运动颗粒对活塞环润滑的影响

利用运动网格技术分析了颗粒对活塞环润滑特性的影响。首先导出了新的润滑雷诺方程，该方程不仅适用于颗粒存在的润滑求解，同时也适用于不含颗粒的润滑问题求解。通过把油膜场分为三个求解域，依据新的雷诺方程，通过网格变换，追踪了颗粒对活塞环润滑特性的影响。仿真结果表明：油膜承载力和活塞环所受的摩擦力会随着颗粒在油膜厚度方向上的高度及颗粒直径的增加而增加；而随颗粒轴向速度的增大而减小。     

耦合弹性变形的活塞裙润滑有限元求解

利用八节点等参有限元，进行了活塞裙润滑和弹性变形的耦合求解。首先给出了混合润滑方程和活塞裙弹性变形方程，然后给出了求解这些方程的有限元求解步骤。计算结果表明：考虑活塞裙变形的油膜压力场峰值一般比不考虑活塞裙变形的油膜压力场峰值大；不同转角下的油膜压力场形状不同，有时呈现抛物线性，有时呈现马鞍型。同时，发现不同转角下活塞裙中部变形较大，在做功行程变形较为明显，变形区域也随着转角的变化有所不同，有时集中在流场中部，有时却集中在流场周向两边。结果也表明：考虑弹性活塞裙下，油薄膜承载力在吸气、压缩、做功行程有一定增加，而且在做功行程增加较为明显；摩擦力也有所增加，但增加不明显；在排气行程，油薄膜承载力和摩擦力会出现波动，承载力波动较大。     

多缸内燃机缸体瞬态动力分析

建立了某4缸内燃机缸体的有限元模型，运用完全矩阵法进行了缸体的模态分析及瞬态动力分析。分析中考虑了缸套所受的缸套-活塞间的润滑油膜力、曲轴主轴承处所受的油膜动压作用、燃烧室内气体压力的作用以及缸盖对缸体的作用力。缸套活塞间的油膜力通过求解平均雷诺方程得到。曲轴主轴承处所受的油膜力由主轴承油膜润滑与活塞-连杆-曲轴系统动力学的耦合分析得到。瞬态动力学分析表明：该型号的内燃机在工作过程中，缸体的受迫振动主要是弯曲振动及沿缸套轴向的伸缩振动。缸体的振动会对缸套-活塞间的油膜润滑产生很大影响。     

活塞环-缸套贫油润滑特性仿真分析

为研究柴油机在贫油润滑状态下活塞环-缸套摩擦副的润滑特性，以活塞环-缸套摩擦副为研究对象，基于平均雷诺方程和微凸体接触模型，建立活塞环-缸套摩擦副一维混合润滑模型，并在该模型的基础上，根据来流油膜厚度计算贫油状态润滑域，得到贫油润滑模型。通过贫油润滑模型，对不同载荷、不同频率、不同贫油程度对润滑油膜厚度、摩擦力、摩擦因数等参数的影响进行仿真。结果表明：在贫油润滑时油膜厚度分布规律与富油润滑时的分布规律类似，但油膜厚度与润滑区宽度均小于富油润滑；微凸体承载力占比增大，动压润滑效应被削弱，摩擦因数增大。     

分维数对气缸油膜压力场的影响

首次建立起含有分形特性的简化的混合润滑方程。利用分形特性与表面粗糙度的关系,把分形特性引入流量因子;接触因子的引入避免了混合润滑方程求解的复杂性。在此基础上,利用这些因子获得了含有分形特性的简化混合润滑方程。着重讨论了气缸油膜压力场与气缸表面分维数间的关系。结果表明:在分维数较小时,随着分维数的增加,压力场的分布呈现出波动的趋势,且越向活塞顶部靠近,压力峰值越大;在较大的分维数下,压力场的峰值急剧上升,压力场中部的峰值较大。所得结论为合理选择润滑表面提供了理论依据。     

活塞裙部流体动力润滑数值分析

对内燃机活塞-缸套系统的流体动力润滑与动力学行为进行了耦合分析,在考虑活塞二阶运动的基础上建立了活塞裙部润滑的数值模型。运用龙格-库塔方法求解二阶运动模型,并采用有限元方法求解裙部润滑的平均雷诺方程。分析了裙部不同型线、活塞销不同偏置的油膜厚度、油膜压力和活塞摆角等二阶运动状况。在润滑油不同粘度以及是否考虑粘压特性条件下,对油膜摩擦力和摩擦功率进行了对比。结果表明,裙部采用中凸椭圆型线,活塞销向主推力侧偏置,可减小二阶运动,改善润滑状态,润滑油粘度对裙部摩擦损失有较大的影响,而粘压特性则对裙部润滑的影响较小。     

活塞裙润滑油膜温度场有限元分析

利用八节点等参有限单元法，对活塞裙的润滑油膜进行了温度场分析。首先给出了活塞裙的雷诺润滑方程、二阶运动方程以及油膜的能量方程。然后在给出上述方程的有限元求解表达式和步骤的基础上，对它们进行了联立求解。最后以某发动机为例，研究了其活塞裙部润滑油膜温度场在发动机运转周期内的变化。计算结果表明，油膜温度场随曲柄转角的变化而变化；活塞在上止点时，油膜温度从活塞裙上端到下端基本呈递减趋势；活塞位于行程中部时，在靠近活塞裙上端附近，出现高于边界温度的油膜温升；相同轴向位置处，周向温度几乎不变。     

曲轴主轴承油膜动力润滑与系统动力学的耦合分析

在分析内燃机活塞-连杆-曲轴系统的系统动力学行为和曲轴主轴承的流体动压润滑基础上，建立了该系统的系统动力学与流体动力润滑耦合作用下的动力学分析模型，并提出了求解此模型的数值解法，利用机械系统动力学分析软件ADAMS的求解器（Solver）和自己编写的计算流体动力润滑程序连接调用进行了系统动力学与流体动力润滑的耦合分析。通过比较不考虑油膜动力润滑时缸体各部分的动态受力和考虑油膜动力润滑后缸体的动态受力表明：润滑油膜的动力耦合具有使缸体各部位受力趋于均匀化的作用，以下不考虑油膜动力耦合作用的零部件最大受力作为设计依据的零部件设计具有过大的安全裕度，在内燃机零部件设计时考虑摩擦学与系统动力学的耦合是非常必要的。     

柴油机缸套表面织构协同润滑效应

为研究织构间协同润滑效应,基于平均Reynolds方程及微凸体接触方程,建立缸套表面织构混合润滑理论模型,模拟不同凹腔、沟槽织构布置方案的润滑性能.通过重点分析流体动力润滑及混合润滑区域的油膜压力分布来阐述织构间的协同润滑机理,由此对发动机单个工作循环的油膜厚度变化这一表象特征进行说明,并解释量纲为1的摩擦力及摩擦平均有效压力这两个摩擦性能指标的变化.研究表明:表面织构间存在的协同润滑效应能使润滑油从高压油膜区域向低压油膜区域流动,从而降低油膜压力峰值,增加瞬时油膜厚度,强化油膜承载能力;织构间协同润滑效应改善缸套-活塞环摩擦学性能,体现为在流体润滑区域降低油膜压力梯度,在混合润滑区域减少微凸体接触;与沟槽相比,凹腔更能发挥织构间协同润滑效应.     

自由活塞发动机活塞环-气缸套的润滑及摩擦特性

自由活塞发动机(FPE)工作过程中缸内负载特征、活塞运动规律与曲轴式发动机(CE)不同,为研究FPE活塞环润滑及摩擦特性,利用流体润滑方程与微凸体接触方程建立了FPE活塞环润滑及摩擦模型,并通过试验验证了仿真模型的有效性.通过数值仿真对比了相同结构活塞环在FPE与CE两种工作模式下最小油膜厚度、摩擦力及摩擦功率周期历程,分析了FPE活塞环摩擦学参数对润滑及摩擦性能的影响.结果表明:相对于CE,FPE活塞环在上止点附近最小油膜厚度较大,处于边界润滑状态时间历程较短,摩擦力峰值与摩擦损失较小,但摩擦功率峰值明显高于CE;FPE活塞环桶面高度由2,μm增至4,μm,上止点附近最小油膜厚度降幅为47%,,摩擦力峰值增幅为20%,,摩擦损失降幅为4.6%,;FPE活塞环桶面由-50,μm偏移至50,μm,最小油膜厚度在活塞上行过程减小,下行过程增加,膨胀行程的摩擦力峰值及其作用时间减小,摩擦功率峰值降幅为32%,,摩擦损失降幅为5.2%,.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

<正>~~     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.