FBRM测定淀粉颗粒粒径大小的研究初探

用聚焦光束反射测量仪(FBRM)测定淀粉颗粒粒径大小分布,可以实现在线监测淀粉在化学或物理处理过程中的粒径变化,对淀粉领域的深入研究和淀粉工业化生产具有重要的意义。考察了淀粉乳浓度、淀粉乳中的搅拌速率和淀粉乳中介质等因素对FBRM测定淀粉颗粒粒径大小分布的影响。不同来源淀粉颗粒其FBRM粒径分布曲线趋势不同,随着淀粉颗粒的形貌和大小变化而变化。      

淀粉颗粒粒径不同测定方法的比较

利用显微镜法、激光粒度法和聚焦光束反射仪法(FBRM)等3种不同方法分析分别测定了玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉颗粒粒径分布,并对这3种方法进行了分析比较。结果表明:显微镜法在测定淀粉颗粒粒径时非常直观,但是重复性较差,特别是粒度范围宽的样品,在测量时就会产生较大的误差,测出颗粒粒径大小为玉米淀粉(11.2μm)木薯淀粉(12.6μm)马铃薯淀粉(25.7μm);激光粒度法在测定淀粉颗粒粒径时,近球形颗粒重复性好,但是对于形状不规则的样品会产生较大误差,测出颗粒粒径大小为木薯淀粉(12.0μm)玉米淀粉(15.2μm)马铃薯淀粉(39.3μm);聚焦光束反射仪法(FBRM)分析测定淀粉颗粒粒径时,重复性好,能较好地测量颗粒粒径分布,测出颗粒粒径大小为玉米淀粉(24.0μm)木薯淀粉(27.3μm)马铃薯淀粉(31.3μm),可实现对淀粉在物理或化学处理过程中粒径和数量粒径变化的在线监测。     

不同粒径分布对全籽粒玉米粉糊化特性的影响

分析不同粒径大小分布对不同淀粉含量全籽粒玉米粉糊化特性的影响,为其品质分析和加工提供参考依据。选取淀粉含量66%~77%的玉米,通过小型实验磨研磨得到不同粒径的全籽粒玉米粉,研究粒径大小分布、主要成分、损伤淀粉等指标对糊化特性的影响。结果表明,玉米粉的粒径大小和分布对其糊化能力、凝胶特性影响明显,特别是小颗粒粒径大小影响明显,但对回生老化特性影响不显著。平均粒径和小颗粒粒径越小、颗粒表面积越大时,越容易糊化,峰值黏度也越大,玉米粉间糊化能力差异越显著,总淀粉越多、脂肪和蛋白越少也越容易糊化,峰值黏度也越大;小颗粒粒径越小、比表面积越大,凝胶抗剪切能力越差,玉米粉间凝胶特性差异越明显,总淀粉和损伤淀粉含量升高、脂肪和蛋白质降低,也降低凝胶抗剪切能力;粒径大小与分布对玉米粉回生老化特性影响不显著,总淀粉和直链淀粉增加、脂肪减少,提高凝胶回生能力。     

淀粉颗粒粒径对淀粉交联程度影响的研究

本文通过改变淀粉颗粒的粒径来研究淀粉的交联。交联程度高的淀粉,溶胀度低,在同温度下黏度低。通过测定交联淀粉的黏度与溶胀度发现:淀粉的交联难易程度的大小随着淀粉颗粒粒径的变化而变化,在一定范围内,淀粉颗粒粒径越大,淀粉越易发生交联反应,同一交联条件下越易形成交联程度高的淀粉。     

聚焦光束反射分析仪测定淀粉糊化过程中糊化度的变化

利用聚焦光束反射分析仪(FBRM)分析了玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉在糊化过程中颗粒总数的变化,实现了淀粉颗粒变化的"动态"监测,并提出用颗粒总数的变化量/颗粒的初始总数来表示糊化度,简化了以往测量糊化度的方法。结果表明:FBRM测得的玉米淀粉颗粒总数呈先增加后减小的趋势,在70℃时下降幅度最大;马铃薯淀粉颗粒总数一直减小,在70℃时下降幅度最大;木薯淀粉颗粒总数也一直减小,但在65℃时下降幅度最大。FBRM测得玉米淀粉在70℃糊化度达到最大值60.05%,马铃薯淀粉在70℃糊化度达到最大值38.83%,木薯淀粉在65℃糊化度达到最大值54.66%;当温度达到75℃时,玉米淀粉,马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉总的糊化度分别为93.55%、90.19%和85.85%,它们都没有达到100%。     

淀粉颗粒粒径对淀粉交联程度影响的研究

本文通过改变淀粉颗粒的粒径来研究淀粉的交联。交联程度高的淀粉，溶胀度低，在同温度下黏度低。通过测定交联淀粉的黏度与溶胀度发现：淀粉的交联难易程度的大小随着淀粉颗粒粒径的变化而变化，在一定范围内，淀粉颗粒粒径越大，淀粉越易发生交联反应，同一交联条件下越易形成交联程度高的淀粉。     

淀粉-GCC复合物实际结构及其形成过程

根据淀粉及GCC的粒径及淀粉糊化物性分析,淀粉改性GCC复合物实际形成的核壳结构与理想模型有所差异。通过研究淀粉-GCC复合物颗粒形态、粒径大小及分布、表面元素,分析淀粉-GCC复合物的实际结构及其形成过程。分析结果显示淀粉-GCC复合物粒径分布在20-60μm的范围内,远大于核壳模型理论分析的粒径。并且根据淀粉-GCC复合物形成过程中的粒径变化、SEM、表面元素分析,间接证明淀粉-GCC复合物实际结构是以淀粉为骨架,GCC为复合物外表层。     

青稞淀粉和小麦淀粉的理化性质比较研究

研究了青稞淀粉的理化性质,包括淀粉的颗粒形态、粒度分布及淀粉糊透明度、溶解度、膨胀力和糊化特性,并与小麦淀粉性质进行比较。结果表明:青稞淀粉颗粒的平均粒径大于小麦淀粉颗粒的平均粒径,青稞淀粉颗粒大小和形状分布均匀;青稞淀粉糊透明度大于小麦淀粉糊,但在储藏过程中,青稞淀粉糊透光率变化显著;青稞淀粉的溶解度和膨胀力均大于小麦淀粉糊,这与小麦淀粉中小颗粒淀粉含量较多有关;与小麦淀粉的糊化相比,青稞淀粉成糊温度低,糊化容易,但峰值黏度低,衰减值大,热糊稳定性差,回生值大,冷糊稳定性差,易老化。     

疏水改性藜麦淀粉的制备及其Pickering乳液乳化性研究

本文用碱提法从藜麦种子中提取藜麦淀粉,并用辛烯基琥珀酸酐(Octenyl Succnic Anhydride,OSA)对提取的藜麦淀粉进行疏水改性,得到了辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(OSA淀粉)。通过傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜对比原淀粉和OSA淀粉颗粒的结构和形态,发现OSA基团成功接到淀粉表面,在形态上表现为颗粒表面轻度破坏。通过测定乳液微观结构,乳滴粒径及乳化指数(EI),分析了OSA淀粉取代度、颗粒浓度和油相比例等因素对Pickering乳液乳化性的影响。结果表明,乳滴粒径随OSA淀粉取代度或淀粉颗粒浓度的增加而减小、EI值随OSA淀粉取代度或淀粉颗粒浓度的增加而提高,乳液乳化性增强。当油相比例的增加时,乳滴粒径增大,且在食品添加剂允许OSA添加量的范围内,取代度为1.43%的OSA淀粉颗粒的EI值达到最大值75.48%,乳化性最好。研究表明OSA改性藜麦淀粉作为Pickering乳液的稳定颗粒在食品领域有极大的应用潜力。     

三元淀粉纳米颗粒的制备及特性表征

研究制备由直链淀粉、棕榈酸和β-乳球蛋白组成的三元淀粉纳米颗粒工艺并对制得的三元淀粉纳米颗粒结构性质进行分析。以马铃薯淀粉为原料,采用水浸法制备直链淀粉,将制得的淀粉溶液加入棕榈酸和β-乳球蛋白溶液以制备三元淀粉纳米颗粒。通过考察棕榈酸浓度、β-乳球蛋白浓度、反应温度、搅拌速率对生成的三元淀粉颗粒粒径大小的影响,采用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征其结构并测其吸附性。结果表明,最适工艺参数:β-乳球蛋白浓度为8mg/mL,棕榈酸浓度为10mg/mL,反应温度90℃,搅拌速率200r/min,得到的三元淀粉纳米颗粒粒径在200-300nm范围内。FE-SEM、XRD、FTIR表明直链淀粉、棕榈酸和β-乳球蛋白之间发生了作用,结晶结构由B型转变成V型。吸附性也增强。     

西米交联淀粉的理化性质

以三偏磷酸钠为交联剂,采用水分散法制备西米交联淀粉,利用扫描电镜、聚焦光束发射测量仪、Bra-bender快速黏度计和紫外分光光度计对其性质进行测定和分析,并与西米原淀粉进行比较。结果表明:西米交联淀粉发生了中等程度的交联;西米交联淀粉保持了西米原淀粉绝大多数颗粒完整、呈椭圆形、存在断切面和断切面处有凹坑的形貌特征,但其表面比较粗糙,有凹痕,且断切面处凹坑更加明显;西米交联淀粉颗粒粒径分布图呈单峰,在水相中的平均粒径为30.1μm,比西米原淀粉颗粒小;西米交联淀粉比西米原淀粉难于糊化,其热稳定性和冷糊稳定性均优于西米原淀粉,有很高的最终黏度;西米交联淀粉的透光率为5.1%,小于西米原淀粉,其透明度较差。     

脱墨浆中胶黏物的絮聚行为研究

利用聚集光束反射测量仪(FBRM)对脱墨浆中胶黏物粒子在阴离子垃圾捕捉剂(PDAD-MAC)作用下的絮聚行为进行了研究,并结合激光粒度仪、浊度仪、Zeta电位仪等对其结果进行了验证.实验结果表明,PDADMAC用量为20 mg/L时,对胶黏物的絮聚效果最佳,此时接近理论电荷等电点,继续增加PDADMAC用量,体系超过等电点,电荷发生逆转,胶黏物粒子重新分散.由FBRM得出的胶黏物絮聚动力学可知,其絮聚过程分为溶解性物质凝聚和胶体性物质絮凝两个阶段.为了得到较好的胶黏物控制效果,提高PDADMAC的使用效率,应避免在过高的碱性条件下进行使用.     

利用FBRM研究阳离子聚丙烯酰胺对高岭土的动态絮凝过程

利用聚焦光束反射测量仪（FBRM）研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）对高岭土颗粒体系的动态絮凝过程,结合浊度仪、激光衍射粒度仪、显微摄像等表征手段,探讨了絮凝剂用量对絮凝性能和絮体结构的影响。同时基于分形理论对絮凝过程中絮体分形维数的变化进行了考察,基于Smoluchowski模型研究了CPAM作用下高岭土粒子的絮凝动力学。结果表明,随着药品用量的增加,体系中粒子的平均弦长和粒径逐渐增大,体系达到稳定的时间延长,浊度不断下降。在絮凝过程中,随着作用时间的延长,絮体结构发生变化,分形维数增加,形成相对致密的絮体。增加絮凝剂的用量,絮凝作用增强,絮体尺寸变大,絮凝速率较快,需较长的絮凝反应时间才能达到平衡。     

西米淀粉颗粒结构与性质的研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、聚焦光束发射测量仪、差式量热扫描仪和紫外分光光度计对西米淀粉的性质进行测定和分析,并与马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉进行比较。结果表明:西米淀粉颗粒为椭球体,颗粒表面光滑;偏光十字明显;颗粒在水相中的平均粒径为27.3μm;晶体结构为C型,结晶度为25%;DSC测得To、Tp、Tc分别为68.51、72.79、82.29℃,ΔH为12.00J/g;透明度较好。     

超微全藕粉与藕淀粉颗粒结构的比较研究

应用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜和X-射线衍射仪对藕淀粉和不同粒度超微全藕粉的颗粒形态和表面结构进行了比较研究。结果表明,藕淀粉颗粒表面光滑,大多呈棒状,少部分呈椭圆形或圆形,有明显的环纹,粒心偏于颗粒的一端,偏光十字明显,颗粒较大的棒状藕淀粉呈“X”形,颗粒较小的椭圆形或圆形藕淀粉呈垂直十字形或斜十字形,部分呈“X”形,X-衍射图谱为B型。全藕粉经过超微粉碎后,大部分藕淀粉颗粒被破坏,少数藕淀粉颗粒完整,只能看到部分未被破坏的棒状藕淀粉颗粒的“X”形或残缺的“X”形以及部分小颗粒藕淀粉的十字,不同粒度的超微全藕粉随着粒度的减小,结晶区域减小,而非结晶区域增大。     

中性蛋白酶酶解制备魔芋飞粉淀粉及其性质的研究

对中性蛋白酶酶解魔芋飞粉制备淀粉的方法及其性质进行研究。应用单因素和中心组合试验对酶解条件进行优化,用扫描电镜观察淀粉颗粒形貌,然后对淀粉糊的主要性质及指标进行测定。结果表明：中性蛋白酶酶解魔芋飞粉的最佳工艺参数为底物的质量分数2.5%、酶用量818.3U/g 底物、温度44.1℃、pH7.1、水解120min。制得淀粉纯度90.09%,其中直连淀粉含量18.20%,支链淀粉含量81.80%,淀粉糊具有较好的溶解度和透明度。魔芋淀粉颗粒为蚕豆形,颗粒粒径为1～9μm,平均为5μm,魔芋淀粉颗粒小不易发生凝沉现象。     

Milling of rice grains: The roles of starch structures in the solubility and swelling properties of rice flour

Rice flours with different particle sizes and degrees of damaged starch granules were produced by hammer milling and cryogenic milling of rice grains, where degradation of starch molecules was evident in the hammer‐milled flours, but not in the cryogenically milled flours. The solubility and swelling properties of the resulting rice flours were determined in cold (30°C) and hot water (90°C). The cold‐ and hot‐water starch solubility was strongly correlated with the degree of damaged starch granules, and weakly with the particle size of rice flour. No evident correlations were observed between starch solubility and the molecular structures, indicating that molecular degradation by milling process was not the only precondition of increased starch solubility. Possible mechanism for the observed correlations is that increasing surface area and/or exposure of loosely packed inner part of starch granules with increasing degree of damaged starch granules allowed more starch molecules to leach out in cold and hot water. Furthermore, the cold‐water swelling of rice flour was strongly correlated with the degree of damaged starch granules, possibly due to the rapid hydration of damaged starch granules, whereas the hot‐water swelling did not show any correlations with flour particle size and granular and molecular starch structures. The results have provided better insights in the relationship between starch structures and solubility and swelling properties of rice flour, which can be used to improve the manufacture and selection criteria of rice flour for better products.     

Modifying glucose release from high carbohydrate foods with natural polymers extracted from cereals

BACKGROUND: Sustained elevated blood glucose and insulin levels are linked to many health problems that may be prevented or better managed by controlling glucose availability for uptake. Glucose release from consumed starch may be altered by the processing conditions, particle size and structural features of the food, and by the addition of dietary fibres. Many approaches to lower glucose release are not suitable for all high carbohydrate foods, especially bakery products. Methods to modulate the starch digestion without compromising product quality are required. This study describes an approach to protect the granules and alter the particle size of the starch component using an extract from barley (BE). Wheat starch was suspended in the BE at different ratios and cast dried, milled to 2–3 mm particles, or finely ground to produce different particle sizes. RESULTS: The BE treatments resulted in the formation of clusters of starch granules embedded in a matrix of fibres and protein. The rate of in vitro starch digestion was decreased, and further reduction occurred when the particle size of the starch material increased. CONCLUSION: The extract provided a physical barrier that limited the starch exposure to the digestion enzymes and water that led to reduction in starch digestion and the release of glucose Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modified starch granules as particle-stabilizers of oil-in-water emulsions

Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of 20 vol% n-tetradecane have been prepared using food-compatible hydrophobic starch particulates as the primary emulsifier. As such, the systems appear to be Pickering emulsions. The starch particulates were generated from chemically cross-linked granules that do not swell on prolonged contact with water and which were made partially hydrophobic by reaction with octenyl succinic anhydride. The degree of substitution was of the order of 0.03. The size of the modified starch particulates was reduced by freezer-milling before preparing the emulsions via a jet homogenizer. Conventional light transmission microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, multi-angle light scattering and laser Doppler light scattering all suggested that a wide range of starch particle sizes was produced. Some particles were considerably smaller than the original starch granule sizes, but a large proportion appeared to be above several microns in size. The emulsion droplets produced using 1–3 wt.% of starch as emulsifier were quite large (from approximately 1 to 20 μm in diameter), i.e., of the same order of size as a large proportion of the starch particulates. Consequently, the emulsions creamed readily, but they were extremely stable to coalescence with no significant change in the emulsion droplet-size distributions appearing for over 3 months. Further tests on the surface tensions of the homogenized and non-homogenized starch dispersions themselves confirmed the supposition that the O/W emulsions were stabilized by starch particulates and not starch molecules.