Two-color mixing for classifying agricultural products for safety and quality

We show that the chromaticness of the visual signal that results from the two-color mixing achieved through an optically enhanced binocular device is directly related to the band ratio of light intensity at the two selected wavebands. A technique that implements the band-ratio criterion in a visual device by using two-color mixing is presented here. The device will allow inspectors to identify targets visually in accordance with a two-wavelength band ratio. It is a method of inspection by human vision assisted by an optical device, which offers greater flexibility and better cost savings than a multispectral machine vision system that implements the band-ratio criterion. With proper selection of the two narrow wavebands, discrimination by chromaticness that is directly related to the band ratio can work well. An example application of this technique for the inspection of carcasses chickens of afficted with various diseases is given. An optimal pair of wavelengths of 454 and 578 nm was selected to optimize differences in saturation and hue in CIE LUV color space among different types of target. Another example application, for the detection of chilling injury in cucumbers, is given, here the selected wavelength pair was 504 and 652 nm. The novel two-color mixing technique for visual inspection can be included in visual devices for various applications, ranging from target detection to food safety inspection.     

Two-wave-band color-mixing binoculars for the detection of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses: a simulation

Visual inspection of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses with a novel two-narrowband color-mixing technique for optically enhanced binoculars is simulated. From mean spectra of wholesome, airsacculitis (air-sac), cadaver, inflammatory process (IP), septicemia-toxemia (septox), and tumor chicken samples, 10 nm wave-band pairs are selected using color difference and chromaticness difference indices for simulation of multitarget and single-target detection. The color appearance simulation uses the CIECAM97s color appearance model. Results show that for multitarget detection, the wave-band pair of (454 nm, 578 nm) is able to differentiate all six chicken conditions. For single-target detection of wholesome, air-sac, cadaver, and tumor, the wave-band pairs of (449 nm, 571 nm), (441 nm, 576 nm), (458 nm, 576 nm), and (431 nm, 501 nm), respectively, easily distinguish the target condition from the other five conditions. For single-target detection of IP and septox, the wave-band pairs of (454 nm, 591 nm) and (454 nm, 590 nm), respectively, are able to differentiate the target conditions from wholesome and tumor conditions but have difficulty with the other chicken conditions. The two-color-mixing technique shows promise for use in small-scale processing plant environments to improve the visual inspection process.     

Stereoscopic system for inexpensive hazardous area three-dimensional robot localization applications based on incoherent optical fiber bundle calibrated for high-resolution image transmission

Computer vision, despite all the recent progress, still cannot be employed technically in most hazardous and harsh industrial areas. Most of the alternative solutions to this modern issue are usually unavailable mainly due to the global visual inspection solution cost. The best suitable option is the use of an incoherent optical fiber bundle (IOFB) that obviously requires a calibration step before image transmission purpose. We already presented our contribution to this topic improving the calibration method of the IOFB for image transmission, with some additional and essential steps that considerably improve the reconstructed image quality while also drastically reducing the processing time needed. We also proposed and evaluated a new full-resolution calibration method in a very recent study. We present and discuss in this paper an application using the IOFB for robot guiding in hazardous areas, based on a stereoscopic vision system. Conclusions compare the low- and full-resolution IOFB calibration methods for the depicted application and introduce some advantages of a specially designed IOFB that could perfectly fit with some industrial applications.     

Fluorescence characteristics of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses

Each chicken carcass intended for U.S. consumers is mandated to be inspected by Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) inspectors for its wholesomeness at the processing plants. Fluorescence responses of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses were characterized and further evaluated for potential on-line applications for detection and classification of wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses. For this study, unwholesome chicken carcasses included cadaver and those with disease conditions such as airsacculitis and septicemia. Fluorescence characteristics from the epidermal layers in the breast areas of chicken carcasses were dynamic in nature. Emission peaks and ridges (maxima) were observed at 386, 444, 472, 512, and 554 nm and valleys (minima) were observed at 410, 460, 484, and 538 nm. One of the major factors affecting the line shapes of fluorescence responses from chicken carcass skin layers was absorption by hemoglobin. With the use of the normalized ratio spectra (NRS) approach, oxyhemoglobin was shown to be a major constituent in chicken carcasses affecting the fluorescence emission line shapes. Subtle line shape changes in the NRS also provided a qualitative means by which to assess the minute differences in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin compositions perturbed by poultry diseases such as septicemia and airsacculitis. With the use of simple fluorescence band ratios as a multivariate model, wholesome and unwholesome chicken carcasses were correctly classified with 97.1% and 94.8% accuracies, respectively. On-line implementation of fluorescence techniques for the assessment of chicken carcass wholesomeness appears promising.     

基于虚拟仪器的PCBA多通道视觉检测系统

在检测误判率足够低的前提下,检测速度通常是制约视觉检测系统在线应用的关键因素.鉴于PCB图像具有大面积绿色阻焊膜且目标组件的位置相对固定的特点,本文提出了一种以区域分割思想为基础的多通道检测技术,用以提高PCBA视觉检测系统的检测速度.首先以单个组件的区域为基本单元,将PCB图像划分为多个独立小区域;然后将系统设置成多个同步检测的通道,并将分割好的小区域图像按照预先设定的顺序分别同时送入不同的通道内进行同步检测;最后基于虚拟仪器开发平台L abV IEW及其视觉开发工具IM AQ V is ion开发出了PCBA 10通道视觉检测系统.通过实验证实,折算之后,10通道系统的单片元件最大检测时间是12.5 m s,内存消耗量是205.0 KB;100通道系统的单片元件最大检测时间是1.25 m s,内存消耗量是2 050 KB.     

ATTRIBUTES FOR EXPEDIENT COMPUTER VISION INSPECTION

The visual inspection of parts as they progress through die manufacturing process is an important task in all industries. Visual inspection, when performed by humans is a tedious task and is prone to error. This is precisely what makes it a good candidate for automation. Although computer vision systems have been around for over 30 years, die industrial applications of vision systems have become practical only in die last decade. Image processing and pattern recognition algorithms used in industrial vision systems are built upon a broad body of knowledge in vision research. But the use of computer vision systems in quality control has been limited to replicating die visual inspection tasks as they would be performed by a human operator. It is die contention of this study that when computerized inspection is employed, quality control inspection plans suitable for computerized inspection should also be employed to assure cost-effectiveness.

We study a simple gauging inspection task and propose a quality control plan that exploits die characteristics of computer vision systems in order to improve cost-effectiveness.     

基于LabVIEW的多通道视觉测速系统设计

目标运动速度与运动状态的快速预判是机器人避障、目标检测与跟踪的关键。经典的初级运动检测器（elementary motion detector,EMD）模型具有在局部范围内的速度矢量敏感特性,在此基础上结合波峰检测算法,提出一种动目标运动速度和运动状态的快速测速法。为验证所提方法的可行性和有效性,以线性排列的光敏传感器阵列为视觉检测单元,在LabVIEW开发环境中,利用雷赛SMC3380运动控制器和研华PCI-1747U数据采集卡,搭建了具有动目标运动控制及动目标信号采集功能的多通道视觉测速系统;通过多通道数据采集及动目标快速测速处理,实现了目标运动速度和运动状态的判别。实验结果表明：多通道视觉测速系统运行稳定,能够实现最大速度为80 mm/s（绝对误差小于±2 mm/s,相对误差小于±3%）,以及最大加速度为20 mm/s²的匀加速运动状态的动目标检测与判断。为机器人视觉感知器的动目标快速预判研究提供了新思路。     

电芯模组激光焊接装配线中原料包装箱智能识别上料龙门装置

目的 电芯模组激光焊接装配线上料单位质量大,存在用时长、效率低、上料精准度低的问题,无法满足装配线48 s持续、稳定、精准上料需求,因此基于机器视觉设计一种原料包装箱智能识别上料龙门装置。方法 采用SolidWorks设计龙门上料装置机械结构;基于工艺流程设计电气控制系统;通过机器视觉检测判定包装箱正反以确保正确供料方向;以第1个包装箱视觉检测位置为基准,确定每层4个包装箱的机械手抓取标定位置,并进行偏差补偿,以确定机械手实际抓取坐标;PLC与视觉装置通过TCP通讯,驱动吸盘准确吸取包装箱至入料口。结果 通过实践测试,龙门装置每包装盒上料速度为24~48 s。结论 系统满足装配线供料效率需求,上料精准度明显提升,节约了人力成本。     

HT在玻管检测中的应用

文章介绍了视觉检测技术中重要的Hough变换方法及其在直线检测中的的基本原理，给出了计算机视觉测量所涉及的摄像机标定的数字模型，并结合面阵CCD传感器的应用技术，提出了玻管质量检测系统的工作原理，最后给出的实验结果，验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Quantifying Surface Deformation With the Edge of Light-Enhanced Visual Inspection

Edge of light (EOL) is a rapid enhanced visual inspection technique developed by the Institute for Aerospace Research, National Research Council Canada. One application of interest is the inspection of aircraft lap joints for pillowing deformation caused by hidden corrosion. The EOL technique provides an intuitive result, which is a representation of surface topography. However, a quantitative interpretation of the inspection results is still a challenge. In this paper, the quantification of surface deformation is investigated by using a laser-displacement sensor as a calibration tool. A procedure that implements the reconstruction of the deformed surface from EOL scanning is proposed. Experimental results obtained from a pillowing simulator and a service-retired aircraft lap joint are presented in this paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

The range of stereoscopic perception: influence of binocular summation,interocular differences in optical quality and halo perception

The study of the visual function and optical quality of the eye has become a fundamental aim in the characterization of visual performance, especially in binocular vision, as this is our natural state of visual perception and because of its importance in clinical applications. Interocular asymmetry affects visual performance, and therefore its effect on different visual functions and stereopsis is of interest. In this work, we analyse interocular differences in optical quality (higher order aberrations and Strehl ratio) on the maximum disparity (the total range of stereoscopic perception) under mesopic conditions. We also analyse the relationship between the maximum disparity and the visual-discrimination capacity (halo perception) or binocular summation. The results in normal observers show a deterioration of the range of stereoscopic perception with the interocular differences in optical quality and with a higher perception of halos. Regarding the binocular summation for the visual functions studied, a positive correlation with the maximum disparity is found.     

Disordered Optics: Exploiting Multiple Light Scattering and Wavefront Shaping for Nonconventional Optical Elements

Advances in diverse areas such as inspection, imaging, manufacturing, telecommunications, and information processing have been stimulated by novel optical devices. Conventional material ingredients for these devices are typically made of homogeneous refractive or diffractive materials and require sophisticated design and fabrication, which results in practical limitations related to their form and functional figures of merit. To overcome such limitations, recent developments in the application of disordered materials as novel optical elements have indicated great potential in enabling functionalities that go beyond their conventional counterparts, while the materials exhibit potential advantages with respect to reduced form factors. Combined with wavefront shaping, disordered materials enable dynamic transitions between multiple functionalities in a single active optical device. Recent progress in this field is summarized to gain insight into the physical principles behind disordered optics with regard to their advantages in various applications as well as their limitations compared to conventional optics.     

基于RBF神经网络的结构光三维视觉检测方法研究

研究了基于RBF神经网络的结构光三维视觉检测方法。该方法利用了RBF网络良好的非线性映射能力以及学习、泛化能力，通过采用高精度样本数据训练RBF网络，最终建立起了用于结构光三维视觉检测的RBF网络模型。与常规方法相比，它不需要考虑视觉模型误差、光学调整误差等对视觉检测系统测量精度的影响，因而能够有效地克服常规建模方法的不足，保证了检测系统具有较高的精度。     

Field-programmable logic devices with optical input-output

A field-programmable logic device (FPLD) with optical I/O is described. FPLD's with optical I/O can have their functionality specified in the field by means of downloading a control-bit stream and can be used in a wide range of applications, such as optical signal processing, optical image processing, and optical interconnects. Our device implements six state-of-the-art dynamically programmable logic arrays (PLA's) on a 2 mm x 2 mm die. The devices were fabricated through the Lucent Technologies-Advanced Research Projects Agency-Consortium for Optical and Optoelectronic Technologies in Computing (Lucent/ARPA/COOP) workshop by use of 0.5-mum complementary metal-oxide semiconductor-self-electro-optic device technology and were delivered in 1998. All devices are fully functional: The electronic data paths have been verified at 200 MHz, and optical tests are pending. The device has been programmed to implement a two-stage optical switching network with six 4 x 4 crossbar switches, which can realize more than 190 x 10(6) unique programmable input-output permutations. The same device scaled to a 2 cm x 2 cm substrate could support as many as 4000 optical I/O and 1 Tbit/s of optical I/O bandwidth and offer fully programmable digital functionality with approximately 110,000 programmable logic gates. The proposed optoelectronic FPLD is also ideally suited to realizing dense, statically reconfigurable crossbar switches. We describe an attractive application area for such devices: a rearrangeable three-stage optical switch for a wide-area-network backbone, switching 1000 traffic streams at the OC-48 data rate and supporting several terabits of traffic.     

带钢表面缺陷视觉检测系统关键技术研究

为满足钢板表面缺陷在线检测系统宽幅面、高速、高分辨率的检测要求，讨论了基于线阵CCD的钢板表面缺陷视觉检测系统实现的关键技术；优化设计了视觉检测系统的光学照明部分，以检测不同类型的缺陷。通过软件系统的特殊设计，以保证实时在线检测。针对缺陷图像低对比度、高噪声的特点，提出了基于灰度统计特性的图像边缘检测方法，并实现了对缺陷图像的自适应阈值分割。依据图像的缺陷统计特性，定义了缺陷的灰度、几何等特征量，用于缺陷分类。本系统样机已在实验室环境下运行。     

超声波技术在食品生产检测和食品安全检测中的应用进展

超声波这项新技术被用于研究和诊断领域已经有很多年了。本文分别例举了超声波技术在乳品品质检测,肉制品品质检测,面粉品质检测,果蔬产品品质检测,添加剂分析,农药残留分析和金属元素分析上的应用。旨在对其目前在食品生产领域和食品安全检测领域中的应用及其进展进行介绍,为新检测技术研究者提供参考资料。     

Design and implementation of a modulator-based free-space optical backplane for multiprocessor applications

Design and implementation of a free-space optical backplane for multiprocessor applications is presented. The system is designed to interconnect four multiprocessor nodes that communicate by using multiplexed 32-bit packets. Each multiprocessor node is electrically connected to an optoelectronic VLSI chip which implements the hyperplane interconnection architecture. The chips each contain 256 optical transmitters (implemented as dual-rail multiple quantum-well modulators) and 256 optical receivers. A rigid free-space microoptical interconnection system that interconnects the transceiver chips in a 512-channel unidirectional ring is implemented. Full design, implementation, and operational details are provided.     

眼护具冲击测试仪的研制

根据国家标准计量局制订的防冲击眼护具试验方法的国标要求 ,提出一种眼护具冲击测试仪的研制方案 ,实现对防护眼镜和防护面罩的安全性能进行可靠精确的检测。文中具体阐述了系统工作原理 ,发射装置设计 ,及基于单片机加CPLD双片结构的信号处理装置硬件设计和程序流程。试验结果和试运行情况表明该仪器达到了预期的性能指标和要求     

Heat-sealing integrity assessment through nondestructive evaluation techniques

Sealing is a critical step in different packaging industries. In heat sealing as one of the major types of sealing processes, two layers of materials (typically thermoplastics) are joined together through the application of heat and pressure load for a certain sealing time. Due to the capabilities of the heat-sealing process to seal different kinds and sizes of packages, it has a wide range of applications in many different industries such as the packaging of food and medical products. The quality and integrity of sealings produced by these techniques are crucial for the quality and safety of the contained materials. In this paper, different types and processes of sealing are discussed. Due to the variations in shape, size, and complexity of the sealing region, quality testing and inspection of these products is a challenging task. Nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDTE) techniques can be promising tools to overcome these challenges. Furthermore, a detailed study of various types of potential defects and their generation mechanism in heat sealing is presented. Then, various types of NDTE techniques that can be potentially used for the inspection of heat-sealing regions and their working principles, as well as their strength and weakness in sealing inspection, are debated. Finally, several cases of sealing inspection and relevant NDTE techniques that are developed as standard procedures are presented. The discussions in this study provide useful information for the selection and implementation of appropriate quality inspection and inline quality monitoring of sealing parts and processes.     

Simple multiscale algorithm for layer detection with lidar

Lidar is a powerful active remote sensing device used in the detection of the optical properties of aerosols and clouds. However, there are difficulties in layer detection and classification. Many previous methods are too complex for large dataset analysis or limited to data with too high a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this study, a mechanism of multiscale detection and overdetection rejection is proposed based on a trend index function that we define. Finally, we classify layers based on connected layers employing a quantity known as the threshold of the peak-to-base ratio. We find good consistency between retrieved results employing our method and visual analysis. The testing of synthetic signals shows that our algorithm performs well with SNRs higher than 4. The results demonstrate that our algorithm is simple, practical, and suited to large dataset applications.