Recent progress in device performance and picture quality of color plasma displays

This paper will describe the R&D history of color plasma displays (PDPs) at Pioneer. The goals of device performance for color PDPs compared to those of CRTs will be described. The device performance includes luminance, contrast ratio, resolution, gray scale, dynamic false contours, and image quality. In order to improve the device performance described above, the technologies developed by Pioneer will be described. These include T‐shaped electrode, WAFFLE rib structure, CLEAR driving method, and high‐quality video processing. Finally, the next generation of color PDPs will be described in terms of device performance and new technologies.     

Novel concept for full‐color electronic paper

Abstract— Despite a steep increase in commercial devices comprising paper‐like displays, a much desired feature is still missing: bright full‐color electronic paper. A new reflective‐display technology has been developed to solve this issue. For the first time, the principles behind this in‐plane electrophoretic technology will be presented, which enables the realization of full‐color reflective displays with a higher brightness than presently available e‐paper technologies, without compromising paper‐like properties such as viewing angle and ultra‐low power consumption. An additional major advantage (e.g., for future low‐cost manufacturing) is that, besides direct‐drive and active‐matrix configurations, a passive‐matrix option with analog gray levels has been successfully developed.     

使用3D-LUT的黑色生成算法

针对高品质彩色打印的应用需求，提出一种改进的GCR黑色生成算法。首先提出生成打印样本集的改进方法，然后介绍了使用3D-LUT建立打印机模型时的关键问题，最后给了出传统方法和新方法的结果对比。相比传统GCR方法，新方法明显增大了低明度部分色域，提高了打印机色彩再现能力，减小了校正误差。     

Superstars and outsiders in online markets: An empirical analysis of electronic books

Recent rapid growth in electronic book sales has raised a critical question for publishers and bookstores: do e-books cannibalize or increase print sales? In this article, we compare the best-selling titles sold on www.Amazon.com in print or electronic Kindle formats during the period from November 2007 to July 2010. Using econometric methods, we find that the cannibalization of print sales by e-books is more likely to occur for superstar titles written by successful authors. However, we find that a new segment of successful electronic titles that are not best-selling in print format emerge; these books would probably have been unpopular without the new Kindle store and therefore this new distribution channel has expanded the market. We refer to these titles as digital outsiders. The latter are characterized not only by lower prices but also by older release dates. They also include titles that are only released in electronic format. We then argue that electronic books increase the market viability of old print releases. Finally we identify a category that we call print-preferred books that are top sellers in print but not as e-books for reasons of color, graphics, or the need to navigate non-linearly, a style to which the current generation of e-book readers are not well adapted.     

Color displays and flexible displays using quick‐response liquid‐powder technology for electronic paper

Abstract— Color displays and flexible displays that use electronic liquid powder have been developed. Novel types of color displays using either a colored powder or a color filter are discussed. We have also developed a flexible display with low‐cost substrate films with a high‐throughput roll‐to‐roll manufacturing method. These technologies enable a QR‐LPD to be widely used as an electronic‐paper display.     

Vivid image projection system using e‐Paper active screen

Projected image on a screen is not always vivid enough when it is projected in a bright room. We generally have to choose either vivid image in a dark room or dull image in a bright room. We have suggested a new projection system which can realize high contrast image projection in a bright room. It is consisted of electronic paper screen, projector, and light‐emitting diode room light. The electronic paper (e‐Paper) screen alternates its whole surface white/black with 120 Hz. Room lights are controlled with the same frequency of 120 Hz with the opposite phase as that of the e‐Paper screen. We have confirmed that our new system has achieved higher contrast than the conventional projection system and also enough readability of paper documents in the room simultaneously. We have thus confirmed that our new system can bring an ideal condition, for audience, which can realize a vivid image projection in a bright room.     

Optical performance of in‐plane electrophoretic color e‐paper

Abstract— Several e‐paper technologies are currently under development with the ultimate goal of replacing printed ink on paper. Here, optical performance measurements on monochrome in‐plane electrophoretic e‐paper devices with unsurpassed brightness, contrast, and viewing‐angle performance are reported. The measurement results are captured in a straightforward optical model that allows extrapolation to full‐color performance. It demonstrates that in‐plane electrophoretic color e‐paper technology has the unique potential to deliver on the high standards required by digital‐signage applications.     

Dual‐color mixing for fused deposition modeling printers

In this work we detail a method that leverages the two color heads of recent low‐end fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printers to produce continuous tone imagery. The challenge behind producing such two‐tone imagery is how to finely interleave the two colors while minimizing the switching between print heads, making each color printed span as long and continuous as possible to avoid artifacts associated with printing short segments. The key insight behind our work is that by applying small geometric offsets, tone can be varied without the need to switch color print heads within a single layer. We can now effectively print (two‐tone) texture mapped models capturing both geometric and color information in our output 3D prints.     

Effects of text/background color combination,ambient illuminance,and display type on discriminating performance for young and elderly users

Abstract— This study examined the effects of text/background color combinations (black‐on‐white, red‐on‐white, green‐on‐white, and blue‐on‐white), ambient illuminance (50, 500, and 12,000 lx), and display type (color electronic‐paper displays and conventional transmissive liquid‐crystal displays) on the discriminating performance of young and elderly users. The results showed that when participants used the color e‐paper display, young participants had significantly better discriminating performance than elderly participants under the text/background color combinations of black‐on‐white, green‐on‐white, and blue‐on‐white, whereas no significant difference was present between young and elderly participants under red‐on‐white. When participants used a conventional transmissive LCD, however, there was no significant difference between young and elderly participants under all text/background color‐combination settings. Young participants had substantially better discriminating performance under 500 and 12,000 lx than under 50 lx, whereas elderly participants had the best discriminating performance under 12,000 lx, followed by that under 500 lx, and the worst performance under 50 lx. Participants who used a conventional transmissive LCD had substantially better discriminating performance under 500 and 12,000 lx than under 50 lx. Participants who used the color e‐paper display had the best discriminating performance under 12,000 lx, followed by that under 500 lx, and the worst performance under 50 lx. The results can be the guild for the designers of color e‐paper displays.     

Development of 100‐in. TFT‐LCDs for HDTV and public‐information‐display applications

Abstract— LCDs have achieved a full‐high‐definition resolution of 1920 × 1080 (16:9), 600‐nit brightness, 3000:1 dynamic contrast ratio, 92% color gamut, 178° viewing angle, and 5‐msec response time at all gray levels and are targeted for HDTV and public‐information‐display applications. Some unique technologies, such as Cu bus line, advanced wide view polarizer, and wide‐color‐gamut lamp, were applied. A new stitching‐free technology was developed to overcome the size limitation of the photomask in both the TFT and color‐filter processes. The size of the panel (100 in.), based on the wide format (16:9), is determined by the maximum efficiency of the world's first seventh‐generation line (glass size, 1950 × 2250 mm) in LG.Philips LCD's (LPL) Paju display cluster. The issues facing 100‐in. TFT‐LCDs will be discussed.     

Quantification of image quality for color electronic paper

We have quantified the image quality of color electronic paper (e‐paper) by subjective evaluations and clarified the requirements for improving the image quality. In the color e‐paper field, various display types have been developed with the focus on improving the display performances or manufacture costs. However, color e‐papers are still under development, and the image quality is not sufficient when compared with printed papers, photographs and conventional displays. With respect to the image quality of color e‐paper in the future, it is very significant to clarify how reflectance, contrast ratio, National Television System Committee (NTSC) ratio, and other factors affect the image quality. Therefore, we have quantified the image quality factors such as color reproduction, tone reproduction, and surface texture. From our experimental results, we could clarify the significant factors and the practical range of image quality of color e‐paper. For instance, both the reflectance of approximately 30% or higher, contrast ratio of approximately 8:1 or higher, and NTSC ratio of 20% or higher are the requirements for obtaining subjective evaluation score that is equivalent to that of newspapers, which are read very widely.     

New technologies for advanced LCD‐TV performance

Abstract— Samsung intends to be the world leader in LCD‐TV through a combination of superior product technology, advanced process execution, and aggressive capitalization. This paper explores and updates Samsung's latest developments toward its goal of ultimate LCD‐TV performance and market leadership. Samsung's development of Super PVA (S‐PVA) represents a key performance achievement. S‐PVA is a new technology which enables screen quality advantages over S‐IPS and MVA, including high transmittance, >1000:1 contrast ratio, and wide angle of view with no off‐axis image inversion. This new technology is described in detail. This paper also addresses the other remaining performance issues facing LCD‐TV, including Samsung's plans for addressing these challenges. Until recently, inter‐gray response time and associated motion blur were significant issues for achieving quality LCD‐TV images. Samsung has invented DCC‐II technology to achieve sub‐10‐msec response time, and this achievement is described. Other technology advancements, including next‐generation color performance and ultra‐low black performance, are discussed. Samsung has announced the development of a 57‐in. full‐HD (1920 × 1080) LCD‐TV panel, the world's largest, based on S‐PVA technology. This product represents the culmination of many technical breakthroughs, and is discussed herein. Samsung's LCD manufacturing strategy, which includes the world's first generation 7 LCD fab, is also described.     

试论现代平面广告设计中的色彩应用

平面广告就形式而言,是现代传递信息的重要方式,是广告主与受众间的媒介．从设计的角度来看,它包含着文案、图形、线条、色彩、编排等要素。其中色彩作为平面广告中必不可少的一部分,对增强广告表现力、表达广告内容、吸引目标群体有着至关重要的作用。色彩设计亦成为平面广告设计师的震要研究领域。文章阐述了色彩在平面广告设计中的囊要性,随后分析色彩的心理感受和象征意义两个层面的应用方向,进一步总结平面广告设计中色彩应用基本方法。     

Correction of instrument measurement data for improving the visual color match between monitor and hardcopy

Abstract— Soft proofing, which can confirm the color reproduction of printed matter on a monitor, is coming into wide use in the field of graphic arts. However, there is a problem in that the color on the monitor looks different from that of printed matter, even though the L*a*b* value of the monitor's white point has been adjusted to that of the paper by using a spectroradiometer. After the color rendition of an LCD is visually adjusted to that of the paper, the measured color of the LCD shows color with L*a*b* values corresponding to a more greenish‐blue white than that of paper. For CRTs, this corresponds to a more bluish‐white. In this paper, it was assumed that bright lines in the measured spectrums of the monitors and the illuminations spread to the next wavelength band by the optical systems of the spectroradiometer. To solve the problem, a method is proposed to enhance the bright line by using a three‐tap digital filter. The effect of this method on two types of monitors under three types of illumination is also reported. After enhancing the bright lines, ΔE between the monitor and paper becomes smaller than that for the original one.     

An observer‐metamerism sensitivity index for electronic displays

The effect of observer metamerism induced by electronic displays depends to a large extent on their primary spectra (red, green, and blue in the most common case). In particular, for narrow‐band primary spectra whose peak wavelength lies in the range of high variability of the observer's color‐matching function, some observers can experience very large differences between actual surface colors (e.g. in a light booth) and displayed colors if the monitor is optimized for the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 standard observer. However, because narrow‐band light‐emitting diodes lead to larger color gamuts, more and more monitors with very narrow band primaries are coming onto the market without manufacturers taking into account the associated problem of observer variations. Being able to measure these variations accurately and efficiently is therefore an important objective. In this paper, we propose a new approach to predict the extent of observer metamerism for a particular multiprimary display. Unlike existing dedicated models, ours does not depend on a reference illuminant and a set of reflectance spectra and is computationally more efficient.     

Quantum dots: The ultimate down‐conversion material for LCD displays

Assuming that large color gamut and therefore better color reproducibility will be a highly desired feature of all displays as we look to the near future, we make the case in this paper that quantum dots (QDs) are currently the down‐conversion technology of choice that will allow liquid crystal display makers to cost‐effectively reach and exceed 100% of the NTSC (National Television Standard Committee) and Adobe RGB color standards while achieving maximum system efficiency. We will discuss in detail the numerous fundamental advantages of QDs over phosphors, along with their scientific origins, and make the case that QDs are the ultimate light generating material for next‐generation displays.     

矿用电子信息系统结构的模块化设计

模块化结构是21世纪电子信息设备结构设计发展的必然趋势。介绍了电子信息系统产品模块化的特点,并给出了模块化结构实例,介绍了结构模块化设计的优点及设计原则,提出了电子信息设备结构模块化设计的一些关键技术。     

World's first large size 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display

Large flexible organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display provides various electronic applications such as curved, bendable, rollable, and commercial display, because of its thinness, light weight, and design freedom. In this work, the process flow and key technologies to fabricate the world's first large size 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display are introduced. “White OLED on TFT + color filter” method is used to fabricate the aforementioned display. On both thin‐film transistor and color filter substrates, transparent polyimide (PI) was used as plastic substrate with multi‐barrier. In case of a transparent flexible display, the multi‐barrier is required for the additional consideration to overcome the decrease of transmittance due to the difference in refractive index of the conventional multi‐barrier. We developed the special multi‐barrier to increase transparency with superior water vapor transition rate characteristic. The optimized amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors were employed on the multi‐barrier, and it shows the highly uniform electrical performance and reliability on plastic substrate. Also, the typical panel failure mechanism during laser lift‐off process caused by a particle in PI is studied, and a sacrificial layer was suggested between PI and a carrier glass to reduce the panel failure. Finally, we successfully realized the world's first 77‐inch transparent flexible OLED display with ultra‐high‐definition resolution, which can be rolled up to a radius of 80 mm with a transmittance of 40%.     

Current manufacturing technologies for TFT‐LCDs

Abstract— TFT‐LCD panels for notebook‐PC applications requires a thin and light form factor, low power consumption, and good display quality, whereas the desktop monitor has different requirements such as large panel size, wide viewing angle, high resolution, brightness, etc. However, for the fifth‐generation of mass production, current panel technologies have to improve in order to cope with these requirements. In this article, various approaches to the manufacturing technologies of next‐generation TFT‐LCDs are discussed.