Adsorption of surfactants on unburned carbon in fly ash and development of a standardized foam index test

The “foam index” test is commonly used for quick evaluation of the suitability, with respect to air entrainment, of pozzolanic additives for concrete. Many foam index test procedures are in common use, and it is difficult to compare results between laboratories. The present paper explores the possibility of standardizing the test for use with coal fly ash pozzolans. It does so by establishing that a series of commercial air-entraining admixtures (AEAs) and pure anionic surfactants all behave in a well-correlated manner, when tested using the same protocol, on a suite of 29 fly ash samples (both class F and class C) obtained from utilities throughout the United States. A pure, reagent-grade surfactant can be chosen as the basis for a standardized test; it appears as though dodecyl benzene sulfonate (DBS) is a good candidate material for such testing. The present results also confirm that it is the carbon in coal fly ash that is the main sink for AEA adsorption in concrete mixtures containing significant amounts of ash. The solution chemistry in the testing mixture is important, and use of cement in the test mix is strongly recommended. Careful attention also needs to be paid to the relative amounts of different components in the mixture to be tested.     

Size distribution of unburned carbon in coal fly ash and its implications

A set of nine coal fly ashes, obtained from various US utilities, were fractionated by standard dry-sieving techniques. The carbon contents of the different size fractions were measured, and the nature of the carbon particles was microscopically examined. Significant differences were found in the distribution of carbon in class F and class C ashes. The ‘foam index’ test is commonly used for quick evaluation of the suitability, with respect to air entrainment, of pozzolanic additives for concrete. This test measures adsorption of air entraining admixtures (AEAs) by the carbon in the fly ash. Application of this test to the different ash fractions confirmed that the smallest particle size fractions of ash make the major contribution to AEA adsorption. The carbon from class F ash has a comparable capacity for AEA adsorption as carbon from class C ash, when compared on a surface area basis. What makes the class C carbons apparently ‘worse’ is the fact that they have much higher surface areas than class F carbons (and it is only by virtue of the low carbon mass in most class C ashes that problems with these ashes are not more common). The importance of accessibility of the surface is also clearly seen from these results.     

Automated foam index test: Quantifying air entraining agent addition and interactions with fly ash-cement admixtures

The use of a new automated foam index test (AFIT) instrument is discussed as a quantitative approach to observe air entraining agent (AEA) interactions with and to measure proper AEA dosage into cement-fly ash mixtures. Based on measuring acoustic emission from bubbles bursting on top of and in water-cement-ash mixtures after AEA addition, AFIT uses computer control to automate steps taken and quantities used during foam index testing, including: water addition; AEA titration; admixture agitation; and acoustic emission data acquisition. Variation of these steps is investigated relative to determining the dynamics of AEA adsorption onto the solid surfaces within water-cement-ash mixtures. Working within time durations needed for AEA equilibration, different water dilution and titration levels of AEA helped elucidate influences of equilibration on the AFIT-determined foam index values. A mathematical discussion about AFIT foam index curves is offered that relates changes in foam stability to surface tension and interactions with free calcia as AEA's are titrated into ash and cement-ash mixtures. Correlations between experimental surface tension data and the foam index curves are also presented. The potential of applying the AFIT to control air content in concrete with and without fly ash is also examined relative to using the C231 ASTM testing procedure on concrete mixes.     

矿物掺合料对泡沫混凝土的性能影响

研究了单掺粉煤灰、矿渣粉和复掺粉煤灰与矿渣粉对干密度为400 kg/m3泡沫混凝土的抗压强度、导热系数以及吸水率的性能影响.当粉煤灰掺量为10%时,可增加抗压强度,掺量为30%时显著降低导热系数和吸水率;当矿粉掺量为20%时,可增加抗压强度和降低吸水率,但导热系数却随掺量增大而变大;当复掺粉煤灰与矿渣粉取代50%水泥,复掺比例为2:3时,能增加抗压强度和降低吸水率,导热系数随复掺比例增大而变大.在泡沫混凝土中掺加矿物掺合料,不仅可以降低水化热,还可以减少泡沫混凝土的开裂程度,该项研究成果为今后泡沫混凝土在地基保温处理、屋面保温、地暖垫层等方面提供了应用价值.     

倾斜煤岩裂隙通道中水泥基泡沫流变特性研究

水泥基泡沫流体是一种新型的防控高温煤岩裂隙材料,其流变特性是工程应用过程中的关键指标.基于三相泡沫体浆液材料流变参数采用流变仪和环管试验测定分析的基础上,开展了倾斜裂隙通道中泡沫受力和运动分析,得到了不同裂隙倾角下屈服应力和塑性黏度的关系方程式.建立了倾斜裂隙通道泡沫流动试验物理模型,采用均匀设计试验方法,得到了流变参数回归拟合方程且四个因素影响程度依次为:泥浆水灰比、水基泡沫掺量、调凝剂掺量、粉煤灰掺量.进而结合实际工程应用指标,得出了具有较低的屈服应力和塑性黏度的物料配比为水基泡沫掺量为4V(浆液体积),泥浆水灰比为0.5,粉煤灰掺量为30%,调凝剂掺量为5%.     

冻融环境下钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土的粘结承载力

通过对粉煤灰混凝土试件的直接拔出试验,分析粉煤灰掺量与冻融作用对粘结试件的初始滑移粘结强度、劈裂强度、极限粘结强度及粘结强度-滑移曲线下的面积作为粘结试件韧性评价指标的变化规律.试验结果表明:钢筋与粉煤灰混凝土的粘结强度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而降低;试件粘结韧性随粉煤灰掺量的增加先降低后增强,粉煤灰掺量较大的试件在加载过程中表现出良好的韧性;冻融作用对试件极限粘结强度的影响程度随粉煤灰掺量增大而减小,40%粉煤灰试件在冻融环境下表现出较好的粘结韧性.掺入较多粉煤灰可以在一定程度上减缓粘结试件的冻融损伤.     

西北寒旱环境下泡沫混凝土的可靠度研究

为研究泡沫混凝土在西北寒旱地区的实际服役寿命问题,本文设计了4类不同配合比的泡沫混凝土,标准养护28 d后,进行基准参数分析,同时利用现场暴露试验,定期对泡沫混凝土的动弹性模量、质量等进行无损检测,并结合试件的基准参数从宏观和微观两方面分析了损伤机理和耐久性退化过程,最后通过Wiener退化过程建立了寿命预测模型。结果表明,泡沫混凝土的强度、干缩和孔隙结构与容重、水泥用量等因素有关,且适量的矿粉及粉煤灰可优化泡沫混凝土孔隙结构,从而提高其耐久性。在气候环境与侵蚀性离子综合作用下,4类试件的动弹性模量和质量评价参数均呈先升后降的趋势,并表现出不同的耐久性损伤程度。利用动弹性模量评价参数作为泡沫混凝土耐久性退化指标得到的4类试件的服役寿命分别为12 800 d、14 100 d、17 600 d和16 000 d左右,以质量评价参数作为指标得到的寿命分别为13 800 d、15 000 d、19 600 d和16 000 d左右,其中动弹性模量对泡沫混凝土的耐久性变化更为敏感。综合得到,泡沫混凝土中掺入水泥、矿粉、粉煤灰、石灰、石膏的量分别占总胶凝材料质量的40.0%、32.5%、21.7%、4.2%、1.6%时,试件服役于实际环境的耐久性更为优越。     

An extended chemical index model to predict the fly ash dosage necessary for mitigating alkali–silica reaction in concrete

Currently, the concrete prism test per ASTM C1293 or RILEM AAR-3 is considered the most reliable accelerated test to determine the dosage of pozzolans to suppress alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. However, the test takes 2 years, which makes it impractical as a mixture design tool for new concrete construction. In the present work, a multiple nonlinear regression model is developed for predicting the fly ash dosage necessary to mitigate ASR per CPT. The model uses the oxide compositions of Portland cement and fly ash as well as the reactivity of the aggregates. Seventy-six experimental data points on CPT expansion results for plain Portland cement and fly ash-blended concrete mixtures were used to develop and evaluate the model. The model successfully predicts the fly ash required to mitigate ASR for different aggregates, cement, and fly ash combinations. The prediction errors in most cases meet ASTM C1293 multi-laboratory precision criterion.     

风积沙混凝土早期自收缩变形的影响因素研究及数值模拟

为探讨水胶比、砂率及粉煤灰掺量变化对风积沙混凝土早期自收缩变形的影响,采用非接触式混凝土收缩变形测定方法测定不同水胶比、不同砂率、不同粉煤灰掺量下的风积沙混凝土3d内的自收缩,得到表征风积沙混凝土早期自收缩变形规律的收缩率曲线,并利用压汞法测定其微观结构.结果表明,水胶比变化对风积沙混凝土的早期自收缩变形的影响最大,砂率次之,粉煤灰最小;考虑了水胶比(砂率、粉煤灰)的影响下建立了风积沙混凝土自收缩变形规律的数值模型.     

严苛侵蚀作用对优化导电混凝土性能的影响

干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀引起的损伤严重影响导电混凝土服役时的长期稳定性。本研究以碳纤维、石墨作为导电相材料,掺入粉煤灰和硅灰制备导电混凝土,在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀耦合作用下,讨论粉煤灰、硅灰掺量对导电混凝土力学性能与电学性能的影响。综合导电混凝土的力学性能与电学性能衰变定义了服役性能劣化指标。结果表明：掺入粉煤灰和硅灰后提升了导电混凝土在干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀下的耐久性和导电稳定性;当粉煤灰和硅灰的总掺量一定时,提高粉煤灰占比能够有效降低干湿交替和硫酸盐腐蚀造成的强度损失,并提高导电混凝土的导电稳定性。     

湿排粉煤灰在混凝土路面中的应用

探讨了在内蒙古东部干燥、大风、大温差条件下加入湿排粉煤灰铺筑混凝土路面的配合比优化和施工技术。在分析选择当地原材料基础上,确定了粉煤灰路面混凝土配合比。针对湿排粉煤灰质量波动大,计量和搅拌困难的问题,采取了粉煤灰含水量连续监测和悬浮浆液法制备工艺,成功铺设了80米长的粉煤灰混凝土路面试验段。研究结果对推动内蒙古地区的粉煤灰应用具有重要意义。     

高强度低导热泡沫混凝土性能研究

在工程实践中,作为装配式建筑的墙体材料,既要有较好的保温隔热性能,又要满足一定的力学性能。轻质泡沫混凝土是一种很好的选择,但普通的泡沫混凝土材料在满足热工性能时其力学性能往往表现较差。本文提出一种高强度低导热泡沫混凝土制备方法,研究了水胶比、泡沫掺量、粉煤灰掺量和聚丙烯(PP)纤维掺量对泡沫混凝土的抗压强度和导热系数的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)探究了粉煤灰和PP纤维对泡沫混凝土微观形貌的影响。结果表明:当水胶比为0.6、泡沫掺量为4%(质量分数,下同)、粉煤灰掺量为25%以及PP纤维掺量为0.2%时,泡沫混凝土的抗压强度较高且导热系数较低。     

铬铁渣在混凝土中的应用研究

检测了铬铁渣粉的化学成分、氯离子含量、放射性、需水量比、活性指数;对比了不同掺量下,铬铁渣粉和Ⅰ级粉煤灰对混凝土物理力学性能的影响.检测结果发现,铬铁渣粉的氯离子含量和放射性符合国家标准规定.与粉煤灰的对比实验发现,铬铁渣粉的活性指数高于Ⅰ级粉煤灰;在混凝土中适量掺入铬铁渣粉有利于提高混凝土的力学性能.     

不同养护条件对大掺量粉煤灰混凝土抗碳化性能试验研究

通过加速碳化试验,系统研究了不同养护条件和粉煤灰掺量的大掺量粉煤灰混凝土碳化规律.并利用扫描电镜和压汞法研究了大掺量粉煤灰混凝土碳化前后的微观形貌和孔结构变化.结果表明:经标准养护后的粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化能力大于经自然养护后的粉煤灰混凝土的抗碳化能力;随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,混凝土抗碳化能力减小;标准养护下粉煤灰混凝土孔隙率相比于其在自然养护下的孔隙率降低了19.6％;碳化后浆体密实度增加,孔径细化,孔隙率降低31.4％.     

粉煤灰泡沫玻璃的试验研究

以粉煤灰和玻璃粉为主要原料,添加适量的发泡剂、稳泡剂等助剂,可制得粉煤灰泡沫玻璃。通过对制品体积密度、表观密度、开口孔孔隙率、吸水率等性能的测定,分析了发泡剂、粉煤灰掺量对泡沫玻璃性能的影响。实验表明,适量添加粉煤灰和玻璃粉,可制得性能较好的粉煤灰泡沫玻璃。     

Biomass fly ash in concrete: Mixture proportioning and mechanical properties

ASTM C 618 prohibits use of biomass fly ashes in concrete. This document compares the properties of biomass fly ashes from cofired (herbaceous with coal), pure wood combustion and blended (pure wood fly ash blended with coal fly ash) to those of coal fly ash in concrete. The results illustrate that with 25% replacement (wt%) of cement by fly ash, the compressive strength (one day to one year) and the flexure strength (at 56th day curing) of cofired and blended biomass fly ash concrete is statistically equal to that of two coal fly ash concrete in this investigation (at 95% confidence interval). This implies that biomass fly ash with co-firing concentration within the concentration interest to commercial coal-biomass co-firing operations at power plants and blended biomass fly ash within a certain blending ratio should be considered in concrete.     

混凝土中粉煤灰工程效应的估算和分析

粉煤灰对混凝土工作性、强度发展和耐久性的影响,即取决于粉煤灰的材料品质,又取决于混凝土的组成结构。等工作性下,粉煤灰混凝土与基准混凝土的需水量比、28d强度比以及某项耐久性指标比值可以表征或定义混凝土中粉煤灰的一系列工程效应,即塑化效应、固化效应和免疫效应。本文就混凝土系统,提出了估算粉煤灰塑化效应和固化效应的方法,并运用粉煤灰工程效应的观点,初步探讨了双掺法中粉煤灰工程效应之间的相互关系。     

早强剂和防冻剂对不同类型引气剂性能的影响

为了提高严寒环境下混凝土早期强度和抗冻性,常将引气剂与早强剂和防冻剂复合使用,而复合使用时的起泡、稳泡性能及机理尚不明确。本文选取了3种引气剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、三甲基十六烷基溴化铵(CTAB)以及脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9),系统比较了早强剂(Na₂SO₄、NaNO₂)和防冻剂(乙二醇)对不同引气剂溶液的表面活性、泡沫性能以及引气混凝土含气量的影响。结果表明:Na₂SO₄、NaNO₂的加入都会降低引气剂溶液临界胶束浓度(c_m),乙二醇增大了CTAB的c_m,而对SDBS和AEO-9的c_m影响不大;引气剂溶液泡沫高度变化符合指数衰减模型,Na₂SO₄、NaNO₂和乙二醇降低了SDBS和CTAB泡沫稳定性,却不同程度地提高了AEO-9泡沫的稳定性;混凝土含气量结果与引气剂溶液泡沫性能具有一定相关性,也存在明显的差异性。     

Sorption characteristics of foam concrete

Knowledge of sorption characteristics like absorption and sorptivity of building materials are of importance as they affect the durability and other properties. In the case of lightweight concrete like aerated and foam concrete, the moisture movement behaviour becomes more complex as such concretes contain much larger volume of air voids. This paper is aimed at investigating the sorption-related properties of foam concrete as affected by its composition and pore structure. Water absorption by complete immersion and sorptivity are measured for various mixes with different fly ash replacement levels for sand and different foam volume. It was found that sorption values are lower than the corresponding base mix (without foam) and the values reduce with increase in foam volume. It is also found that sorption depends on the filler type, density and pore structure and also on permeation mechanisms.     

酸雨环境下粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度的灰关联分析

采用实验室模拟酸雨侵蚀试验,研究了酸雨环境下水胶比、粉煤灰掺量、pH值和SO2-4浓度这四个指标对粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度的影响,并用灰关联法分析了各因素对抗压强度的影响程度.结果表明:抗压强度随SO2-4浓度、粉煤灰掺量、水胶比的增大而下降,随pH值的减小而下降.酸雨环境下粉煤灰混凝土的抗压强度会显著降低,SO2-4浓度对其影响最大.