压水堆严重事故下气溶胶热泳沉积规律

通过编制程序,采用热泳沉积模型,计算严重事故工况下不同温度、压力、粒径时安全壳内气溶胶的热泳沉积效率。通过分析,可针对性地采取措施降低安全壳内壁面的温度,提高气溶胶的热泳沉积效率,增强反应堆的安全性能。      

An experimental investigation of influencing chemical factors onCs-chemisorption behavior onto stainless steel

A more accurate cesium hydroxide (CsOH)-chemisorption model is required to improve the estimation of the Cs distribution in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station by severe-accident (SA) analysis codes. The current CsOH-chemisorption model incorporated in SA analysis codes was developed with insufficient information of chemical factors such as H₂/H₂O ratio, concentration of chemically affecting elements, heating time, and surface condition of the stainless steel (SS). Therefore, we have conducted experimental tests for CsOH-chemisorption onto SS type-304 (SS304) in order to examine the effect and dependence of such chemical factors on the CsOH-chemisorption behavior in detail. It was found that the first-order surface-reaction rate constant was influenced by not only temperature, as already known, but also H₂/H₂O ratio, CsOH concentration in the gas phase, and silicon content in SS304. Such chemical factors should be considered for the construction of the improved CsOH-chemisorption model. Another important finding is that the chemisorption behavior at lower temperatures, around 873 K, could differ from those above 1073 K. Namely, Cs–Fe–O compounds would form as the main chemisorbed Cs compounds at 873 K while Cs–Si–Fe–O compounds at more than 1073 K.     

池式鼓泡条件下气溶胶沉降效率研究

放射性气溶胶是核反应堆严重事故中最重要的产物之一,来源于固体裂变产物外漏和气体裂变产物的凝聚成核。池式鼓泡水洗是去除放射性气溶胶的有效途径,准确掌握其过滤效率,对于事故后源项控制和事故分析评价都具有重要意义。本文针对池式鼓泡条件下的气溶胶沉降特性展开深入的基础研究,借助先进的粒径谱分析技术,研究液相淹没深度、气相表观流速等参数对亚微米级气溶胶沉降效率的影响,探究气溶胶在上升气泡群内的沉降机理。本项目的研究成果可用于气溶胶沉降效率模型验证。     

Development of thermodynamic databases in the system U–Zr–Ce–Cs–Fe–B–C–I–O–H for application to simulating phase equilibria in severe nuclear accidents

In case of severe nuclear accidents involving melt down of nuclear fuels at high temperatures, it is of considerable importance to accurately evaluate the highly-volatizing behavior of fission products (FPs) over multicomponent debris. Particularly, cesium (Cs)- and iodine (I)- bearing chemical species are regarded as notable FPs. In the present work, the authors have generated original thermodynamic databases for the system U–Zr–Ce–Cs–Fe–B–C–I–O–H featuring Cs- as well as I-bearing subsystems, which are contained in oxide, iodide, and metal (including borides and carbides) sub-databases. It has been confirmed that the phase diagrams calculated by the present set of the databases reproduce the corresponding literature data well in various kinds of subsystems of the above multicomponent system. The present set of databases has subsequently been applied to simulate phase equilibria and volatizing behavior of Cs- and I-including species, respectively, in multicomponent debris under specific temperature and atmospheric conditions corresponding to severe nuclear accidents.     

Experimental and Analytical Study on the Behavior of Cesium Iodide Aerosol/Vapor Deposition onto Inner Surface of Pipe Wall under Severe Accident Conditions

The WAVE experiments have been performed at JAERI to investigate the CsI deposition onto the inner surface of pipe wall under typical severe accident conditions. It was shown that relatively large amount of CsI was deposited at the upstream floor of the pipe and that larger amount of CsI was deposited on the ceiling than the floor at the downstream. Analyses of the experiments have also been conducted with the three-dimensional thermohydraulic code, SPRAC, and the radionuclide transport analysis code, ART. The experimental results were well reproduced with ART by using peripherally subdivided pipe cross section and associated representative thermohydraulic information from SPRAC prediction. It was clarified through the present experiment and analyses that major deposition mechanisms for the chemical form of CsI are thermophoresis and condensation. Accordingly, the coupling of the FP behavior and the detailed thermohydraulic analyses was found to be essential in order to accurately predict the CsI deposition in the pipe, to which little attention has been paid in the previous studies.     

非能动安全壳冷却对严重事故下气溶胶沉积影响分析

采用分区法模型计算了不同热工条件下的气溶胶沉积情况,分析了4种自然沉积机理对不同粒径气溶胶的沉积作用。研究表明,气溶胶扩散泳沉积受热工情况影响最为显著。针对AP系列压水堆非能动安全壳冷却的设计特性,可通过降低壁面温度来提高气溶胶的扩散泳沉积,增强安全壳内的气溶胶净化作用,从而提高严重事故下安全壳内的放射性去除效果。     

压水堆严重事故管理入口标准研究

使用严重事故分析程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM,对3种不同尺寸的压水堆热段大破口事故进行了分析。主要研究了15、20、25cm大破口事故分别在无事故管理和有高压安全注射条件下事故进程。计算结果表明,当堆芯表面峰值温度达1 500K时,堆芯出口温度不能反映堆芯的损伤状态;当堆芯出口温度达900K时,进行严重事故管理不能有效阻止堆芯熔化。将堆芯热通道出口温度作为严重事故管理入口标准的计算分析结果表明,在堆芯热通道出口温度达900K时实施严重事故管理可有效阻止堆芯熔化,此信息可作为进入严重事故管理的入口标准。     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故后再注水的有效性评价

根据现有的设计资料,使用一体化严重事故分析程序MELCOR1.8.6建立了核电厂一、二回路系统,非能动堆芯冷却系统和安全壳系统的模型,并模拟冷段2英寸(5.08cm)小破口叠加重力注入失效的严重事故发生后,将冷却剂注入堆芯的情形,分析其对严重事故进程的缓解能力。本文选取3个严重事故的不同阶段,将冷却剂分别以小流量(10kg/s)、中流量(50kg/s)和大流量(200kg/s)的速率注入堆芯,通过比较氢气产生量、堆芯放射性产生量及堆芯温度等数据来评估在严重事故不同阶段再注水的可行性。结果表明:在堆芯损伤初期,可认为10kg/s以上的流量足以冷却百万千瓦级事故安全。而当严重事故发展到堆芯开始坍塌阶段,200kg/s的注水流量可认为是基本可行的,而小于此流量的注水应慎重考虑。     

A simple method for estimating the structure temperatures and the cesium revaporization inside the reactor pressure vessel – II: Feasibility study for the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

The present article is the second part of a two-part article, examining the feasibility of the method proposed in the preceding part. In this method, the ratio of the core uncovered from water x _u, the ratio of the core flooded by water x _f, the ratio of the core slumped into the pedestal area of the drywell x _s, and the ratio of the injected water leaking before reaching the core x _wl are the four important uncertain parameters. The base case study shows that water injection via the core spray line is more effective to cool the uncovered core and to reduce the amount of cesium hydroxide (CsOH) released from the drywell. The sensitivity study is conducted by introducing the dimensionless decay heat N _qd, which combines the effects of x _f, x _s, and x _wl on the steam generation rate associated with the forced convection cooling in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The results show that the temperatures of the uncovered core and the other structures increase with N _qd. Consequently, the release rate of CsOH also increases with N _qd. The relationships of the measurable RPV wall temperature with the temperatures of the uncovered core and the structures as well as the release characteristics of CsOH are also examined.     

气溶胶模型对安全壳旁路释放类事故源项的影响

本文开发了针对蒸汽发生器(SG)二次侧复杂流道结构的气溶胶沉积模型,并移植在核电厂一体化严重事故分析程序中。并以600 MW压水堆核电厂为研究对象,基于原模型与新开发的SG二次侧气溶胶沉积模型,对蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故(SGTR)源项进行了计算,并对新模型对安全壳旁路释放类的影响进行了分析。结果表明,采用新的二次侧气溶胶沉积模型后将会有更多的气溶胶沉积在SG二次侧,新开发的SG二次侧气溶胶沉积模型导致安全壳旁路释放类中对环境释放份额减少26.6%~71.1%。     

乏燃料水池严重事故现象及管理策略研究

针对我国二代改进型三环路核电厂乏燃料水池冷却管线破口事故(LOCA)引发的严重事故,使用MECLOR1.8.6程序进行了建模计算,分析研究了严重事故进程和乏燃料组件加热、熔化以及氢气的产生等主要现象。结果表明,乏燃料水池严重事故进程相对缓慢,但乏燃料组件的熔化及产生的氢气风险还是可能最终造成放射性向环境的大量释放。此外,本文还对乏燃料水池严重事故管理导则中的应急注水策略和氢气风险管理策略的有效性进行了计算分析,得到了严重事故下执行相关策略的时间窗口,从而为同类型核电厂严重事故管理导则的开发和有效执行提供支持。     

Mass Spectrometric Study of Vaporization of Lithium Fluoride

The vaporization of lithium fluoride was studied by using a mass spectrometer attached with a tungsten Knudsen cell over a temperature range of 1,006–1,200 K. As the ion species, Li⁺, LiF⁺, Li₂F⁺ and Li₃F₂ ⁺ were identified, where Li⁺ and LiF⁺ were mainly attributed to the monomer (LiF) as their precursor. While, Li₂F⁺ and Li₃F₂ ⁺ were identified to be formed from the dimer (Li₂F₂) and the trimer (Li₃F₃), respectively. Partial vapor pressures of these vapor species were obtained by estimating their relative ionization cross sections and comparing their peak heights with those of the internal standard. The heats of vaporization of the monomer, dimer and trimer were obtained by the second law as well as the third law treatments. The heats of vaporization of liquid lithium fluoride were obtained by approximation through differentiation of the quadric regression curves of partial vapor pressures. The fairly good agreement was attained between the second law and the third law heats of vaporization.     

A simple method for estimating the structure temperatures and the cesium revaporization inside the reactor pressure vessel – I: Basic concepts and model descriptions for the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the structure temperatures including the uncovered reactor core inside the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the release rates of fission products deposited in the RPV to the reactor building (R/B) at a certain time after the occurrence of a severe accident at a nuclear power plant (NPP). First, basic concepts are presented and then, a simplified steady-state heat balance model is proposed for estimating the temperatures of the uncovered reactor core and the upper structure in the RPV as well as the temperature of the RPV wall. In addition, models for estimating the revaporization rate of cesium hydroxide (CsOH) in the RPV and the leak rate of CsOH to the R/B via the drywell are also presented. The proposed approach is anticipated to be applicable to the damaged Units 1–3 of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP.