WC-8Co与Al2O3-TiC两种拉拔模具磨损行为研究

采用冷、热压烧结技术分别制备了WC-8Co和Al2O3-TiC两种拉拔模具.研究了该两种不同拉拔模具用于实际拉拔加工45#钢线时的摩擦磨损行为,并对其磨损机理进行了分析.结果表明:两种拉拔模具均具有较好的强度和硬度,能较好地进行拉拔加工,其内孔磨损在工作区及定径区最为严重,磨损面有金属脱落元素、模具颗粒脱落元素及润滑脂残留物.WC-8Co和Al2O3-TiC两种拉拔模具的磨损机理不尽相同,WC-8Co模具主要为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,而Al2O3-TiC模具则以磨粒磨损和表面疲劳磨损为主.Al2O3-TiC拉拔模具更适合于45#钢线材的拉拨.     

Effects of matrix characteristics on diamond composites

A series of cobalt-matrix diamond composites was fabricated by hot pressing, and their microstructure, physical properties, transverse rupture strength and resulting fracture surface were studied in detail. Segments of the diamond composites were manufactured, and a one-segment circular sawblade was used for the evaluation of the sawing performance. Results show that the fracture surface of composites containing a cobalt matrix exhibits an excellent ductile appearance, while the fracture surface of composites containing an additive of tin powder in the cobalt matrix displays a less ductile behaviour due to the existence of a tin-rich brittle phase. It is also found that a diamond composite having low porosity, high hardness, and less surface attack of diamond particles will result in a low value of radial sawblade wear.     

Improvement of wear resistance of hot working tool steel by hardfacing Part 2 – Case study

Abstract

The performance and service life of the die components are limited because of different reasons such as thermal and mechanical fatigue cracking, wear, plastic deformation, etc. To minimise these damages, the dies are normally subjected to a variety of surface engineering processes. In the present study, the dimensional loss and lifetime of hardfaced and unmodified H11 steel hot forging dies were monitored during service and compared. For this purpose, various experimental tools such as XRD, SEM, optical metallography and microhardness test were employed. Microhardness profiles from surface to the depth of the dies after service were determined to study the variations in mechanical properties. It was observed that the hardfacing with Stellite 21 and Inconel 625 alloys leads to an increase in wear resistance and the working life of the dies in industrial scale. In the case of hardfaced dies, the work hardening of surface produces a self-protecting layer which has a strong metallurgical bonding to the substrate and thus enhances more resistance to further wear, while hardness reduction during service in unmodified H11 steel die causes a reduction in wear resistance and plastic deformation of surface layer.     

大尺寸CVD金刚石厚膜的制备及应用

采用电子辅助化学气相沉积法（ＥＡＣＶＤ）制备了直径１２０ｍｍ、厚度１ｍｍ以上的大尺寸金刚石厚膜,这是国内已见报道的最大成膜尺寸．ＳＥＭ和Ｒａｍａｎ光谱分析表明它是一种纯晶质的多晶金刚石材料;其硬度接近天然金刚石,远高于聚晶金刚石．将这种材料加工成拉丝模具,现场拉丝结果表明其拉丝效果与天然金刚石和进口优质聚晶相当,优于国产聚晶．用这种金刚石制成的拉丝模具可广泛用于拉制钨、钼、铜和不锈钢丝．     

HD钢在气门热精锻模具的生产应用初步试验

气门热精锻模具失效的主要形式为热磨损和压塌，提高模具使用寿命的关键是使材料具有更高的室温和高温的硬度，磨损抗力，屈服强度和热稳定性。ＨＤ（４Ｃｒ３Ｍｏ２ＮｉｖＮｂ）钢比传统应用的３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ钢具有更高的上述性能及足够的韧塑性，因而其模具在理论上具有更长的工作寿命。生产应用试验表明，ＨＤ钢制气门热精锻模具的使用寿命是３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ钢的２．２倍。     

炭/炭刹车副表面硬度对摩擦磨损性能的影响

对等温CVD沉积所得两种不同结构的炭/炭复合材料,不同表面硬度下的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.其中A材料是光滑层结构,B材料是粗糙层和光滑层的混合结构.摩擦试验在实验室规模的MM-1000摩擦试验机上进行.试验表明:随着热处理温度的提高,不同材料的表面硬度均在下降;但在经历相同热处理温度后,B材料的表面硬度比A材料的低;表面硬度较低的B材料塑性较强,摩擦面上的磨屑易于形成致密、连续的摩擦膜,有利于保持稳定而较高的摩擦系数.     

Effect of Electrical Discharge Machining on strength and reliability of WC–30%Co composite

Tungsten carbide/Cobalt (WC–Co) composite is one of the important composite materials, which is used for manufacturing of cutting tools, dies and other special tools. It has very high hardness and excellent resistance to shock and wear. It is not possible to machine this material easily with conventional machining techniques. Due to the good electrical conductivity of WC–Co, it is usually machined by Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). EDM process often results in the surface damage of bulk WC–Co, and the influence of the damage would affect the reliability. It is important to investigate the effect of electric discharge machining process on the properties of WC–Co cemented carbides before applying its engineering application. For these composites, maintenance of proper fracture strength is an important concern and is to be controlled. In this work, an attempt has been made to investigate the fracture strength and the reliability of EDMed WC–Co composite using the Weibull distribution analysis. The comparison of results between the machined composites and un-machined composites is carried out and presented in this study.     

Precision grinding of microarray lens molding die with 4-axes controlled microwheel

This paper deals with precision grinding of microarray lens (fly eye) molding die by using a resinoid bonded diamond wheel. An ultra-precision grinding system of microarray lens molding die and new truing method of resinoid bonded diamond wheel were developed. In this system, a grinding wheel was four-dimensionally controlled with 1 nm resolution by linear scale feedback system and scanned on the workpiece surface. New truing method by using a vanadium alloy tool was developed and its performance was obtained with high preciseness and low wheel wear. Finally, the microarray lens molding dies of fine grain tungsten carbide (WC) was tested with the resinoid bonded diamond wheel to evaluate grinding performance.     

Improved wear properties of magnesium matrix composite with the addition of fullerene using semi powder metallurgy

The present study aims to fabricate fullerene (C60) reinforced magnesium matrix composite via semi powder metallurgy in hot press system under high purity argon atmosphere. Improvement of wear resistance of pure magnesium with the addition of fullerene is also aimed with this study. Hardness and wear tests at room temperature were performed to investigate the mechanical effect of fullerene nanoparticles. Microstructures of fabricated composites were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Results clearly show that hardness performance was improved up to 0.5 wt. % fullerene addition directly. A uniform distribution was also achieved according to the mapping and line EDX analysis for the lower content of fullerene. Agglomeration of fullerene was observed for 1 wt. % reinforced composite. Wear performances of pure magnesium were also improved when harder fullerene reinforcements incorporated into the matrix. Abrasion and oxidation were main wear mechanism for unreinforced and fullerene reinforced composites. Enhancement of hardness and wear performances might be attributed to the high specific surface area of fullerene and achievement of uniform distribution of reinforcement in magnesium matrix.     

Plasma‐Duplexschichten auf Aluminium Strangpresswerkzeugen

In the extrusion process of aluminium alloys at elevated temperature, the dies are used under very severe thermal and mechanical stresses. Furthermore slide friction and adhesive wear occur in the interaction zone between extrusion die and extrusion product. This tribological process has significant effects in several aspects such as the surface quality, the dimensional tolerances of extruded products and the lifetimes of the dies. To improve the die performance and the quality of aluminium products, a duplex process combining a plasma nitriding (PN) pretreatment and a plasma‐assisted CVD or PVD was applied on the extrusion dies, which are made of hot working steel (X38Cr MoV51). The duplex layers are produced at a temperature of 530°C This is below the tempering temperature of the hot working steel. The effects of process parameters during plasma nitriding, such as duty cycle, nitrogen concentration in process gas and nitriding time, are investigated. The optimized modification of the die surface has been achieved. The duplex layers (TiBN‐, CrN‐ and W‐C:H‐films on the plasmanitriding films) have higher macro hardness (HV9.5) and critical load, in comparison with the conventional films without plasma nitriding pretreatment. The performance of the coated dies are examined by means of a direct extrusion. It is confirmed that the duplex layers suit best for the extrusion at elevated temperature.     

Dry sliding wear behavior of stir cast aluminium base short steel fiber reinforced composites

Dry sliding wears behavior of die cast aluminium alloy composites reinforced with copper-coated short steel fibers were investigated using a pin-on-disk wear-testing machine. The composites were prepared by liquid metal route using vortex method. The weight percentage of copper-coated steel fibers was varied from 2.5 to 10. The density and hardness of the composite increased linearly with increasing wt% of steel fibers. The wear rate decreased by 40% with addition of 10% weight percentage of fibers. A linear dependence of wear rate on fiber content and hardness of MMC is observed. The unreinforced aluminium and composites containing upto 5-wt% of fibers exhibited a sliding distance dependent transition from severe to mild wear. However, composites containing 10-wt% fiber showed only mild wear for all sliding distance. It was also observed that with increase in the fiber content to 10-wt% the coefficient of friction decreased by 22%. The duration of occurrence of the severe wear regime and the wear rate decreased with increasing fiber content. For the composite the wear rate in the mild wear regime decreased with increase in fiber content reaching a minimum. From the analysis of wear data and detail examination of (a) wear surface and (b) wear debris two modes of wear have been identified to be operative, in these materials. These are (i) adhesive wear in the case of unreinforced matrix and in MMC with low wt% (upto 5-wt%) fibers (ii) abrasive wear in case of MMC with high wt% of fibers.     

PTFE微粉/CF改性PEEK复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

为解决核电水循环系统中鼓型旋转滤网驱动装置的耐腐蚀问题,本文研究了碳纤维和聚四氟乙烯微粉改性的聚醚醚酮复合材料在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能.通过机械共混、高温模压的方法,制备了不同质量分数的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微粉/碳纤维(CF)/二硫化钼(MoS_2)/聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料.采用拉伸试验机和塑料洛氏硬度计测试其力学性能,采用摩擦磨损试验机测试了复合材料在干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜对其摩擦表面形貌进行分析.结果表明:复合材料在水润滑和油润滑时摩擦系数及磨痕宽度均较小,但水润滑时摩擦系数波动幅度较大且磨痕宽度略高;复合材料在干摩擦条件下的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,伴有疲劳磨损,油润滑时摩擦面可形成连续的润滑膜而保持光滑,水润滑时水流冲刷破坏了摩擦面上固体润滑膜的稳定性;CF质量分数增加时,复合材料的洛氏硬度和压缩强度递增,压缩强度达到164 MPa,PTFE微粉质量分数增加时,复合材料的洛氏硬度和压缩强度递减;CF质量分数增加时,复合材料的干摩擦系数及磨痕宽度下降,PTFE微粉质量分数增加时,复合材料的干摩擦系数下降,达到0.17.     

La2O3填充超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能

用La2O3对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行了填充改性，测试了La2O3填充量对其硬度及摩擦学性能的影响。用扫描电镜观察了材料摩擦表面磨痕形貌。结果发现：随着La2O3含量的增加，UHMWPE—La2O3复合材料的硬度上升。填充量为6％的UHMWPE—La2O3复合材料在干摩擦及磨粒磨损条件下的磨损率都最小。UHMWPE在干摩擦下的磨损主要表现为犁沟及粘着，填充La2O3可减轻磨损表面的犁沟，但填充量过高，磨损转变为表面脆性脱落。     

Studies on POM/graphite/Ekonol composites

POM/graphite/Ekonol composites were prepared by the Torque Rheometer mixing and compression molding, and their hardness, compressive and impact strengths have been tested. The tribology behaviour was also investigated by the friction and wear experiment. The worn surface of the composite was studied by SEM technique, and on its basis, the wear mechanism was analysed. Results show that it was possible to prepare POM/graphite/Ekonol composites of high tribology performance and good mechanical properties by the Torque Rheometer mixing and compression molding. With the rise of Ekonol content, the wear mechanism was changed from adhesion plus plough to fatigue wear plus abrasive wear.     

Abrasive wear behavior of monolithic alloy,homogeneous and functionally graded aluminum (LM25/AlN and LM25/SiO2) composites

Functionally graded metal matrix composites (MMCs) and homogenous composites (Al/AlN and Al/SiO₂-10 wt%) have been fabricated through centrifugal casting and liquid metallurgy route, respectively. The properties of these composites were compared with aluminum alloy. Microstructural characteristics and hardness were studied on the surfaces of functionally graded materials (FGMs), homogenous composites, and unreinforced aluminum alloy using an optical microscope and a Vickers micro hardness tester, respectively. Tensile test was carried out on the outer and inner sections of FGMs and specimens from homogenous composites and alloy utilizing universal testing machines (UTMs). Three-body abrasive wear test was conducted for different loads and speeds to study their effect on the surfaces of composites and alloy using dry abrasion tester. Microstructural and hardness results reveal that the outer surface of aluminum nitride (AlN)-reinforced FGM has a particle-enriched region with the highest hardness. Tensile strength was found higher in both homogenous composites compared to zones of their FGMs. Abrasion wear rate was found increased with increase in load and decreased with increase in speed. The outer surface of AlN-reinforced FGM has higher wear resistance followed by the outer surface of SiO₂-reinforced FGM. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed on worn-out surfaces and observed particle-enriched outer surface of Al/AlN FGM with less abrasion.     

Verschleissfeste Antihaftschichten auf Basis modifizierter diamantähnlicher Kohlenstoffschichten

In this article technological developments in the field of modified diamond‐like‐carbon (DLC) coatings are described. The most well‐known properties of such DLC‐coatings are high hardness, high wear resistance, a very low friction coefficient (e.g. vs. Steel) and a very good chemical inertness. By doping the amorphous network with non‐metallic elements it is possible to influence the wettability of the DLC coatings over a wide range. This possibility to prepare a wear resistant sticking or non‐sticking DLC‐film opens a wide field of very different technical applications.     

Synthesis and characterization of TiC-reinforced iron-based composites Part II on mechanical characterization

The hardness, impact toughness and wear resistance properties of Fe-TiC composites, synthesized by aluminothermic reduction of an industrial waste, have been evaluated. The wear resistance property of the composites has been compared with some standard wear resistant materials. It has been found that the wear resistance property of the Fe-TiC composites with mostly pearlitic, fully pearlitic and pearlitic plus cementite type matrix with about 7 to 8 vol% TiC is better than that of a standard high chromium iron. The wear resistance property of ferritic and mostly ferritic type matrix with about 5 vol% TiC is better than that of a standard bearing steel.     

Failure modes of liquid nitrocarburized and heat treated tool steel under monotonic loading conditions

The tensile properties and failure mode of heat treated and liquid nitrocarburized tool steels were studied. The tested steels are used as die and tool materials for plastic molds and punching/blanking dies, where wear resistance is required. In addition to intense friction, the main die block and other die components are subjected to tensile and repetitive stresses during operation (tension and fatigue loading). Therefore, hardness, tensile, and fatigue resistance are also critical quality parameters that contribute to material reliability and tool life. However, this study is an initial component of research and does not include fatigue data.     

Fabrication and Characterization of FeNiCr Matrix-TiC Composite for Polishing CVD Diamond Film

Dynamic friction polishing (DFP) is one of the most promising methods appropriate for polishing CVD diamond film with high efficiency and low cost.By this method CVD diamond film is polished through being simply pressed against a metal disc rotating at a high speed utilizing the thermochemical reaction occurring as a result of dynamic friction between them in the atmosphere.However, the relatively soft materials such as stainless steel, cast iron and nickel alloy widely used for polishing CVD diamond film are easy to wear and adhere to diamond film surface, which may further lead to low efficiency and poor polishing quality.In this paper, FeNiCr matrix-TiC composite used as grinding wheel for polishing CVD diamond film was obtained by combination of mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS).The process of ball milling,composition, density, hardness, high-temperature oxidation resistance and wear resistance of the sintered piece were analyzed.The results show that TiC was introduced in MA-SPS process and had good combination with FeNiCr matrix and even distribution in the matrix.The density of composite can be improved by mechanical alloying.The FeNiCr matrix-TiC composite obtained at 1273 K was found to be superior to at 1173 K sintering in hardness, high-temperature oxidation resistance and wearability.These properties are more favorable than SUS304 for the preparation of high-performance grinding wheel for polishing CVD diamond film.     

Particle effects on friction and wear of aluminium matrix composites

Particle effects on friction and wear of 6061 aluminium (6061 Al) reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) and alumina (Al₂O₃) particles were investigated by means of Vickers microhardness measurements and scratch tests. Unreinforced 6061 Al matrix alloy was also studied for comparison. To explore the effect of heat treatment, materials subjected to three different heat treatment conditions, i.e. under-aged, over-aged and T6, were used. Multiplescratch tests using a diamond and a steel indentor were also carried out to simulate real abrasive wear processes. Vickers microhardness measurements indicated that T6 heattreated composites had the highest hardness. Single-scratch tests showed that the variation of friction coefficient was similar to that of Vickers hardness and the peak-aged composites exhibited the best wear resistance. The wear rate of fine particle-reinforced composites was mainly affected by hardness. However, the wear rate of large particle-reinforced composites was influenced by both the hardness and fracture of the particles.