硅源对纳米级ZSM-5分子筛结构及其对甲醇转化制丙烯与丁烯反应催化性能的影响

采用低温水热晶化法,以四丙基氢氧化铵为模板剂,分别使用98%粗孔固体硅胶和30%硅溶胶为硅源,制备不同硅铝物质的量比的纳米级ZSM-5分子筛,研究硅源对其物化结构及甲醇转化制丙烯与丁烯催化性能的影响。结果表明,硅源种类影响ZSM-5分子筛的结构及铝分布,进而影响其酸性和催化性能。固体硅胶为硅源,有利于形成弱酸性位点;硅溶胶为硅源,有利于形成强酸性位点。在相同硅铝物质的量比时,以固体硅胶为硅源的ZSM-5分子筛的总酸量小于以硅溶胶为硅源的样品。无论使用何种硅源,对ZSM-5分子筛的晶型结构影响不大,且ZSM-5分子筛颗粒形貌均呈现为由小晶粒堆积成(500~1 000)nm的类球形颗粒。以硅溶胶为硅源制备的样品颗粒尺寸大于以固体硅胶为硅源制备的样品。硅铝物质的量比为400时,两种硅源合成分子筛的丙烯与丁烯的选择性相近,但以硅溶胶为硅源的ZSM-5分子筛的寿命更长。     

ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性及其碳四烯烃催化裂解性能

ZSM-5分子筛的磷改性及其碳四烯烃催化裂解性能
薛扬,袁桂梅*,陈胜利,李淑娟,袁锐
（中国石油大学（北京）重质油国家重点实验室,北京 102249） 为了提高丙烯和乙烯产率,增强催化剂的稳定性,采用等体积浸渍法对硅铝物质的量比为38的ZSM-5分子筛进行磷改性,对制备的催化剂进行SEM、XRD、N2吸附-脱附和NH3-TPD表征,考察不同磷含量ZSM-5分子筛对C4烯烃催化裂解反应性能的影响。表征结果表明,随着磷含量的升高,磷改性后的ZSM-5分子筛晶体结构变化不大,比表面积和孔容逐渐减小,结晶度降低,酸强度减弱,酸量减小。性能评价结果表明,随着磷含量的升高,丁烯转化率逐渐下降,丙烯和乙烯选择性、收率先升后降,磷质量分数为2%时,ZSM-5分子筛催化性能较好,相对结晶度为84.66%,平均孔径2.334 nm,孔容0.154 cm3·g-1,微孔孔容0.082 8 cm3·g-1,比表面积264.1 m2·g-1,总酸量0.559 mmol-NH3·g-1,丙烯选择性约40%,乙烯和丙烯总收率约57%。     

添加NaCl对无溶剂合成ZSM-5分子筛结构及催化性能影响

本文采用绿色环保的无溶剂法合成ZSM-5分子筛,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、N₂吸-脱附和氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)等手段,考察NaCl的用量对ZSM-5分子筛形貌、孔结构及比表面积和酸性质的影响。结果表明,随NaCl用量的增加,ZSM-5分子筛晶粒尺寸有所减小,但外比表面积和介孔孔容却呈现逐渐增大的趋势。在正辛烷催化裂解反应中,添加0.05g NaCl合成ZSM-5分子筛上乙烯和丙烯总选择性为57.4%。     

ZSM-5分子筛固定床催化合成聚甲氧基二甲醚

通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、氨气程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）和吡啶吸附-红外光谱（Py-IR）等对不同硅铝比（SiO₂/Al₂O₃）的ZSM-5分子筛粉末催化剂进行表征。在间歇反应器中,本文对比了不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛粉末催化三聚甲醛和甲缩醛合成聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE）的催化活性,结果表明硅铝比为400的ZSM-5分子筛粉末具有最高的PODE_2~8的收率和选择性。然后,采用挤条成型法,在ZSM-5分子筛粉末（SiO₂/Al₂O₃=400）中加入硅溶胶黏结剂和甲基纤维素黏结剂,制备得到ZSM-5成型催化剂,硅溶胶添加量和甲基纤维素分子量影响成型催化剂强度。采用ZSM-5成型催化剂,以固定床为反应器,反应温度和反应空速在所考察的范围内对三聚甲醛（TOX）的转化率和PODE的选择性影响较小。在85℃、压力1MPa、空速为5h^-1的条件下进行了240h催化性能考察,成型催化剂催化性能稳定,三聚甲醛的转化率高于90%,PODE_2~8的选择性达到95%以上。     

正己烷催化裂解制低碳烯烃：ZSM-5分子筛催化剂酸性的影响

在小型固定床装置上,以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,研究不同硅铝物质的量比对合成的ZSM-5分子筛织构性能以及酸性对正己烷催化裂解性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM、N₂吸附-脱附和NH_3-TPD等方法对不同硅铝物质的量比的ZSM-5分子筛进行表征,结果表明,硅铝物质的量比的改变对ZSM-5分子筛的形貌和结构没有影响;随着硅铝物质的量比的增加,分子筛的酸量减少,酸强度减弱,正己烷催化裂解活性逐渐降低。同时,随着酸量减少和酸强度减弱,高硅ZSM-5分子筛上氢转移反应得到明显抑制,丙烯选择性提高。     

Cr掺杂ZSM-5双功能催化剂的制备及其催化裂解正丁烷

采用原位合成的方法制备了Cr掺杂的ZSM-5分子筛,研究了Cr含量对于正丁烷催化裂解性能的影响。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸附脱附、紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-Vis）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、氨程序升温脱附技术（NH₃-TPD）和吡啶红外（Py-FTIR）等表征手段研究了分子筛的结构、Cr物种的存在状态以及分子筛的酸性。研究结果表明,部分Cr进入分子筛的骨架,以单分散的形式存在,当Cr含量较低时,Cr的引入对于分子筛的弱酸性没有太大的影响。少量Cr的引入会极大提高正丁烷的转化率和乙烯、丙烯的收率,当Cr/Al摩尔比为0.04,反应温度为650℃时,正丁烷的转化率达到99.2%,乙烯、丙烯的收率达到53.8%,分别比未改性的ZSM-5高15.5%和5.0%。这可能是由于Cr活性组分的脱氢性能和分子筛的酸性形成协同作用,促进了正丁烷的高效转化。     

La改性ZSM-5分子筛及其在催化裂解反应中的应用

采用高温水热法和等体积浸渍法将La离子负载于ZSM-5分子筛上得到了改性ZSM-5分子筛材料。水热法La改性样品改变了ZSM-5的晶胞尺寸,提升了其强酸、弱酸及总酸量。浸渍法改性样品也提高了其酸量但是对晶胞参数没有影响。将改性样品应用于正己烷催化裂解反应中,两种方法均得到了较高的双烯收率,其中水热法改性样品在空速为6 h^-1时乙烯收率和丙烯收率分别为23.39%和25.17%,这与原样相同空速下的乙烯丙烯收率（乙烯为21.19%,丙烯为21.04%）相比分别提升了约2%和4%,略高于浸渍法改性样品。在长周期反应寿命方面也有了显著提高,在空速为4 h^-1时,水热法改性样品（2000 min）和浸渍法改性样品（1600 min）均显著优于原样（800 min）。这些结果表明采用水热法La改性可以更好地提升ZSM-5分子筛在正己烷催化裂解反应中的性能。     

碳五烃催化裂解制取低碳烯烃反应性能及机理

以ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,碳五烃混合物为裂解原料,考察温度及稀释比对碳五烃催化裂解制丙烯/乙烯反应性能的影响。结果表明:随温度升高碳五烷烃及烯烃的转化率均不断升高,但碳五烯烃的转化率远高于碳五烷烃的转化率。同时乙烯及丙烯的收率也随温度的升高而升高,空速3.06 h-1,分压23.24 k Pa时,分别由450℃的2.38%,8.84%升高到620℃时的13.86%和19.67%。另外,随稀释比的增加,碳五烯烃转化率,乙烯、丙烯及丁烯的收率不断下降,但C6烃的收率随稀释比的增加而升高。碳五烯烃催化裂解机理分析指出:碳五烯烃催化裂解过程中碳五烯烃在直接裂解生成乙烯和丙烯的同时,也可通过二聚成C10中间体,然后生成的C10中间体再发生顺次裂解反应。该机理应用于实验规律的解释,取得了满意的结果。     

赤泥基ZSM-5分子筛的合成及其催化裂解性能

使用工业固废赤泥和水玻璃进行ZSM-5分子筛的制备研究,调查了赤泥碱熔活化、赤泥添加量、模板剂(四丙基溴化铵、葡萄糖)用量等合成因素;并对低密度聚乙烯进行催化裂解研究,考察其催化裂解性能。结果表明,赤泥经过碱熔活化后,硅酸铝被转化为了铝酸钠;将碱熔赤泥、四丙基溴化铵、葡萄糖、水玻璃、去离子水以1.5∶0.8∶3.6∶24∶18的质量比混合、水热晶化后得到了ZSM-5。并在剂料比为5∶3、500℃下进行裂解实验,液体和气体产率分别为13%和84%,其中单环芳烃和低碳烯烃(C_2-4~=)选择性分别为47%和75%,在生产苯、甲苯、二甲苯及乙烯、丙烯等方面展示了较好的应用前景。     

多级孔ZrO2/TiO2/ZSM-5分子筛的合成及吸附-光催化协同性能

以碱酸改后的凹凸棒土为硅源,利用溶胶-凝胶法将 TiO₂和 ZrO₂负载于一步水热合成的多级孔 ZSM-5 分子筛表面,形成多级孔 ZrO₂/TiO₂/ZSM-5 分子筛。通过 XRD、SEM 和 N₂吸附-脱附仪等手段对样品进行表征,研究 TiO₂和 ZrO₂掺杂对多级孔 ZSM-5骨架结构、形貌及孔道的影响,并对亚甲基蓝溶液进行实验,探究其吸附-光催化协同性能。结果表明：ZrO₂负载促进了锐钛矿 TiO₂的形成,同时利用分子筛的多级孔道和比表面积提高了底物富集能力。当反应进行 20 min时,TiO₂掺杂量为 10% 的 TiO₂/ZSM-5 分子筛光催化降解效率达 73%;进一步掺杂 ZrO₂,ZrO₂/TiO₂/ZSM-5 分子筛光催化反应效率提高至 96.2%,说明 ZrO...     

Catalytic cracking of 1-butene to propene and ethene on MCM-22 zeolite

Catalytic cracking of butene to propene and ethene was investigated over HMCM-22 zeolite. The performance of HMCM-22 zeolite was markedly influenced by time-on-stream (TOS) and reaction conditions. A rapid deactivation during the first 1 h reaction, followed by a quasi-plateau in activity, was observed in the process along with significant changes in product distributions, which can be attributed to the fast coking process occurring in the large supercages of MCM-22.

Properly selected reaction conditions can suppress the secondary reactions and enhance the production of propene and ethene. According to the product distribution under different butene conversion, we propose a simple reaction pathway for forming the propene, ethene and by-products from butene cracking.

HMCM-22 exhibited similar product distribution with the mostly used high silica ZSM-5 zeolite under the same conversion levels. High selectivities of propene and ethene were obtained, indicating that the 10-member ring of MCM-22 zeolite played the dominant role after 1 h of TOS. However, MCM-22 exhibited lower activity and stability than that on high silica ZSM-5 zeolite with longer time-on-stream.     

磷改性ZSM-5分子筛物化性质和裂解制乙烯性能的研究

The physicochemical features of phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 zeolites (SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio is 25) were characterized by XRD(X-ray diffraction), BET(Brunauer, Emmett and Teller spcific surface area measurement), NH3-TPD(ammonia temperature-programmed desorption) and MASNMR(magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance), and the performance on catalytic pyrolysis to produce ethylene was investigated with a light hydrocarbon fixed bed micro-reactor with n-octane as feed. The results show that the acid site density, acid intensity and hydrothermal stability of ZSM-5 zeolite were improved by phosphorus modification. When P205 content in ZSM-5 zeolite is higher than 2.5%, phosphorus modification can prevent ZSM-5 zeolite crystal structure transformation from orthorhombic to monoclinic. In addition, the dealumination of ZSM-5 zeolite framework was moderated by phosphorus modification under high temperature hydrothermal treatment. The results of n-octane pyrolysis on phosphorus-modified ZSM-5 zeolites show that ethylene yields of zeolites with different phosphorus content are almost the same under the same n-octane conversion. However, the modified zeolites with higher pyrolysis activity give lower yield of propene, butene and total olefin than lower pyrolysis activity under the same n-octane conversion.     

Butene Catalytic Cracking to Propene and Ethene over Potassium Modified ZSM-5 Catalysts

Catalytic cracking of butene over potassium modified ZSM-5 catalysts was carried out in a fixed-bed microreactor. By increasing the K loading on the ZSM-5, butene conversion and ethene selectivity decreased almost linearly, while propene selectivity increased first, then passed through a maximum (about 50% selectivity) with the addition of ca. 0.7–1.0% K, and then decreased slowly with further increasing of the K loading. The reaction conditions were 620 °C, WHSV 3.5 h⁻¹, 0.1 MPa 1-butene partial pressure and 1 h of time on stream. Both by potassium modification of the ZSM-5 zeolite and by N₂ addition in the butene feed could enhance the selectivity towards propene effectively, but the catalyst stability did not show any improvement. On the other hand, addition of water to the butene feed could not only increase the butene conversion, but also improve the stability of the 0.7%K/ZSM-5 catalyst due to the effective removal of the coke formed, as demonstrated by the TPO spectra. XRD results indicated that the ZSM-5 structure of the 0.07% K/ZSM-5 catalyst was not destroyed even under this serious condition of adding water at 620 °C.     

Nitrous oxide as an oxidant for ethane oxydehydrogenation

Waste nitrous oxide was used as an oxidant for ethane oxydehydrogenation performed at the range of temperature from 350 to 450 °C over iron modified zeolite catalysts. Different zeolite matrices (zeolite ZSM-5 of different Si/Al ratio, H-Y, mordenite) modified with iron cations introduced into zeolite by means of ionic exchange were applied as catalysts for the reaction under study. Additionally, amorphous silica and alumina silica as well as silicalite of MFI structure were also used as a matrix for iron ions accommodation and they were tested for oxydehydrogenation reaction. It was found that only iron modified zeolites showed activity for reaction under study. Amorphous oxide supports and crystalline neutral silicalite modified with iron cations by means of impregnation were completely inactive for oxydehydrogenation reaction. The best catalytic performance was found on iron modified zeolites of MFI structure. The Si/Al ratio of the ZSM-5 matrix influenced the activity for ethane oxydehydrogenation reaction insignificantly. N₂O oxidant was partly utilized for ethane oxidation (towards ethene or carbon oxides), while some part of the oxidant was decomposed to nitrogen and oxygen. Performing the reaction at 450 °C resulted in a high ethene yield and complete N₂O removal.     

Pt/TiO2/ZSM-5催化剂的制备及其催化转化正丁烷

采用溶胶-凝胶法和等体积浸渍法,分别对ZSM-5分子筛进行TiO₂改性和Pt负载,获得了具有脱氢-裂解双功能的Pt/TiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂,采用XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、TEM、XPS和NH₃-TPD对样品的晶体结构,孔结构、形貌、活性金属价态和酸性质等进行了表征,并研究了正丁烷在此催化剂上催化转化制备低碳烯烃的反应规律。研究结果表明,TiO₂的引入,一方面使得改性后的ZSM-5分子筛获得了额外的酸性中心,特别是强酸性位含量的增加,有助于促进正丁烷的活化;另一方面Pt与TiO₂之间存在“金属-载体”强相互作用（SMSI）,在H₂还原气氛下,Pt能够促进TiO₂的还原,生成Ti³⁺物种,而Ti³⁺的存在增加了Pt周围的电荷密度,降低了Pt对低碳烯烃（C₂⁼～C₃⁼）的吸附能力,抑制了深度脱氢和生焦反应,从而提高双功能催化剂对烯烃的选择性。当H₂还原温度为450℃时,Pt/10TiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂在625℃下的正丁烷转化率为76.1%,低碳烯烃（C₂⁼～C₃⁼）收率为50.9%,分别比Pt/ZSM-5催化剂提高了16.7%和12.6%。     

分子筛催化γ-丁内酯气相胺化合成N-乙烯吡咯烷酮单体

研究了ZSM-5、NaY分子筛对γ-丁内酯与乙醇胺气相反应的催化性能,结果表明,ZSM-5与Y型分子筛的初始产物收率分别为29·8%和43·0%以上。反应产物收率随温度升高而增大,然后趋于平缓,当超过280℃以后呈降低趋势;选择性在较低温度时变化不明显,温度较高时明显降低,合适的反应温度为260~270℃。再生性实验表明,两种分子筛的失活都是由于水蒸气使其部分结构遭到破坏而引起的,是不可恢复的失活。     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by propene in the presence of oxygen and water over catalysts prepared by the modified sol–gel method

Copper ion-exchanged solids prepared by the modified sol–gel method with different percentage of the organic and inorganic silicoaluminate, and with a 25% of zeolite ZSM-5, were studied as catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by propene in the presence of oxygen and water. The solids without zeolite were active for this reaction, but showed a poor performance under wet conditions. The addition of the zeolite to obtain a mixed solid strongly enhanced the NO conversion. The deactivation by water is lower and fully reversible.