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1.
通过静态高压釜实验研究了NZ2、NZ8两种含Nb锆合金在400℃/10.3MPa蒸汽中的腐蚀规律;透射电镜及中子衍射对两种新锆合金α-Zr基体的显微结构进行分析;X射线衍射法、拉曼光谱法研究了它们在400℃蒸汽中腐蚀后氧化膜的晶体结构。腐蚀规律研究表明,400℃蒸汽中,NZ2合金的耐腐蚀性能较NZ8的好。α-Zr基体的显微结构研究显示,NZ2合金第二相粒子主要包括C14型Zr(Fe,Cr)2和Zr(Fe,Cr,Nb)2两种类型,α-Zr基体中固溶的Nb含量低于平衡固溶度;NZ8合金中只发现了一种Zr-Fe-Nb第二相粒子,Nb元素过饱和存在于α-Zr基体。氧化膜晶体结构研究显示,转折前氧化膜由四方相和单斜相组成,转折时,氧化膜内部出现了立方相,立方相的形成与Nb的添加密切相关;氧化膜中四方相含量越高,锆合金的耐腐蚀性能越好。大量Zr-Fe-Nb第二相粒子以及α-Zr基体中过饱和的Nb含量增加了NZ8合金氧化膜局部体积膨胀,促进了裂纹的生成,加速了氧化膜内部四方相向单斜相的转变,从而使腐蚀加速,而α-Zr基体中低于平衡固溶度的Nb含量及少量Zr(Fe,Cr)2和Zr(Fe,Cr,Nb)2第二相粒子使NZ2合金耐腐蚀性能相对较好。 相似文献
2.
Fe-Cr合金预氧化后涂覆KCl盐膜的热腐蚀行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为开发新型耐高温氯化腐蚀合金及防护涂层,对比研究了750 ℃下Fe-20%Cr(质量分数)合金直接涂KCl和预氧化后再涂KCl盐膜条件下的热腐蚀行为.采用XRD及EPMA对其现象进行分析,结果表明:预氧化生成的初始Cr2O3层对Fe-20%Cr合金在KCl盐膜下的热腐蚀有一定的保护作用,表现为降低腐蚀速率,减轻腐蚀对基体的破坏并维持氧化膜的完整性;Fe-20%Cr在750℃KCl盐膜下的腐蚀产物主要是Fe2O3,Cr2O3以及少量K2Fe2O4和K2Cr2O7等复杂氧化物,其中Fe2O3分布在氧化膜外层,而Cr2O3集中于靠近氧化膜/基体界面的氧化膜内侧.用热力学理论解释了这种氧化膜的形成原因. 相似文献
3.
涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H的热腐蚀行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用增重分析法研究涂有Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的Super304H在650,750℃空气中的腐蚀动力学曲线,采用XRD,SEM(EDS)和EPMA对腐蚀产物、腐蚀截面形貌和元素分布进行分析。结果表明:涂覆Na_2SO_4-25%NaCl盐膜的合金在650,750℃的腐蚀动力学曲线均呈"抛物线"趋势;合金表面形成了含CuFe_2O_4的富Fe氧化物(外层)与富Cr_2O_3(内层)组成的双层氧化膜以及含有孔隙的贫Cr、富Ni的腐蚀影响区;提高腐蚀温度或延长腐蚀时间均可以导致氧化膜与基体分离甚至剥落,腐蚀影响区孔隙密度增大,裂纹向基体延伸。分析认为:腐蚀初期合金发生选择性氧化,形成多层氧化膜;复合盐的熔融破坏氧化膜的完整性,加速氧化、氯化以及硫化的交互作用,导致内硫化和内氧化。 相似文献
4.
NiCr合金在KCl-ZnCl2盐膜下含氯氧化性气氛中的腐蚀 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了纯Ni、纯Cr以及3种不同Cr含量的NiCr合金在600℃KCl-ZnCl2盐膜下含氯氧化性气氛中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,5种材料均发生了严重的加速腐蚀.在材料表面形成了多孔的氧化膜,并发生了开裂,在氧化膜与基体金属的界面处有金属氯化物生成.NiCr合金的腐蚀增质比纯Ni和纯Cr的小.Ni50Cr和纯Cr有较高的腐蚀速度,前者与其具有的双相组织有关,后者是其氧化膜易脱落所致.材料的加速腐蚀机制是氯化物蒸汽的气相输运加速了金属离子向外扩散速度的‘活化氧化'. 相似文献
5.
溅射CoCrAlY涂层对NiAl金属间化合物热腐蚀性能的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文采用电化学及物相分析技术研究了NiAl和NiAi(Fe)金属间化合物在熔融NaCl-(Na,K)_2SO_4中的腐蚀行为及溅射CoCrAlY涂层对NiAi(Fe)耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,NiAl和NiAl(Fe)合金的耐蚀性能极差,硫化-氧化是合金腐蚀破坏的根据本原因。合金表面不能形成Al_2O_3保护层,Al的氧化相反会加速合金腐蚀。向NiAl合金中添加Fe可在一定程度上改善NiAi(Fe)的耐蚀性能。 相似文献
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预涂覆碱金属硫酸盐的HR3C在含SO_2气氛中的热腐蚀行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为了探讨HR3C耐SO_2腐蚀机制,应用XRD,SEM(EDS)和EMPA等分析方法对预涂覆碱金属硫酸盐的HR3C在不同温度与含量SO_2气氛中腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明:腐蚀动力学曲线呈现“抛物线”趋势;腐蚀产物主要由(Fe,Cr)氧化物、少量尖晶石结构的复杂氧化物以及(Fe,Ni)硫化物组成;SO_2浓度的提高导致氧化膜明显增厚,劣化氧化膜与基体的结合;此外,腐蚀影响区的孔隙率增加,且在氧化物-腐蚀影响区界面处生成硫化物带。分析认为HR3C在SO_2气氛中的腐蚀是由合金元素的氧化与硫化所致;而且,金属氧化物的硫酸盐化与三元共晶复合盐的形成以及合金元素Fe在熔盐中的溶解也对HR3C合金腐蚀产生作用。 相似文献
8.
采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法,研究Ge、Si元素对锆合金中与腐蚀相关的ZrO_2氧化膜相和Zr(Fe,Cr)_2第二相能量与电子结构的影响。合金形成热、结合能的计算结果表明:ZrO_2四方相结构不稳定,立方相易形成且结构稳定,氧化膜晶体结构从四方相向立方相发生转变影响锆合金的耐腐蚀性能;Ge、Si元素均降低ZrO_2立方相的结构稳定性和形成能力,与Ge相比,Si易取代Zr(Fe,Cr)_2第二相中的Cr,增加锆合金Fe/Cr原子比。电子态密度和Mulliken电子占据数的计算结果表明:ZrO_2中Zr与O存在杂化共振与较强的离子键作用,Ge、Si降低ZrO_2立方相结构稳定性的原因主要在于削弱了Zr-O之间的离子键作用;ZrO_2氧化膜相和Zr(Fe,Cr)_2第二相是影响锆合金耐腐蚀性能的两个重要因素,对Si而言,形成含Si的Zr(Fe,Cr)_2第二相对锆合金耐腐蚀性能产生不利影响,改善锆合金耐腐蚀性能需要ZrO_2晶体结构改变占主导地位;对Ge而言,含Ge的Zr(Fe,Cr)_2第二相难形成,第二相对锆合金耐腐蚀性能的影响相对Si较小,减缓ZrO_2由四方相向立方相的转变倾向,是Ge改善锆合金耐腐蚀性能的重要原因。 相似文献
9.
水蒸气加速Fe-Cr合金高温氧化的作用 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
研究了Fe15Cr和Fe20Cr合金在900~1000℃含水蒸气的氧气中的氧化行为在氧化初期,由于形成富铬的保护性氧化膜,FeCr表现为较慢的钝性氧化行为但随之形成富铁氧化层,因而表现为快速的活性氧化行为这种转变对气氛中的水蒸气含量、温度以及铬含量都非常敏感水蒸气含量越高,出现活性氧化的时间越早;在湿氧中温度升高或减少铬含量也有利于活性氧化的出现用金相、X-射线衍射、SEM和EPMA观察分析了氧化产物提出了水蒸气加速Fe-Cr合金高温氧化的作用机制 相似文献
10.
用热重法研究了GH3535合金在700,900℃空气中的恒温和循环氧化行为。结果表明,GH3535合金的抗氧化性能取决于氧化温度和氧化方式。在恒温氧化条件下,GH3535合金具有较高的高温抗氧化性能;在循环氧化条件下其氧化性能恶化,在900℃氧化时出现加速氧化现象,氧化皮脱落严重。X射线衍射与能谱分析表明,GH3535合金在700℃和900℃恒温氧化500 h的氧化膜由Cr2O3,Mn O2,以及尖晶石Ni Mn2O4,Ni2Si O4和Fe Cr2O4组成,在700℃循环氧化产物中出现了Mo O2,Ni Fe2O4,Ni Cr2O4,而在900℃氧化产物中出现了Ni Mo O4。保护性氧化层的开裂和剥落及大量Mo元素持续参与氧化,是造成GH3535合金循环氧化性能恶化的主要原因。 相似文献
11.
《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2018,113(9):1488-1506
In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method. 相似文献
12.
Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production ex-factory inspection trade 《中国标准化(英文版)》2008,25(1):24-25
Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.…… 相似文献
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A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa. 相似文献
15.
Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß. 相似文献
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On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.…… 相似文献
17.
C. Qihong W. Zhan‐Wen J. Yi J. Yehua L. Fei F. Hanguang 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2014,45(7):582-590
In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M2(B,C), (W,Mo)2(B,C), M3(B,C), M23(B,C)6 type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm2. The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K1 mill housing of bar mill. 相似文献
18.
《中国标准化(英文版)》2014,(4)
正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from 相似文献
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《中国标准化(英文版)》2014,(5)
正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively. 相似文献
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《中国标准化(英文版)》2014,(4)
正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to 相似文献