THE WORK CAPACITY OF A SYNERGIC MUSCULAR GROUP

A new conception of dynamic or static muscular work tests is presented. The authors define the critical power of a muscular work from the notions of maximum work and maximum time of work. The work capacity is then considered in the case of dynamic work, and of continuous or intermittent static work. From the data presented it is possible to define the maximum amount of work that can be performed in a given time as well as the conditions of work performed without fatigue     

Optimum schedule control of conveyer line

In the automobile industry today, various options are allowed on a single type of vehicle to meet the variety of customer tastes, and vehicles of different work specifications are carried along the same conveyer line accordingly. Since different semifinished articles on the conveyer require different work times in work zones, the work load in each work zone varies largely with the conveyer-in sequence. If the conveyer-in sequence is not proper, there is an increased risk of conveyer shutdown or an unnecessary reduction of conveyer speed and production. In this paper, the work condition of a conveyer line havingNwork zones is mathematically expressed, and the optimization of the conveyer-in sequence is shown as maximizing the minimum work allowance for all work zones and all semifinished articles. The problem is complicated, however, because the work allowance at the point of time when a semifinished article is worked on is a function of the work time and work sequence of semifinished articles in the previous work zones. Moreover, the real work is liable to be disturbed unexpectedly and requires the work schedule to be done dynamically and updated constantly so as to reflect current circumstances. A conveyer-in sequence control system which is optimum in this sense is presented together with its proofs.     

网格工作流在军事信息网格中的应用研究

首先介绍了工作流和工作流管理系统的定义,阐述了网格工作流和军事信息网格的研究现状.其次研究了网格工作流的调度模型并分析了网格工作流调度过程,通过将工作流的思想应用到军事信息网格系统中,给出了基于网格工作流的军事信息网格系统总体设计架构,并对架构中的各个组成模块进行了研究.     

OCCUPATIONAL WORK CAPACITY

For testing physical work capacity, two limits should be distinguished: maximal and occupational work capacity. Maximal work capacity is the work which yields for a few minutes the greatest oxygen-intake possible for an individual. Occupational work capacity is the highest work-level permissible in daily occupational work in kcal/min.

For young and healthy people up to about 30 years of age the occupational work capacity is about ? of the maximal work capacity. The maximal work capacity falls with increasing age until the age of 70 years when it is ? its original value. Occupational work capacity remains undiminished. The usual work capacity tests demand extremely high levels of work from the subject, e.g. step-tests, and do not determine the occupational but only the maximal work capacity. They give values far too low for the occupational work capacity of people doing little exorcise or people over 30 years of age.

The only test giving the occupational work capacity in terms of the calories which can be expended without fatigue, during occupational work, is a test measuring the rise of the pulse rate with increasing work on a bicycle-ergomotor. The author introduced this test under the name of ‘ Leistungs-Puls-Index ’ (LPI).

The normal values of maximal and occupational work capacity for male and female persons are given in kcal/min for the age range 4 to 60 years.     

基于CPN战时装备保障业务流程建模

针对战时装备保障业务流程的特点,分析了基于着色petri网(CPN)的建模方法与其它业务流程建模方法相比具有的优势,建立了战时装备保障业务流程的顶层结构模型,并对模型进一步细化,分别建立了战时装备保障指挥机构的业务流程子网模型和各保障机构的业务流程子网模型,根据现代战争对信息传输的要求对模型进行了优化。利用CPN-TOOLS工具,组织两组实验对模型进行仿真分析,通过分析装备保障业务流程的主要性能指标,指导战时装备保障工作。     

Developing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model for behavior-based safety management

Safety management (SM) is a very important element within an effective manufacturing organization. One of the most important components of SM is to maintain the safety of work systems in the workplace. Safety of work systems is a function of many factors which affect the system, and these factors affect the safety of work systems simultaneously. For this reason, measuring work system safety needs a holistic approach. In this study, the work safety issue is studied through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach which allows both multi-criteria and simultaneous evaluation. Another limitation faced in SM is the inability to measure the variables exactly and objectively. Generally, the factors affecting work system safety have non-physical structures. Therefore, the real problem can be represented in a better way by using fuzzy numbers instead of numbers to evaluate these factors. In this study, a fuzzy AHP approach is proposed to determine the level of faulty behavior risk (FBR) in work systems. The proposed method is applied in a real manufacturing company. In the application, factors causing faulty behavior are weighted with triangular fuzzy numbers in pairwise comparisons. These factors are evaluated based on the work system by using these weights and fuzzy linguistic variables. As a result of this evaluation FBR levels of work systems are determined and different studies are planned for work systems according to the FBR levels. In this way, faulty behavior is prevented before occurrence and work system safety is improved.     

基于大数据的水电厂工作票办理支持系统的设计与实现（电促会电力大数据投稿）（6.14日修改）

目前,大多数水电厂生产信息管理系统中的工作票只建立在某一项检修工作而孤立存在,不具备系统性的检修工作统筹安排,缺乏有效的智能技术手段对同时存在的多张工作票进行系统的管理,同时,工作票办理环节中如审票、注销等业务缺少智能技术支持,往往导致工作票办票效率低下且容易疏漏。本文通过分析当前工作票办理环节中存在的不足之处,结合电厂运行人员需求,对当前生产管理系统中的海量工作票、操作票数据字段进行深入分析,梳理,采用数据挖掘技术,设计并开发了一套水电厂工作票办理支持系统。该系统能够实现自动审票、办票参考、安措查询,操作项查询等功能,解决了以前繁琐的手工查询、核对等工作,既能大幅提升工作效率,又能大大提高安全管理水平。     

基于工作记录的项目管理系统的设计

基于工作记录的项目管理系统要求项目参与人员详细记录日常工作,项目管理以工作记录为依据,是全员参与的精细化项目系统,强调团队中人的作用.将项目按照树型结构分解,构建工作任务树,同时,按照不同的观察纬度构建任务联结树.任务联结树提供项目的不同组织方式并简化项目执行人员的工作空间,而且还能起到权限管理的作用.最后还讨论了项目管理系统的数据库设计及系统配置,并提供了数据库ER图.     

The relevance of ‘work-practice’ for design

Designers are increasingly being urged to take account of the situated and contingent organisation of the work that their systems are to support or automate. Within CSCW the concept of work-practice is a much used token for the organisation of work. This paper develops the debate about the position of work-practice in design by recognising that it is an ambiguous concept in sociology that is used to refer to different orders to work organisation. It is argued that as such it is as likely to mask the situated and contingent organisation of work as it is to make it visible. In order to fully realise the radicalisation of design portended by the deployment of the concept of work-practice and in order to make visible thein situ organisation of work it is argued that full and due weight has to be placed upon grounding the concept inanalytic explications of the interactional ordering of work. This stands in contrast to grounding work-practice in the formalisms of work emanating from theoretical debates about work in a capitalist economic/social structure; documentations of work; the narratives of workers, managers, and purchasers; dialogues with users, and mere observations of work. Two studies are invoked to substantiate this argument, one involving a sales ordering and invoicing system, the other a crime reporting system. We are grateful to Bob Anderson and Kjeld Schmidt for their comments on an earlier draft of this paper.     

Handwriting versus wordprocessed print: an investigation into teachers' grading of English Language and Literature essay work at 16 +

Abstract Selections of English Language and Literature CSE (now GCSE) course work essays are graded by a total of 411 teachers in two forms: handwritten and wordprocessed. Mistakes in the original handwritten versions are not edited out. It is found that the wordprocessed English Language essays are, on average, marked up a grade. However, it is found that relatively high quality English Literature work is not affected. Results suggest:
— that the less directly pupil work is specifically related to an external referent (such as a work of literature), the more likely it is that computer-assisted methods of presentation will significantly enhance its apparent quality relative to handwritten work.
— that relatively lower quality work will tend to be enhanced more than relatively higher quality work.
The implications of the results for examination boards are also considered.     

Cognitive ergonomics: it's all in the mind

In this paper a distinction is made between classical ergonomics as dealing with the quality of working and cognitive ergonomics as dealing with the quality of work including the joint system products. It is argued that classical ergonomics can be seen as embracing a dualism, where the effects of work on the body are considered separately from the effects of work on the mind. This continues the mechanistic tradition of Western psychology. The aim of cognitive ergonomics is to describe (1) how work affects the mind, as well as (2) how the mind affects work. Work is all in the mind in the sense that the quality of work depends on the person's understanding of the situation (goals, means, constraints) and in the sense that the design of a worksystem depends on the designer's understanding, in particular the conceptualization of the people in the system. In cognitive ergonomics, the reliability of performance—and in particular the reliability of cognition—become central issues. The differences between classical and cognitive ergonomics are illustrated by considering two typical areas: risks at work and human-computer interaction. It is concluded that classical and cognitive ergonomics represent two complementary views of work that must be combined to meet the challenges of present day work environments.     

Learning at work - a combination of experience based learning and theoretical education

Training and learning at work is important as employees competence has to meet organisational requirements for flexibility. This study examines conditions and obstacles in integrating a web-based course at work in order to enhance employees level of competence. Employees view of working condition, competence and how they learn at work is also of importance. A selection of 35 people was made at a company which is part of a large business. The design was quantitative with complementary qualitative data. The employees had a positive attitude towards work despite increasing difficulties in work tasks and an increasing workload, which was the greatest barrier of integrating the web-based course at work. Competence development involved a certain degree of stress, but was outweighed by the fact that it was stimulating and led to the work feeling easier. To manage work, knowledge was obtained primarily by colleagues and company courses.     

Development work for quality and ergonomics

Employee participation in the development and improvement of their own work activities and daily production tasks has been strongly emphasised by the “quality movement”. From this point of view, the quality perspective, and in particular development work, are supportive of improved working conditions and ergonomics. This paper proposes a classification of development work in relation to participative problem solving. Further, the introduction of development work was found from a theoretical point of view to be consistent with improvement in the characteristics that represent good and rewarding work. Several empirical studies in the field confirm that improvements in work and company performance take place as a result. There is also criticism of development work, which largely focuses on the difficulties of integrating such concepts into organisational structures and of making developments long-lasting. In addition, stress, intensification of work and increased pressure are also mentioned as possible harmful outcomes. It is concluded that the development work concept is an important innovation with great potential, but the organisational models and applications need to be further developed for the future.     

Becoming a Good Homecare Practitioner: Integrating Many Kinds of Work

The paper reports from a homecare fieldwork and discusses the various types of work carried out by homecare workers. We describe formal guidelines for quality in homecare services as a background for looking deeper into the homecare practices and using them as a basis for discussing what high quality homecare is. We have identified seven types of homecare work needed in homecare: illness work, everyday life work, life-changing work, relation work, discretion work, information work and articulation work and we discuss quality in each of these as well as in the homecare as a whole. We exemplify how the quality criteria can be achieved in practice.     

The effects of VDT work on the regulation of hemodynamics compared with aging

Urinary excretions of aldosterone, blood pressure, and heart rate were examined for three age groups of volunteers searching for target words on VDT for two hours. Aldosterone excretion did not change in the young and middle-aged groups, but increased in the elderly group. Blood pressure decreased midway through the work in the young group, and increased during the work in the middle-aged and elderly groups. Aldosterone excretion did not increase during hard-copy work or during VDT work with large letters, but increased during VDT work with small letters. During VDT work with both large and small letters, blood pressure increased. During hard-copy work, neither blood pressure nor heart rate changed, although blood pressure increased after the work. These data suggest that the sympathetic nervous activation represented by the increases in aldosterone excretion and blood pressure occurred definitively during VDT work with small letters under the conditions of this study. It is also suggested that this effect is enhanced by aging.     

‘Representing the User’ in software development—a cultural analysis of usability work in the product development context

It is widely accepted that users should be involved in the development of interactive systems. However, involving users in interactive systems development is challenging, especially in product development. The organizational culture is a key factor affecting the successes and failures of organizational change and development efforts. This paper shows how user involvement is intertwined with the organizational cultures in a case study of five software development organizations. User involvement is indirect in the case organizations, and labeled as usability work. Using cross case analysis, four ‘cultures of usability work’ are identified. The cultures have distinct cultural characteristics, employ different approaches to usability work, and have different preferences and strategies for the prospective facilitation of usability work. Sensitivity to the cultural context is identified as an important consideration in the facilitation of usability work, and culturally compatible strategies for usability work in different cultural settings are identified. The paper concludes that there might not be one ‘best, universally valid, context free way’ of introducing and carrying out usability work in software product development organizations.     

Standardization of work-a statistical approach using spreadsheet

One of the techniques of work study is work measurement employed to ensure the best possible use of human in carrying out a specific activity. Using appropriate measurement procedures, a work standard can be set which will reflect the gross time required by a normal operator working under normal conditions and with normal pace to complete a unit of work satisfactorily. One of the approaches in setting the work standard is based on the statistical analysis of time data. This paper presents a method of establishing work standard by generating statistical control chart using Excell -- an integrated spreadsheet and graphics software for the Apple-Macintosh.     

基于.Net和RFID的考勤管理系统的设计与实现

文章将考勤管理系统结合RFID门禁翼闸系统,对员工出入办公区的刷卡记录进行筛选、匹配和处理,形成员工原始的考勤状态,考勤管理人员结合员工的实际情况进行审核和调整,最终形成正确的考勤数据和报表,实现单位考勤管理无纸化,降低了考勤管理的工作强度,解决了手工签到管理中的代签、补签及签到时间不准确等问题,体现了考勤管理的公正性、公开性和正确性。     

The effects of VDT work on the regulation of hemodynamics compared with aging

Abstract

Urinary excretions of aldosterone, blood pressure, and heart rate were examined for three age groups of volunteers searching for target words on VDT for two hours. Aldosterone excretion did not change in the young and middle-aged groups, but increased in the elderly group. Blood pressure decreased midway through the work in the young group, and increased during the work in the middle-aged and elderly groups.

Aldosterone excretion did not increase during hard-copy work or during VDT work with large letters, but increased during VDT work with small letters. During VDT work with both large and small letters, blood pressure increased. During hard-copy work, neither blood pressure nor heart rate changed, although blood pressure increased after the work.

These data suggest that the sympathetic nervous activation represented by the increases in aldosterone excretion and blood pressure occurred definitively during VDT work with small letters under the conditions of this study. It is also suggested that this effect is enhanced by aging.     

多工作日历下流水作业调度遗传优化方法

针对多工作日历下的流水作业调度问题，提出了一种遗传优化方法。首先，提出了基于多工作日历的时间推算方法，解决了多工作日历下流水作业调度的关键问题：以Excel为平台设计了“工作制”工作表和“设备”工作表，在“设备”工作表中为每台设备指定工作制并设定工作时段；在此基础上，以Excel VBA为平台设计了5个基于工作日历的时间推算函数。其次，以Excel VBA为平台设计了遗传算法用于求解问题：个体采用整数编码方式，交叉操作采用“交换交叉”方式，变异操作采用“交换变异”方式，解码过程采用基于多工作日历的时间推算方法准确计算各工序开工和完工时刻。最后，通过案例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。