo region, whose territory exhibits a relevant seismic risk. A research project focused on the shear behavior of masonry panels subjected to in situ diagonal compression tests has been issued. The project consists of two parts: tests were performed on unreinforced and reinforced panels. As to the unreinforced panels, focusing attention on the diagonal cracking failure mode, the experimental research allowed to provide representative values of the mechanical parameters adopted to define the limit strength domain of some typical masonry walls in old buildings of Umbria and Abruzzo. Conversely, reinforced panels were tested aimed at investigating the effectiveness of existing methods of repair. A comparison between traditional and innovative seismic-upgrading techniques has been made in order to characterize the behavior of historical masonry walls under different strengthening configurations.     

砌体受压本构关系模型

通过一个细观模型,从细观层次上分析了砌体在单调受压荷载作用下的损伤破坏机制,解释砌体受压应力-应变关系的非线性和应变软化,根据单元体平衡条件,建立了砌体单调轴心受压时的损伤本构关系模型,基于细观单元体强度分布特征确定损伤演化,利用应力-应变曲线特征条件和标准试件强度值确定模型参数,分析得出应力-应变关系仅与砌体的峰值点割线弹性模量与原点切线弹性模量有关,该式能反映砌体受压试验所表现的特征,与已有受压结果吻合良好。     

Shear behavior of masonry panels strengthened by high strength steel cords

The present experimental study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an alternative shear reinforcement technique, based on the use of high strength steel cords embedded in a cementitious matrix (SRG: Steel Reinforced Grout). Although FRPs are successfully used as shear reinforcement in masonry retrofitting, such a strengthening method represents a new opportunity to restoring ambit, with considerable development in unreinforced masonry (URM) strengthening. Particularly, the non application of epoxy resins may contribute to solve important problems in terms of high temperature and long term behavior, compatibility and reversibility of reinforcement. A series of eight URM panels and 23 strengthened panels manufactured using two different types of mortar have been subjected to diagonal compression tests. Different reinforcement configurations were evaluated. Experimental results pointed out a significant increase in shear strength and stiffness, with interesting implications for the practical utilization of the technique studied. Finally, experimental results are also used to calibrate existing analytical formulations for ultimate shear strength prediction.     

带剪切销钉的复合砂浆加固砌体界面抗剪性能研究

通过对16个复合砂浆加固砌体试件进行砌体-复合砂浆界面的抗剪试验,得到了界面的破坏形态、抗剪强度和荷载-滑移曲线。试验结果表明：剪切销钉能显著提高粘结面的抗剪强度,并且随剪切销钉植筋面积增加界面抗剪强度也随之增大;剪切销钉能改变界面的破坏模式,增大界面破坏时的滑移变形;剪切销钉植筋深度是影响界面抗剪强度和破坏形式的另一个主要因素,砌体中剪切销钉的最小植筋深度应取10倍销钉直径;水泥基界面剂对界面抗剪强度有负面影响,因此用水泥复合砂浆加固砌体结构时不宜使用水泥基界面剂。在试验研究基础上,拟合了考虑剪切销钉植筋面积的砌体-复合砂浆界面抗剪强度公式。图10表3参10     

配筋砌块砌体墙体抗剪性能影响因素的试验研究

主要对采用构造柱-芯柱配筋混凝土小型空心砌块砌体进行抗剪能力的试验研究.由于水平筋及高宽比对配筋砌体剪力墙中抗剪的提升作用是不可忽略的,通过试验研究了不同参数的两组墙体,并分析了水平钢筋与高宽比对配筋砌块砌体抗剪承载能力的影响.试验结果表明,水平钢筋有利于砌体结构抗剪性能的提高;在一定范围内,高宽比越低,抗剪性能越好.     

石墙灰缝抗震性能与受力机理试验研究

为研究条石砌筑石墙灰缝在地震作用下的破坏机理和变形特征,开展了27个石墙灰缝试件在水平低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能试验。主要研究参数包括竖向压应力水平和砂浆强度。基于试验结果,分析了石墙灰缝在模拟地震作用下的破坏特征、变形特征、滞回性能和受力机理等。研究结果表明,试件均发生灰缝剪切滑移破坏,整个破坏过程经历了弹性、裂缝发展、强度退化和摩擦滑移四个受力阶段。在循环往复荷载作用下,随着灰缝中砂浆的破坏和石垫片的碾压破碎,灰缝发生明显的竖向压缩变形。灰缝的竖向变形幅值随着竖向压应力、水平位移幅值和往复循环次数的增加而增大。所有试件的滞回曲线均呈饱满的矩形,表现出灰缝破坏过程具有良好的耗能性能。随竖向压应力水平和砂浆强度的提高,灰缝抗剪强度和总耗能量均有所增加。最后,提出干砌甩浆砌筑石墙灰缝在往复荷载作用下的抗剪强度计算公式。研究结果可为石墙灰缝精细化力学计算模型的建立和石结构地震反应分析提供参考。     

高强钢绞线网加固混凝土粘结性能试验研究

通过高强钢绞线网聚合物砂浆加固层与混凝土结构的剥离破坏试验,对加固层与混凝土界面的剥离破坏特征进行了研究。探讨了单侧加固、植筋加固及U型加固等不同的加固方式对加固层抗剪承载力及抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明,采用U型加固等增加粘结面积的方式能有效提高加固层粘结面抗剪承载力,但同时会削弱加固层的抗剪强度,而在界面上植入抗剪钢筋后,能同时提高聚合物砂浆加固层的抗剪承载力及抗剪强度。根据试验结果,提出了最小植筋率的建议值。     

Local post-strengthening of masonry structures with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs)

In-plane loaded masonry structures can be post-strengthened effectively with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP). This applies to shear walls under vertical and horizontal loading, as well as to walls with additional cut-outs or single loads. A mechanical model is required in all cases for the detailing and design of post-strengthening measures and to characterize load transfer within the wall and, from this, to calculate stresses of masonry and FRP materials. To establish a three-step model for local post-strengthened masonry walls, extensive testing on different scales has been carried out at the University of Kassel within the last few years. Firstly, the load transfer between single masonry units and FRP was addressed. Overall, 91 bonding tests were carried out with seven types of bricks and blocks to examine failure modes and the bonding strength for a broad variety of bricks and blocks. Two different types of adhesive were used in combination with four types of glass- and carbon–fibers. Based on the results of the bonding tests, 24 anchoring tests overall on two different types of masonry – clay brick and calcium–silicate – were carried out under different geometrical and loading conditions. The test results of all test series will be explained by a combination of fracture mechanics and strut-and-tie modeling. A mechanical model based on fracture energy provides the background for the theoretical explanation of the debonding phenomena. The model can be used to predict failure of bonding on single bricks as well as bonding geometries with more than one brick where the bonding area is separated by bed or head joints. Comparison of data from calculations and testing exhibited good correlation.     

爆炸荷载作用下外贴FRP加固钢筋混凝土双向板试验研究

通过集团装药隔土爆炸荷载作用下4块外贴FRP条带加固钢筋混凝土双向板和1块普通板的对比试验,考察了裂缝的产生、开展过程及分布形状,分析了FRP加固板的荷载、位移、加速度、钢筋和混凝土以及FRP应变动力响应时程,研究了FRP加固板的抗爆破坏特征。研究结果表明：外贴FRP条带加固能有效延缓混凝土的开裂,限制裂缝的开展,改善钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能;外贴FRP条带加固后,RC双向板的跨中位移响应、混凝土和钢筋应变响应明显降低,结构的抗爆炸冲击波能力得到明显提高;外贴FRP条带加固双向板在爆炸冲击荷载作用下的破坏形态有受弯破坏和弯曲屈服后的剪切破坏,外贴FRP条带在极限状态时发生了剥离及断裂破坏。图12表6参10     

后植筋加固砖墙体抗震性能试验研究

针对砌体的加固,提出了采用机械开凿的方法在砌体上开水平槽植入钢筋并以高强灌浆料握裹固定的后植筋加固方法,制作了2片采用后植筋加固的墙体试件和2片未加固的对比墙体试件,进行了低周反复荷载作用下的对比试验,比较2种不同高宽比加固墙体的破坏形态、承载力、延性、刚度退化和耗能等抗震性能。研究结果表明：采用后植筋加固的墙体受剪承载力较对比墙体提高25%,延性和耗能能力也有很大提高。通过分析后植筋加固墙体的受力机理,提出了后植筋加固墙体受剪承载力的计算式。     

Punching shear strength of interior slab–column connections strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets

In this paper, punching shear strengthening of flat slabs using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets is studied. Fifteen specimens of reinforced concrete slabs were tested. Thirteen of them were strengthened by CFRP sheets and two specimens were kept as control specimens. Four of these strengthened specimens were tested under cyclic vertical loading. The width of CFRP sheets varied in different specimens. The CFRP sheets were located at the tension side of the slabs in two perpendicular directions. Vertical load was applied downward through a column stub using a hydraulic Jack. In all specimens, no rupture of CFRP sheets was observed. The test results showed that the use of CFRP sheet, in addition to steel reinforcing bars, as flexural reinforcement improves the punching shear strength of slabs. This improvement can be significant for the slabs made of high strength concrete and low steel reinforcement ratio. However, the improvement of punching shear strength due to FRP strengthening reduced under cyclic vertical loading. The test results were compared with the equations proposed by ACI 318 and BS 8110 Codes. The ACI Code underestimates the punching shear strength of slabs and this underestimation becomes more pronounced with the increase in the flexural reinforcement. The BS 8110 Code appropriately accounts for the effect of flexural reinforcement on punching shear strength of slabs. However, for the strengthened slabs, an equivalent reinforcement ratio should be used to include the effect of both steel and CFRP flexural reinforcement.     

The problem of shear in RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates

The effectiveness of externally bonded reinforcement of a strengthened Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam subjected to a shear-dominant loading regime is not well-established. The aim of this paper is to clarify the structural performance of RC beams without any internal shear reinforcement but strengthened with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates when the primary mode of failure of the un-strengthened beam is in shear. Four RC beams were specifically designed without and with an externally anchorage system, which was carefully detailed to enhance the benefits of the strengthening lamina and counteract the destructive effects of shear forces. All the four beams were identical in terms of their geometry, internal reinforcement and concrete strength but varied in their test loading regime to highlight the role of shear. All the beams were tested under four point bending and extensively instrumented to monitor strains, cracking, load capacity and failure modes. The structural response of the four beams is then critically analysed in terms of deformability, strength and failure processes under a shear loading regime. It is shown that with a carefully designed anchorage system, a predominantly brittle shear failure of a strengthened beam can be transformed to an almost ductile failure with well-defined enhancement of structural performance in terms of both deformation and strength. The results presented in this paper should enable engineers to totally avoid shear failure in strengthening beams with little or even no internal shear reinforcement.     

Finite element modelling of deformation characteristics of historical stone masonry shear walls

Two dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis based on experimental test data has been carried out to model deformation characteristics, such as load–displacement envelope diagrams and failure modes of historical stone masonry shear walls subjected to combined axial compression and lateral shear loading. An experimental research work was carried out on three different types of historical stone masonry shear walls that can be considered representative of ancient stone masonry constructions. Those three types of masonry are: (i) sawn dry-stack or dry-stone masonry without bonding mortar, (ii) irregular stone masonry with bonding mortar, and (iii) rubble masonry with irregular bonding mortar thickness. Plasticity theory based micro modelling techniques has been used to carry out the analysis. The stone units were modelled using eight node continuum plane stress elements with full Gauss integration. The joints and unit-joint interfaces were modelled using a six node zero thickness line interface elements with Lobatto integration. This paper outlines the experimental research work, details of numerical modelling carried out and report the numerical lateral load–displacement diagrams and failure modes. The numerical analysis results were compared with the experimental test results and good agreement was found.     

Testing and numerical modelling of buckling failure of masonry walls

An experimental and numerical research on the buckling failure of brick masonry walls is presented. The research includes laboratory experiments on the response of a large number of 1/4 scale masonry walls characterized by different combinations of slenderness ratios and loading eccentricities. Experimental results by different authors are also considered and compared with those obtained in the present research.In addition, a detailed numerical simulation of a selection of experiments has been carried out using a well-known micro-modelling technique. The numerical application has provided satisfactory predictions of both the ultimate capacity and lateral deformability of walls up to the buckling failure.The paper includes a discussion on the influence of some relevant parameters, such as the masonry tensile strength, wall slenderness and load eccentricity, on the load capacity of the walls. The application of the analytical method provided by EN 1996-1-1:2005 is also discussed.