糙米含水率对碾米性能影响的试验研究

通过加湿调质的方法适当提高糙米的含水率,分析糙米含水率与碾米能耗、整精米率、裂纹率、碎米率及力学指标之间的关系,以提高整精米率,降低碾米能耗、裂纹率及碎米率,确定最适碾米含水率。研究结果表明:糙米在加湿调质后的含水率与碾米能耗、整精米率、裂纹率及碎米率之间存在密切相关性,在试验参数范围内,稻谷碾米后的整精米率在含水率15.5%时精米率达到最大值70.78%,碎米率在含水率15.5%时达到最小值4.28%,稻谷最适宜的碾米加工的含水率为15.5%。研究结果可为糙米加湿调质工艺提供参考依据。     

粳稻谷出米率与出糙率及整精米率关系探讨

通过对69份粳稻谷样品出米率、出糙率及整精米率的测定,探讨粳稻谷出米率与出糙率及整精米率关系。同品种的粳稻谷出米率与整精米率及出糙率有很好的相关性,不同品种的粳稻谷出米率与整精米率无相关性,与出糙率有很好的相关性。     

接枝淀粉接枝率与浆纱性能的关系

探讨接枝率与接枝淀粉上浆性能的关系.测试了不同接枝率的接枝淀粉的浆液黏度,并用接枝淀粉对涤/棉65/35 13tex纱进行上浆,研究了接枝淀粉接枝率与浆纱断裂强力、断裂伸长率、耐磨增强率、毛羽降低率之间的关系.结果表明:随着接枝率的增大,除浆纱断裂伸长率呈现持续增大的趋势外,断裂强力、耐磨增强率、毛羽降低率均呈现先增大后降低的趋势;当接枝淀粉的接枝率为16%～18%时,浆纱综合性能较好.     

接装纸通风率数学模型在混合型卷烟设计中的应用

为了得到不同焦油量的混合型卷烟产品,考察和测试了一排、两排在线激光打孔条件下的卷烟总通风率、接装纸通风率、卷烟纸通风率三者之间的关系,建立了接装纸通风率与焦油之间的数学模型.结果表明:①在总通风率低的情况下,卷烟纸的通风率起主要作用;在总通风率高的情况下,接装纸的通风率起主要作用,而卷烟纸的通风率作用逐步减小;②对于低焦油混合型卷烟产品,特别是接装纸通风率稳定在45%左右的产品,应采用两排在线激光打孔;而接装纸通风率较低,焦油量相对高的产品,一般采用一排激光打孔;③建立了接装纸通风率与焦油之间的数学模型,通过该模型计算出接装纸通风率,再调整在线激光打孔的技术参数,可实现产品设计的技术要求.     

打叶质量与出片率的关系

为优化 12 0 0 0kg/h 4打 11分卧式打叶机的工艺参数 ,根据生产线实测结果 ,用相关方法分析了打叶复烤生产线流量、打前烟叶含水率、温度及打叶机组工艺参数对打叶去梗质量及出片率的影响。结果表明 ,随着打叶流量逐渐增大 ,碎片率呈近似“U”形变化趋势 ,叶中含梗率及梗中含叶率也随之升高 ;在一定范围内 ,随着打前烟叶含水率和温度的升高 ,>12 .7mm叶片率提高 ,<3.18mm碎片率和梗中含叶率降低 ;随着 >12 .7mm叶片率的提高 ,虽可减少打叶造碎及梗中含叶率 ,提高出片率 ,但会增大叶中含梗率。     

机械加工方式及油脂对胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素生物接近度的影响

研究不同机械加工方式(1 mm×1 mm×1 mm切丁、2 mm×2 mm×2 mm切丁、打浆)和油脂(添加量0%、3%、5%、10%)对β-胡萝卜素生物接近度的影响。采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定β-胡萝卜素浓度,采用静态体外消化法、以释放率和胶束化率为指标评估β-胡萝卜素生物接近度。结果表明:3种机械加工处理的胡萝卜在相同油脂添加量条件下,β-胡萝卜素的释放率和胶束化率由大至小的排序均为:打浆处理(释放率为2.069%~32.565%,胶束化率为0.324%~1.999%)、切丁1 mm×1 mm×1 mm(释放率为1.088%~6.162%,胶束化率为0.226%~0.911%)和2 mm×2 mm×2 mm(释放率为0.335%~4.102%,胶束化率为0.109%~0.242%);不同油脂添加量均提高了胡萝卜中β-胡萝卜素的释放率和胶束化率,且油脂添加量分别与释放率和胶束化率均呈线性关系,但是提高幅度因机械加工方式不同而异:10%油脂添加量与无油脂添加相比,打浆处理的释放率提高了约15倍,胶束化率提高了约5倍,1 mm×1 mm×1 mm胡萝卜丁的释放率和胶束化率分别提高了约5倍、3倍,2 mm×2 mm×2 mm胡萝卜丁的释放率和胶束化率则分别提高了11倍、1倍。     

弹力纬纱织物纬向缩率的影响因素分析

探讨纬向弹力织物和经纬向弹力织物纬向缩率的影响因素.对不同的纬纱结构、不同的组织结构、不同的织造工艺对纬向缩率的影响进行了分析,认为弹力纬纱氨纶丝预牵伸倍数越大,弹力织物纬向缩率增加;弹力纬纱线密度越小,纬向缩率越大;织物经密越大,织物的纬向缩率越小;织物纬密越小,织物纬向缩率越大,但变化不很明显;纬纱采用较粗的氨纶丝作为芯丝,织物纬向缩率就较大;织物组织交织次数多,织物的纬向缩率小;经纱张力越大,织物的纬向缩率较小;纬纱张力大,织物下机后纬向缩率大;边撑撑幅力小,织物纬向缩率增大;车间温湿度高,织物纬向缩率增大.     

水稻出糙率惊纹率与整精米率的关系初探

水稻颗粒中惊纹率的大小直接影响水稻的整精米率,通过对水稻质量实际检验数据分析,初步寻找出了水稻的出糙率、惊纹率与整精米率之间关系的经验估算公式。     

前处理对涤纶长丝织物透气性的影响

针对染整前处理不同工艺参数影响涤纶长丝织物透气性这一问题,在实验室模拟染整前处理过程,改变热定型温度、张力和碱浓度,测试织物在不同缩率和碱减量率的条件下透气率的变化。并通过多项式回归确定了缩率及碱减量率与透气率之间的关系,即织物的面积缩率与透气率呈非线性负相关,碱减量率与透气率呈非线性正相关。最后对缩率和碱减量率建立多元非线性回归方程并用BP神经网络预测透气率,预测误差均较小,而且预测精度较高。     

造纸法烟草薄片形态对烟丝理化特性的影响

本研究采用自主开发的烟草薄片切片器制备不同片型烟草薄片,并对烟草薄片烟丝化学成分、整丝率、碎丝率、烟草薄片烟丝卷烟质量和卷烟感官评价进行分析。结果表明,烟草薄片整丝率与烟支空头率呈线性负相关关系,碎丝率与烟支空头率呈线性正相关关系,烟草薄片烟丝结构与烟丝填充值相关性不显著。六边形烟草薄片烟丝整丝率和卷烟感官评价最高,分别为95.88%和91.1分;碎丝率和烟支空头率最低,分别为0.61%和0.8%,卷烟感官评价与烟支的整丝率、空头率等关键指标存在明显的相关性。因此,六边形烟草薄片为适宜的片型,为烟草薄片专用切片机的开发提供了有益的理论支持。     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

Food oral processing—A review

Food oral processing is an essential procedure not only for the consumption and digestion of foods but also for the appreciation and pleasure of food texture and food flavour. The consumption of a food inside mouth involves various oral operations, including first bite, chewing and mastication, transportation, bolus formation, swallowing, etc. Exact mechanisms and governing principles of these oral operations are still not fully understood, despite of continuous efforts made by scientists from food, psychology, physiology, dental and clinical studies, and other disciplines. This article reviews recent progresses and literature findings about food processing and transformation in mouth, with particular attention on the physiology and rheology aspects of oral operations. The physiological behaviour of human's oral device is discussed in terms of biting capability, tongue movement, saliva production and incorporation, and swallowing. The complexity of oral processing is analysed in relation to the rheology and mechanical properties of foods. The swallowing and oral clearing process is also examined for its criteria, triggering mechanism, bolus deformation, and the rheology of swallowing.     

小球藻作为食品利用的国外报道研究进展

普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻作为新食品资源,是国际上广泛研究、养殖、应用的2种小球藻属绿藻,富含蛋白质、维生素等营养物质,可提纯或转化出大量的生物活性化合物,在食品等产业具有广泛的应用潜力。该文基于近10年来普通小球藻和蛋白核小球藻在育种、养殖、收获、下游处理、食品研发方面的国外报道,就小球藻营养成分与功效、食品领域应用及存在问题、传统和新兴微藻细胞破碎技术、产业发展策略与趋势4个方面进行综述,重点介绍国内小球藻产业不破壁藻粉消化性差的现状及工业化细胞破碎技术的优缺点,基于微藻生物精炼的理念提出了小球藻产业发展的近、中、远期发展策略,以期为国内高校院所的研发及小球藻养殖加工企业的技术信息提供参考。     

叶幕类型对摩尔多瓦葡萄酒品质的影响

以棚架和篱架两种栽培方式的摩尔多瓦葡萄果实为试材,成熟后采收进行酿酒试验,测定水平叶幕和直立叶幕对葡萄酒品 质的影响。 结果表明,棚架葡萄酒与篱架葡萄酒可滴定酸含量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,但棚架葡萄酒的pH值比篱架葡萄酒高0.02,葡萄 酒色度提高44.12%,总酚、抗坏血酸含量分别提高18.65%、14.64%,抗氧化能力（铁还原能力和DPPH自由基清除能力）分别提高43.76%、 17.39%。同时,棚架葡萄酒香气物质种类比篱架葡萄酒多7种,酯类、醇类物质含量分别是篱架的3.06倍、1.36倍,其中,正己醇、辛酸乙 酯、苯乙醇含量是篱架葡萄酒的2.08倍、2.26倍、1.93倍,乙酸异丁酯、丙醇、乙酸异戊酯含量也分别高69.80%、41.87%、60.57%。 由此表 明,棚架水平叶幕可提高葡萄酒次生代谢物质含量,增加葡萄酒色调饱和度,增强葡萄酒稳定性,提升葡萄酒风味,改善葡萄酒品质。     

Evaluation of mycotoxin-contaminated cereals for their use in animal feeds in Hungary

In the period between December 5, 1991 and September 17, 1998, 760 maize, 367 wheat, 119 soybean, 222 barley, 85 bran, 32 triticale, 60 oat, 14 rye and 22 sunflower samples were investigated for the presence and concentration of seven fusariotoxins (T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin, fusarenone-X) and OTA. The comparison of analytical data with those of the relevant literature revealed that although the incidence rate and/ or concentration of Fusarium mycotoxins and OTA in Hungarian-grown cereals is occasionally considerable, the position of the country is not worse than the average of countries. Our findings indicate that soybean tends to be good substrate for trichothecene-producing fungi and the rate of contamination is regarded as substantial. The commodities were assorted into one of three quality categories. The proportion of objectionable samples was only 3.0, 2.2, 2.3 and 1.7% in maize, wheat, barley and soybean samples, respectively. However, this low rate of objection might still be a source of great economic loss. The proportion of objectionable samples was much higher in the case of bran, oat and triticale (7.1, 6.7, and 6.3%, respectively). The results of the present investigation indicate a need for regular screening for mycotoxins of importance and individual appraisal of each commodity from the point of their use in animal feeds.     

纸质文献保存和修复方法专利技术综述

通过对纸质文献保存和修复领域专利技术文献的收集、分析、标引和梳理,分析了该领域专利技术分布及专利申请情况,分别探析了脱酸、修补、加固、装裱4种技术的专利技术演进路线,最后对该领域专利技术进行了总结。     

Effect of common and new gums on the quality,physical, and textural properties of bakery products: A review

Hydrocolloids (gums) have a good functional characteristic such as emulsifying, gelling, solubility, and textural improvement. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving dough performance, bread and cake characteristics, sensorial quality, and extension the products shelf life. Several studies reported the potential use of hydrocolloids in breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formulation. The present review summarized the effect of the most common and new hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar, Arabic, carrageenan, karaya, alginate, acacia, methylcellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, locust bean, balangu seed, wild sage seed, basil seed, and cress seed gums) on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Gums addition improved volume and porosity of the breads and cakes. Gums influence on the gelatinization and retrogradation of starch and decreased the retrogradation of starch. In the bakery products, hydrocolloids were used to improving mixing and increasing the shelf life of the products through moisture preservation and avoidance of syneresis in some frozen foods. This study summarized the influence of the most common and new hydrocolloids on the rheological, physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of bakery products. Addition of seeds gum to the breads, biscuits, cakes, and pasta formula led to an increase in the viscosity of the batter. Also, the firmness of bakery products showed that they became softer with increasing gum levels.     

大豆油精炼过程中多环芳烃的迁移规律

明确大豆油精炼过程多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）风险成分的迁移规律,以便于食品中PAHs的风险防范和控制。通过对大豆油精炼生产中脱胶油、脱酸油、脱色油、脱臭油和对应加工助剂磷酸、烧碱、活性白土以及精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物样品中PAHs组分含量的检测,分析PAHs在大豆油精炼生产中的迁移规律。结果显示：大豆油精炼用加工助剂中均含有PAHs,磷酸、烧碱和活性白土中苯并[a]芘（benzo[a]pyrene,BaP）含量分别为0.95、1.84?μg/kg和0.71?μg/kg,欧盟限量控制的4?种PAHs（PAH4）（苯并[a]蒽、?、苯并[b]荧蒽和BaP）含量为2.81、16.81?μg/kg和8.85?μg/kg,美国优先控制的16?种PAHs（PAH16）含量为26.18、112.61?μg/kg和111.85?μg/kg;在大豆油水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、蒸馏脱臭过程BaP的脱除率分别为7.57%、23.57%、91.65%,水化脱胶、碱炼脱酸、吸附脱色、蒸馏脱臭过程PAH4的脱除率分别为15.93%、10.41%、19.31%、50.91%,PAH16的脱除率分别为15.45%、11.59%、6.66%、52.99%;大豆油精炼副产物油脚、皂脚、废白土、脱臭馏出物中BaP含量分别为0.45、0.90、0.52、12.49?μg/kg,PAH4含量分别为10.14、7.39、9.69、300.50?μg/kg,PAH16含量分别为261.60、434.49、156.29、2?775.15?μg/kg。     

Differences in the amount and structure of extractable skin and seed tannins amongst red grape varieties

Background and Aims:  Red wine is a very rich source of flavanols, consisting of catechins and oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins (PAs). The aim of this study was to investigate the composition of the fraction of flavanols, which is extractable from the grape into the wine.
Methods and Results:  Using HPLC-DAD-MS analysis carried out before and after thioacidolysis of wine-like extracts obtained from skins and seeds, the flavanol composition of 20 samples derived from Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere, Marzemino, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah and Teroldego was determined.
Conclusions:  It was confirmed that grape extracts are mainly rich in monomers and small oligomers (mean degree of polymerization <8). Grape seed extracts contained three monomers (catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate) and procyanidin oligomers. Grape skin extracts contained four monomers (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin), procyanidins and prodelphinidins oligomers. Upper and extension units of PAs were constituted mainly of epicatechin units, with the co-presence of catechin and epicatechin gallate in the seed PAs, and of gallocatechin in the case of skin PAs. The terminal units of the grape PAs were a mixture of five compounds, the same found also as monomers. Catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate, which are found in other flavanol-rich, plant-derived foods and beverages, were not present in grape extracts.
Significance of the Study:  The grape variety determines both the amount and the structure of wine flavanols, leading to differences in the composition, which are likely to play an important role in the nutritional and sensorial properties of the wines.     

Textural Modification of Processing Tomatoes

Knowledge of the textural properties of processing tomatoes is crucial to ensuing product acceptability; measurement, control, and optimization of these properties through judicious selection of varieties and control of unit operations results in products that the consumer prefers. It is important to first define the terms texture, rheology, consistency, and viscosity prior to discussing principles of their measurement. The textural properties of processing tomatoes may be measured using both sensory and objective tests, and the latter may be either destructive or nondestructive in nature. The unique anatomy of tomato fruit (peel, pericarp, columella, and locules) in part dictates the method of texture measurement. Numerous factors, including variety, maturity, genetic modification, cultural particles, and environmental conditions, processing conditions, and calcium addition affect the textural integrity of tomatoes. Textural properties of raw tomatoes and most processed tomato products are reviewed in this article.