盐碱与冻融耦合作用下再生混凝土耐久性试验研究

通过再生混凝土在3.5%NaCl、3.5%Na2SO4、3.5%NaCl+3.5%Na2SO4和水四种溶液中的冻融循环试验,分析再生混凝土在同浓度不同种类盐碱溶液中经过不同冻融次数后(N)的质量变化(△m)和动弹性模量变化(△E) ,绘制N-△m和N-△E的曲线.同时,设置单掺10%、20%粉煤灰和2%、4%硅灰为对照组,研究粉煤灰和硅灰组分别在3.5%NaCl和3.5%Na2SO4环境下混凝土的抗冻性能规律.结果表明:氯盐环境中,随冻融次数的增加,混凝土表面剥削、开裂现象明显,质量和动弹性模量损失严重,而硫酸盐环境中,冻融前期混凝土内部生成水化产物使质量增加,表面膨胀开裂,后期质量和动弹性模量急剧下降,与浓度3.5%氯盐盐冻相比,硫酸盐盐冻动弹性模量损失更大.冻融破坏强度由强到弱排序为氯盐冻、硫酸盐冻、复合盐冻、水冻;掺入粉煤灰后,氯盐环境下的混凝土抗冻性反而下降,10%掺量优于20%掺量.掺入硅灰后,硫酸盐环境下再生混凝土抗冻性提高,破坏程度要比水冻小,4%掺量优于2%掺量;最后分析了混凝土腐蚀机理.     

粉煤灰与矿渣、硅灰复掺混凝土干湿循环下抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能研究

为探索粉煤灰与矿渣、硅灰复掺混凝土干湿循环作用下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,在室内开展了三组掺合料混凝土在3种不同浓度硫酸根溶液侵蚀以及4种硫酸盐溶液侵蚀下的干湿循环和抗压试验。结果表明:掺合料种类对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力的影响较大,掺入硅灰能明显提升混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力,复掺15%粉煤灰+30%矿渣+5%硅灰试验组的抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力最强;硫酸根离子浓度越高,生成的钙矾石和石膏量越多,混凝土的抗侵蚀能力越弱;MgSO_4对混凝土的侵蚀能力强于Na_2SO_4,掺入NaCl能减弱硫酸盐的侵蚀能力,混凝土对四种硫酸盐的抗侵蚀能力大小依次为:5% Na_2SO_4+3.5%NaCl>5% Na_2SO_4>5%MgSO_4+3.5%NaCl>5%MgSO_4。     

高性能混杂纤维增强膨胀混凝土在硫酸镁溶液中的抗腐蚀性能

采用自然浸泡和于湿循环的方法,研究了粉煤灰混凝土(FAC)、高性能混凝土(HPc)和高性能混杂纤维增强膨胀混凝土(mPHFREC)在5％硫酸镁溶液中的相对动弹性模量变化和质量损失规律.实验结果表明:硫酸镁环境对混凝土具有严重腐蚀性;干湿循环加速混凝土的表面剥落,对混凝土的抗硫酸镁腐蚀性能有劣化作用.在5％硫酸镁中自然浸泡,HPHFREC2具有优良的抗腐蚀性能,三元纤维混杂起到良好的增韧阻裂作用;在干湿循环+硫酸镁双重破坏因素作用下,HPC有较好的抗腐蚀性能,而HPHFREC的纤维增强效果不佳,表面剥落严重,抗腐蚀性能不理想.     

碱式硫酸镁水泥混凝土在硫酸盐溶液中的损伤过程研究

采用干湿循环的试验方法研究碱式硫酸镁水泥(BMSC)混凝土抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能.以质量变化和相对动弹模量作为评价指标,研究了不掺加矿物掺合料(BMSC)、掺加30％粉煤灰(BMSC-F)碱式硫酸镁水泥和普通硅酸盐水泥(POC)混凝土抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能.结果表明:干湿循环前期,混凝土的质量缓慢增加;后期,混凝土的质量损失比较明显.在干湿循环的环境下,BMSC混凝土的Erd变化包括以下4阶段:上升段,缓慢下降段,线性上升段,加速下降段;POC混凝土的Erd随着干湿循环次数的增加,呈现先升高后下降的趋势.同等条件下,BMSC混凝土的抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能优于POC混凝土;掺加粉煤灰有利于提高BMSC混凝土的抗硫酸盐腐蚀能力.     

Effect of nano-silica on the chemical durability and mechanical performance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete

In this study, the effect of nano silica on the short term severe durability performance of fly ash based geopolymer concrete (GPC) specimens was investigated. Four types of GPC were produced with two types of low calcium fly ashes (FAI and FAII) with and without nano silica, and ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC) concrete was also cast for reference. For the geopolymerization process, the alkaline activator has selected a mixture of sodium silicate solution (Na₂SiO₃) and sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) with a ratio (Na₂SiO₃/ NaOH) of 2.5. Main objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of usability or replaceability of nano silica-based low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concretes instead of OPC concrete in structural applications and make a contribution to standardization process of the fly ash based geopolymer concrete. To achieve the goals, four types of geopolymer and OPC concretes were subjected to sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) and seawater (NaCl) solutions with concentrations of 5%, 5%, and 3.5%, respectively. Visual appearances and weight changes of the concretes under chemical environments were utilized for durability aspects. Compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength tests were also performed on specimens to evaluate the mechanical performance under chemical environments. Results indicated that FAGPC concretes showed superior performance than OPC concrete under chemical attacks due to low calcium content. Amongst the chemical environments, sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) was found to be the most dangerous environment for all concrete types. In addition, nano silica (NS) addition to FAGPC specimens improved both durability and residual mechanical strength due to the lower porosity and more dense structure. The FAIIGPC specimens including nano silica showed the superior mechanical performance under chemical environment.     

严苛侵蚀作用对优化导电混凝土性能的影响

干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀引起的损伤严重影响导电混凝土服役时的长期稳定性。本研究以碳纤维、石墨作为导电相材料,掺入粉煤灰和硅灰制备导电混凝土,在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀耦合作用下,讨论粉煤灰、硅灰掺量对导电混凝土力学性能与电学性能的影响。综合导电混凝土的力学性能与电学性能衰变定义了服役性能劣化指标。结果表明：掺入粉煤灰和硅灰后提升了导电混凝土在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀下的耐久性和导电稳定性;当粉煤灰和硅灰的总掺量一定时,提高粉煤灰占比能够有效降低干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀造成的强度损失,并提高导电混凝土的导电稳定性。     

Performance of volcanic ash and pumice based blended cement concrete in mixed sulfate environment

The deterioration of concrete structures due to the presence of mixed sulfate in soils, groundwater and marine environments is a well-known phenomenon. The use of blended cements incorporating supplementary cementing materials and cements with low C₃A content is becoming common in such aggressive environments. This paper presents the results of an investigation on the performance of 12 volcanic ash (VA) and finely ground volcanic pumice (VP) based ASTM Type I and Type V (low C₃A) blended cement concrete mixtures with varying immersion period of up to 48 months in environments characterized by the presence of mixed magnesium-sodium sulfates. The concrete mixtures comprise a combination of two Portland cements (Type I and Type V) and four VA/VP based blended cements with two water-to-binder ratio of 0.35 and 0.45. Background experiments (in addition to strength and fresh properties) including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and rapid chloride permeability (RCP) were conducted on all concrete mixtures to determine phase composition, pozzolanic activity, porosity and chloride ion resistance. Deterioration of concrete due to mixed sulfate attack and corrosion of reinforcing steel were evaluated by assessing concrete weight loss and measuring corrosion potentials and polarization resistance at periodic intervals throughout the immersion period of 48 months. Plain (Type I/V) cement concretes, irrespective of their C₃A content performed better in terms of deterioration and corrosion resistance compared to Type I/V VA/VP based blended cement concrete mixtures in mixed sulfate environment.     

Magnesium sulfate attack on hardened blended cement pastes under different circumstances

This paper describes the sulfate resistance of some hardened blended Portland cement pastes. The blending materials used were silica fume (SF), slag, and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃, CC?). The blended cement pastes were prepared by using W/S ratio of 0.3. The effects of immersion in 10% MgSO₄ solution under different conditions (room temperature, 60 °C, and drying-immersion cycles at 60 °C) on the compressive strength of the various hardened blended cement pastes were studied. Slag and CC? improve the sulfate resistance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) paste. Mass change of the different mixes immersed in sulfate solution at 60 °C with drying-immersion cycles was determined. The drying-immersion cyclic process at 60 °C accelerates sulfate attacks. This process can be considered an accelerated method to evaluate sulfate resistance of hardened cement pastes, mortars, and concretes.     

矿物掺合料对混凝土氯离子结合能力的影响

用自然扩散法测定了混凝土中的总氯离子和自由氯离子浓度,计算了普通混凝土、粉煤灰混凝土和矿渣混凝土的氯结合能力,研究了矿物掺合料的掺量、暴露时间、养护龄期对混凝土氯结合能力的影响.结果表明:随着矿物掺合料掺量的增大,粉煤灰混凝土氯离子结合能力的变化趋势是先上升后下降,矿渣混凝土的氯离子结合能力则急剧增强;混凝土的氯离子结合能力与暴露的氯盐溶液种类有关,而与暴露时间无关,并且随着混凝土的标准养护龄期的延长而不断增强.因此,对于实际氯盐环境中的混凝土结构,建议采用最佳掺量25%的粉煤灰混凝土或者高掺量矿渣混凝土,同时加强潮湿养护,有利于提高混凝土结构的服役寿命.     

Compressive strength of fly‐ash‐based geopolymer concrete at elevated temperatures

This paper presents the compressive strength of fly‐ash‐based geopolymer concretes at elevated temperatures of 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C. The source material used in the geopolymer concrete in this study is low‐calcium fly ash according to ASTM C618 class F classification and is activated by sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions. The effects of molarities of NaOH, coarse aggregate sizes, duration of steam curing and extra added water on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete at elevated temperatures are also presented. The results show that the fly‐ash‐based geopolymer concretes exhibited steady loss of its original compressive strength at all elevated temperatures up to 400 °C regardless of molarities and coarse aggregate sizes. At 600 °C, all geopolymer concretes exhibited increase of compressive strength relative to 400 °C. However, it is lower than that measured at ambient temperature. Similar behaviour is also observed at 800 °C, where the compressive strength of all geopolymer concretes are lower than that at ambient temperature, with only exception of geopolymer concrete containing 10 m NaOH. The compressive strength in the latter increased at 600 and 800 °C. The geopolymer concretes containing higher molarity of NaOH solution (e.g. 13 and 16 m ) exhibit greater loss of compressive strength at 800 °C than that of 10 m NaOH. The geopolymer concrete containing smaller size coarse aggregate retains most of the original compressive strength of geopolymer concrete at elevated temperatures. The addition of extra water adversely affects the compressive strength of geopolymer concretes at all elevated temperatures. However, the extended steam curing improves the compressive strength at elevated temperatures. The Eurocode EN1994:2005 to predict the compressive strength of fly‐ash‐based geopolymer concretes at elevated temperatures agrees well with the measured values up to 400 °C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of cooling methods on residual compressive strength and cracking behavior of fly ash concretes exposed at elevated temperatures

This paper presents the effects of cooling methods on residual compressive strength and cracking behavior of concretes containing four different class F fly ash contents of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% as partial replacement of cement at various elevated temperatures. The residual compressive strength of the aforementioned fly ash concretes is measured after being exposed to 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C temperatures and two different cooling methods, for example, slow cooling and rapid water cooling. Results show that the residual compressive strengths of all fly ash concretes decrease with increase in temperatures irrespective of cooling regimes, which is similar to that of ordinary concrete. Generally, control ordinary concrete and all fly ash concretes exhibited between 10% and 35% more reduction in residual compressive strength because of rapid cooling than slow cooling except few cases. Cracks are observed over concrete specimens after being exposed to temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C. Samples that are slowly cooled developed smaller cracks than those rapidly cooled. At 800 °C, all fly ash concretes that are exposed to rapid cooling showed the most severe cracking. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows reduction of Ca(OH)₂ peak and formation of new calcium silicate peak in concretes containing 20% and 40% fly ash when subjected to 800 °C in both cooling methods. Thermo gravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis results show increase in thermal stability of concrete with increase in fly ash contents. The existing Eurocode also predicted the compressive strength of fly ash concretes with reasonable accuracy when subjected to the aforementioned elevated temperatures and cooling methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Concrete for long-time service in sulfate environment

Data on concretes soaked continuously in a 2.1 percent sodium sulfate solution and alternately soaked and dried served for predicting service life. Sixteen out of 19 concretes made with Type V and II cements showed life expectancies of less than 50 years. Concretes containing different pozzolans showed a spectrum of effects ranging from deleterious to highly beneficial. Only 6 out of 33 pozzolan concretes had life expectancies of less than 50 years. Fly ash, pumice, and two calcined products markedly improved sulfate resistance. Seven of 11 concretes having a life expectancy in excess of 100 years, some possibly up to 200 years, contained fly ash. Revision of present day specifications for sulfate resisting concrete is recommended.     

MSWI ashes as mineral additions in concrete

The paper describes the results of a research aimed at studying the effect of replacing part of portland cement with fly ash and bottom ash, both from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs). Fly ash was subjected to a washing treatment to reduce the chloride content, while bottom ash was subjected to dry or wet grinding underwater. Concretes with addition of different types of ashes, including a traditional coal fly ash (FA), were manufactured. Fresh and hardened properties of the concretes were compared in order to study the advantages and the side effects of each type of addition. Results showed that MSWI bottom ash is potentially attractive as mineral addition for the production of concrete, provided that the risk of entrapment of hydrogen bubbles produced by corrosion of aluminium metallic particles in the fresh concrete is prevented. This could be achieved by wet grinding the bottom ash so that reactions leading to gas development exhaust within the slurry before this is added to the concrete mixture. However, by considering bottom ashes from different incinerators, a great variability was observed in the time required to complete the hydrogen gas production. Nevertheless, when the hydrogen development in the fresh concrete could be avoided, wet ground MSWI bottom showed a good pozzolanic behavior and proved to give a significant contribution to the development of the strength and impermeability of concrete.     

Electrical resistivity and corrosion potential of reinforced concrete: influencing factors and prediction models

Abstract

This paper presents two models: one for predicting the electrical resistivity of concrete and the other for the corrosion potential of reinforcing steel. The prediction models were developed based on experimental results, considering various influencing factors. The experiment approach included the concrete mix proportion, chloride content, concrete cover thickness and time of exposure as the parameters. The results revealed that fly ash concrete showed significantly high electrical resistivity even in the presence of chloride ions. The effects of fly ash became more significant when the water to binder ratio was lower. Chloride ions also decreased the corrosion potential of steel in both the OPC and fly ash concrete. The corrosion potential was found less negative for fly ash concrete due to higher electrical resistivity. The prediction results show good agreement with the experimental results of this study and some other researchers.     

外加剂和粉煤灰对碱式硫酸镁水泥混凝土性能影响研究

利用碱式硫酸镁水泥制备了不同外加剂和粉煤灰掺量的碱式硫酸镁水泥(BMSC)混凝土.研究了外加剂和粉煤灰对BMSC混凝土抗压强度以及抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能的影响,并对BMSC混凝土物相组成和微观形貌进行了分析.结果表明:掺加外加剂后混凝土的强度有大幅度地提高.当外加剂掺量为水泥质量的0.5%时,混凝土的强度达到最大值;继续增加外加剂掺量,对混凝土的强度影响不大.掺加粉煤灰后,混凝土的强度有所下降.且水灰比一定时,粉煤灰掺量越多,对混凝土的强度越不利.掺加外加剂和粉煤灰后,混凝土的抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能得到了明显的改善;且同等条件下,碱式硫酸镁水泥混凝土抗硫酸盐腐蚀性能优于普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土.     

海洋大气环境下粉煤灰混凝土耐久性研究

海洋大气环境中的混凝土结构不仅要遭受盐雾腐蚀,同时还要受碳化影响。在盐雾腐蚀及碳化双重作用下,混凝土结构极易发生钢筋锈蚀。本文开展了盐雾腐蚀及碳化双重作用下的氯离子侵蚀试验研究。研究结果表明:当粉煤灰掺量不超过30%时,粉煤灰混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀能力随粉煤灰掺量的增加而提高。碳化反应不仅造成混凝土孔隙溶液pH值下降,同时粗化了混凝土的孔隙,引起混凝土微观结构重分布,破坏原有的过滤机制,使得侵蚀环境中的氯离子更容易渗入。采用修正后的Fick第二扩散定律解析解对盐雾环境下混凝土中的氯离子浓度进行非线性拟合,具有良好的相关性。     

粉煤灰砼的干燥收缩性能

研究了粉煤灰对砼干燥收缩性能的影响。试验结果表明 :(1)在同水胶比条件下掺入粉煤灰 ,砼干缩值有些增加 ,但增幅不大。 (2 )在同标号 (R2 8)条件下 ,粉煤灰掺量不大时 (2 5 % ) ,砼的早期 (7d)干缩值平均增幅约为 13 % ,后期 (180d)平均增幅约 12 .6% ;大掺量粉煤灰砼 (4 0 % )早期 (7d)增幅较大 ,平均高达 2 6% ,后期 (180d)增幅较小约为 15 .7% )。 (3 )在同水胶比同掺量下 ,粉煤灰和矿粉两种掺合料对砼干缩值的影响差别不大     

On the mathematics of time-dependent apparent chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete

This paper provides an improved mathematical analysis of chloride penetration into concrete employing a time-dependent diffusion coefficient for the solution of Fick's second law of diffusion. In the paper the possible errors caused by the application of oversimplified mathematical expressions used in some models for the evaluation of service life of reinforced concrete structures are discussed. The results from this mathematical analysis demonstrate that some models based on the oversimplified error function complement (ERFC) solutions may easily overestimate the service life by orders of magnitude, especially when the age factor is high. Some chloride profiles after up to 10 years' field exposure were used to compare the oversimplified with the improved models. The results show that both the oversimplified and the improved models fairly well predict the 10 years' chloride ingress in Portland cement concrete, but the oversimplified ERFC model significantly underestimates the chloride ingress in concrete with fly ash.     

复杂环境下粉煤灰水泥石的离子浓度分布与维氏硬度劣化规律

地铁工程混凝土结构处于硫酸盐、氯盐及杂散电流共存的复杂环境。本文针对地铁工程环境下混凝土的耐久性问题,研究了硫酸盐、氯盐及电场共同作用下,粉煤灰掺量对水泥石内硫酸根离子浓度分布、氯离子浓度分布和维氏硬度分布的影响,并基于Logistic函数建立维氏硬度预测模型,最后采用XRD分析了水泥石劣化的机理。结果表明:随侵蚀深度的增加,水泥石内硫酸根离子浓度不断降低,氯离子浓度呈现先增后降的趋势;侵入水泥石的氯离子和硫酸根离子的含量都随粉煤灰掺量的增加而先减后增,当粉煤灰掺量为10%(质量分数)时,侵入水泥石的氯离子与硫酸根离子的含量最低;被侵蚀后的水泥石内维氏硬度分布分为劣化区、增强区和完好区三个区域;预测模型可以准确表征水泥石内维氏硬度分布规律;适量粉煤灰的掺入可以减少受侵蚀后试件内的钙矾石(AFt)和石膏含量。     

基于可拓层次分析法的混凝土材料抗冻耐久性影响因素分析

针对影响混凝土材料抗冻耐久性因素的复杂性及重要度的难以确定性等特征,选取甘肃景泰川电力提灌灌区为研究区,以室内快速冻融试验为基础,基于可拓层次分析法,确定了影响混凝土材料耐久性的粉煤灰、矿粉、硫酸盐、碳化等因素重要度,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比验证.结果表明:四个影响因素中,权重系数依次为粉煤灰(0.380)>碳化(0.341)>矿粉(0.236)>硫酸盐(0.043),即内在因素对混凝土材料耐久性的整体影响大于外在因素的整体影响;粉煤灰的添加对混凝土的抗冻有一定不利影响,矿粉的添加对混凝土的抗冻性能略有提高;碳化及硫酸盐侵蚀加速了混凝土耐久性的损失,且碳化天数越长、硫酸盐浓度越大越为不利.相关研究可为混凝土材料配合比的优化及设计提供有益参考.