Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and their alternatives in paper food packaging

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used in food contact paper and paperboard for decades due to their unique ability to provide both moisture and oil/grease resistance. Once thought to be innocuous, it is now clear that long chain PFAS bioaccumulate and are linked to reproductive and developmental abnormalities, suppressed immune response, and tumor formation. Second-generation PFAS have shorter biological half-lives but concerns about health risks from chronic exposure underscore the need for safe substitutes. Waxes and polymer film laminates of polyethylene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol), and polyethylene terephthalate are commonly used alternatives. However, such laminates are neither compostable nor recyclable. Lamination with biodegradable polymers, including polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene adipate terephthalate, polybutylene succinate, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, are of growing research and commercial interest. PLA films are perhaps the most viable alternative, but performance and compostability are suboptimal. Surface sizings and coatings of starches, chitosan, alginates, micro- and nanofibrilated cellulose, and gelatins provide adequate oil barrier properties but have poor moisture resistance without chemical modification. Plant proteins, including soy, wheat gluten, and corn zein, have been tested as paper coatings with soy being the most commercially important. Internal sizing agents, such as alkyl ketene dimers, alkenyl succinic anhydride, and rosin, improve moisture resistance but are poor oil/grease barriers. The difficulty in finding a viable replacement for PFAS chemicals that is cost-effective, fully biodegradable, and environmentally sound underscores the need for more research to improve barrier properties and process economics in food packaging products.     

脐血中全氟及多氟烷基化合物暴露水平及其影响因素研究

目的 了解河南省某地新生儿脐血中全氟及多氟烷基（PFASs）的暴露水平及其影响因素。方法 基于2013—2015年河南某地建立的出生队列,检测了336名新生儿脐血中11种PFASs水平,采用广义线性回归分析产妇社会人口特征、生活方式和膳食摄入对新生儿脐血PFASs水平的影响。结果产妇年龄大（GM比值在1.03～1.05）、家庭平均月收入高（GM比值在1.30～1.63）、孕期有吸烟史（GM比值2.90;95%CI:1.11,7.56）和被动吸烟（GM比值1.84;95%CI:1.02,3.32）可能增加脐血PFASs暴露水平;产妇孕期工作（GM比值0.82;95%CI:0.67,1.00）及经产妇（GM比值0.65;95%CI:0.51,0.82）脐带血中的PFASs浓度较低。产妇孕期摄入牛羊肉、南瓜、蒜苗和咸菜频率高与脐血PFASs升高有关（GM比值在1.33～1.80）,而孕期摄入较多的橘子、牛奶、白菜和茄子等其脐血PFASs浓度较低（GM比值在0.68～0.82）。结论 产妇年龄、家庭收入、产妇孕期有吸烟史和被动吸烟、产次、牛羊肉和植物源性食物摄入可能会影响新生儿PFASs暴露水...     

全氟/多氟烷基化合物的毒理学研究进展及新型替代物健康危害

全氟/多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）因有优良的理化特性,在当前工业生产领域具有无可替代的地位,在世界各地被广泛使用,但由于其具有极强的生物蓄积性和环境持久性,进入环境后不易降解,会对人体健康造成不可忽视的伤害,包括神经、免疫、内分泌、生殖发育、肝肾毒性,因此受到世界各国的重视和严格的管控。传统PFASs的使用受限导致替代物被大量开发,近几年在环境和生物体内检测到越来越多的新型替代物,同时它们表现出比传统PFASs更强的生物毒性,但目前依然缺乏对于PFASs替代物及前体的毒性研究和暴露评估数据。本文对近五年传统PFASs的毒理学研究结果进行综述,并对几种检测频率较高的替代物及前体的人体接触水平及对健康的影响进行总结,为PFASs新型替代物的进一步研究和监管措施提供科学依据。     

食品接触材料中全氟/多氟烷基化合物的监管及对其替代品的思考

全氟/多氟烷基化合物(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是食品接触材料中的风险物质,由它所引起的食品安全问题,是国际国内社会关注的焦点。因此研究广泛存在的PFASs给社会群体带来的问题,提高社会各界的意识,引导对PFASs替代品的思考,具有十分重要的意义。本文分析了食品接触材料中PFASs的应用及膳食暴露,PFASs对人体健康的危害,总结了国际各主要贸易体的监管措施,简单梳理了PFASs替代品的研究进展,对各利益相关方提出了要求和建议,并展望了研发绿色的非氟PFASs替代品的发展趋势。     

Dietary pectic substances enhance gut health by its polycomponent: A review

Pectic substances, one of the cell wall polysaccharides, exist widespread in vegetables and fruits. A surge of recent research has revealed that pectic substances can inhibit gut inflammation and relieve inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. However, physiological functions of pectins are strongly structure dependent. Pectic substances are essentially heteropolysaccharides composed of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan backbones substituted by various neutral sugar sidechains. Subtle changes in the architecture of pectic substances may remarkably influence the nutritional function of gut microbiota and the host homeostasis of immune system. In this context, developing a structure–function understanding of how pectic substances have an impact on an inflammatory bowel is of primary importance for diet therapy and new drugs. Therefore, the present review has summarized the polycomponent nature of pectic substances, the activities of different pectic polymers, the effects of molecular characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of pectic substances. The immunomodulated property of pectic substances depends on not only the chemical composition but also the physical structure characteristics, such as molecular weight (M_w) and chain conformation. The potential mechanisms by which pectic substances exert their protective effects are mainly reversing the disordered gut microbiota, regulating immune cells, enhancing barrier function, and inhibiting pathogen adhesion. The manipulation of pectic substances on gut health is sophisticated, and the link between structural specificity of pectins and selective regulation needs further exploration.     

Improved characterization of gas-particle partitioning for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere using annular diffusion denuder samplers

Gas-phase perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) sorb strongly on filter material (i.e., GFF, QFF) used in conventional high volume air samplers, which results in an overestimation of the particle-phase concentration. In this study, we investigated an improved technique for measuring the gas-particle partitioning of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) using an annular diffusion denuder sampler. Samples were analyzed for 7 PFAS classes [i.e., PFCAs, perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer methacrylates (FTMACs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs)]. The measured particulate associated fraction (Φ') using the diffusion denuder sampler generally followed the trend FTACs (0%) < FTOHs (~8%) < FOSAs (~21%) < PFSAs (~29%) < FOSEs (~66%), whereas the Φ' of the C(8)-C(18) PFCAs increased with carbon chain length, and ranged from 6% to 100%. The ionizability of some PFASs, when associated with particles, is an important consideration when calculating the gas-particle partitioning coefficient as both ionic and neutral forms can be present in the particles. Here we differentiate between a gas-particle partitioning coefficient for neutral species, K(p), and one that accounts for both ionic and neutral species of a compound, K(p)'. The measured K(p)' for PFSAs and PFCAs was 4-5 log units higher compared to the interpolated K(p) for the neutral form only. The measured K(p)' can be corrected (to apply to the neutral form only) with knowledge of the pK(a) of the chemical and the pH of the condensed medium ("wet" particle or aqueous aerosol). The denuder-based sampling of PFASs has yielded a robust data set that demonstrates the importance of atmospheric pH and chemical pK(a) values in determining gas-particle partitioning of PFASs.     

武汉市一般人群血清中全氟及多氟烷基化合物浓度及其影响因素研究

目的 了解武汉市一般人群血清中全氟及多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)浓度,探索血清中PFASs浓度水平的影响因素.方法 以在武汉市某医院进行一般体检的人群为研究对象(n = 67),通过超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-TQ/MS)联用仪测定外周血清中12种PFASs浓度,采用多元线性回归分析方法分析一般人口学特征...     

柑橘果实芳香物质研究进展

介绍了柑橘果实皮和汁中芳香物质的提取、组成、鉴定等方面的研究进展情况。     

Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review

Natural products, including bee products, are particularly appreciated by consumers and are used for therapeutic purposes as alternative drugs. However, it is not known whether treatments with bee products are safe and how to minimise the health risks of such products. Among others, bee pollen is a natural honeybee product promoted as a valuable source of nourishing substances and energy. The health‐enhancing value of bee pollen is expected due to the wide range of secondary plant metabolites (tocopherol, niacin, thiamine, biotin and folic acid, polyphenols, carotenoid pigments, phytosterols), besides enzymes and co‐enzymes, contained in bee pollen. The promising reports on the antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticariogenic antibacterial, antifungicidal, hepatoprotective, anti‐atherosclerotic, immune enhancing potential require long‐term and large cohort clinical studies. The main difficulty in the application of bee pollen in modern phytomedicine is related to the wide species‐specific variation in its composition. Therefore, the variations may differently contribute to bee‐pollen properties and biological activity and thus in therapeutic effects. In principle, we can unequivocally recommend bee pollen as a valuable dietary supplement. Although the bee‐pollen components have potential bioactive and therapeutic properties, extensive research is required before bee pollen can be used in therapy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of machine learning to the monitoring and prediction of food safety: A review

Machine learning (ML) has proven to be a useful technology for data analysis and modeling in a wide variety of domains, including food science and engineering. The use of ML models for the monitoring and prediction of food safety is growing in recent years. Currently, several studies have reviewed ML applications on foodborne disease and deep learning applications on food. This article presents a literature review on ML applications for monitoring and predicting food safety. The paper summarizes and categorizes ML applications in this domain, categorizes and discusses data types used for ML modeling, and provides suggestions for data sources and input variables for future ML applications. The review is based on three scientific literature databases: Scopus, CAB Abstracts, and IEEE. It includes studies that were published in English in the period from January 1, 2011 to April 1, 2021. Results show that most studies applied Bayesian networks, Neural networks, or Support vector machines. Of the various ML models reviewed, all relevant studies showed high prediction accuracy by the validation process. Based on the ML applications, this article identifies several avenues for future studies applying ML models for the monitoring and prediction of food safety, in addition to providing suggestions for data sources and input variables.     

Biological activity and processing technologies of edible insects: a review

Food Science and Biotechnology - The burgeoning global population growth has raised concerns regarding the expected increase in the demand for food, which could be partially tackled by identifying...     

阪崎肠杆菌的生物学性状与健康危害

阪崎肠杆菌是肠杆菌科的一种,1980年由黄色阴沟肠杆菌更名为阪崎肠杆菌。阪崎肠杆菌能引起严重的新生儿脑膜炎、小肠结肠炎和菌血症,死亡率高达50%以上。目前,微生物学家尚不清楚阪崎肠杆菌的污染来源,但许多病例报告表明婴儿配方粉是目前发现的主要感染渠道。阪崎肠杆菌的生物学性状及其对人群的健康危害受到人们的关注并被报告。     

食品级κ-卡拉胶对肥胖小鼠致结肠炎风险及体脂蓄积的影响

卡拉胶与酪蛋白的结合对肠道屏障具有一定的保护作用,为研究两者在体外消化模拟中消化酶是否是影响多糖或多糖-蛋白复合体系构象转变的主要因素,本文以κ-卡拉胶为研究对象,选择酪蛋白为基质,探究体外模拟消化环境中消化酶对κ-卡拉胶/酪蛋白复合体系结合稳定性的影响。结果表明,消化酶对κ-卡拉胶与酪蛋白的结合影响不大,但可以使体系硫酸基团暴露量显著增加,不利于κ-卡拉胶的构型。体系中的酪蛋白被分解为低分子量的蛋白质或肽段,使得复合体系的特征长度增加,相互作用减弱,粘弹性下降,双螺旋结构稳定性降低。本研究为κ-卡拉胶的安全应用提供了理论依据。

     

Inhibitory substances produced by Lactobacilli isolated from sourdoughs--a review

Several sourdough lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce inhibitory substances other than organic acids. Bacteriocins (bavaricin A, and plantaricin ST31), a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS C57), and a new antibiotic (reutericyclin) have been discovered. Maximum antimicrobial production was found in the pH range 4.0-6.0. Temperature optima vary strongly. The substances are resistant to heat and acidity, and inactivated by proteolytic enzymes, except for reutericyclin. Bavaricin A and plantaricin ST31 have been purified to homogeneity. Bavaricin A is classified as a class IIa bacteriocin. Reutericyclin is a new tetramic acid. The mode of action of bavaricin A, BLIS C57, and reutericyclin is bactericidal. Some of these substances are active towards some Bacilli, Staphylococci and Listeria strains. Up to now, only the application potential of purified bavaricin A has been examined. More research should be done to study the production, the activity, and the stability of these inhibitory substances in food systems as these often differ from the broths mostly used in this kind of studies. Furthermore, an extensive screening of the sourdough microflora must be performed, in particular towards Bacilli and fungi. This could lead to the discovery of additional inhibitory substances, although it seems that the frequency of isolating bacteriocin-producing sourdough LAB is low. However, potent antimicrobials towards Bacilli as well as antifungal substances will have to be found using rational screening strategies and novel purification and analytical techniques.     

Biological Properties of Melanoidins: A Review

Melanoidins are brown, high molecular weight products of Maillard reaction, which takes place during thermal processing of food. They are formed in a multistage reaction between reducing sugars and compounds possessing free amino groups and found in roasted coffee, bakery products, cooked meat, beer, honey, sweet wine, processed tomatoes, and fiber. Nowadays, melanoidins have attracted a lot of attention, not only as a functional food ingredient, but also as a potential pro-healthy dietary supplement. In this field, their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and detoxifying activity have been described. Based on recent research developments, an overview of the biological properties of melanoidins with implications for human health is presented.