金在硫加金敏化的乳剂中的作用——Ⅱ.硫加金敏化与金过敏化及金潜影加强的异同

本文采用硫氰酸金溶液对硫敏化的立方体溴化银乳剂分别进行潜影加强和过敏化处理,并与硫加金敏化的乳剂进行感光性能的比较。硫敏化的乳剂经过潜影加强处理,感光度有明显提高,表明金具有促进乳剂颗粒显影的作用。另一方面,硫敏化的乳剂经过潜影加强处理,感光度虽有提高,仍达不到硫加金敏化的效果,而硫敏化的乳剂经过过敏化处理能达到甚至超过硫加金敏化的效果。这暗示着金对于硫加金敏化乳剂颗粒在曝光过程中潜影的形成是有贡献的。 本文采用Dember效应测量了乳剂的离子电导率,并进行了信号衰减速率的动力学分析。结果表明,硫加金敏化的乳剂颗粒的离子电导率和一级衰减参数与硫敏化的乳剂颗粒的相比有减小的趋势。硫敏化的乳剂经过金盐溶液过敏化处理后,乳剂颗粒的离子电导率和一级衰减参数明显减小,从而验证了金盐法过敏化效应是由于增加了颗粒环境中的银离子浓度的机理。     

AgBrⅠ核壳乳剂的还原敏化与硫加金敏化的协同增感效应

使用微机控制的双注仪和二次乳化方法制备了一系列在AgBrⅠ核内进行不同程度还原增感的溴碘化银／溴化银核壳乳剂．对这些乳剂感光性能的研究表明：1)颗粒内部经还原敏化或Ag2掺杂的乳剂表现出明显的增感效应，颗粒内碘离子的存在并不影响Ag2的增感作用；2)在对乳剂进行了颗粒表面的硫加金增感以后，在一定的DMAB用量下，观察到显著的颗粒内部还原增感和表面硫加金增感的协同增感效应，使乳剂的感光度有了成倍的增长．以上协同增感效应的结果再次说明，颗粒内部的还原敏化中心与颗粒表面的硫加金敏化中心具有两种不同的增感机理，前者捕获空穴，后者捕获电子，两者都有利于提高潜影的形成效率。     

草酸根掺杂立方体溴化银乳剂颗粒的增感效应研究

使用反馈式微机控制双注乳化仪，在晶体生长过程中一定时间内，加入一定量的草酸盐，制得了草酸根离子处于晶体颗粒次表面的立方体溴化银微晶乳剂．对其实验过程的考察和感光性能的测试结果表明，（1）草酸根掺杂于次表面的溴化银乳剂与未掺杂乳剂相比较，无论是原始乳剂，还是经过化学增感，或用染料进行光谱增感后的乳剂，感光度都有明显提高（Sd／S0≥1．5），有明显的增感效应；（2）无论是原始乳剂，还是经过化学增感，或光谱增感后的乳剂，草酸根掺杂立方体溴化银乳剂颗粒的灰雾水平都不高；（3）草酸根掺杂立方体溴化银颗粒与甲酸根掺杂的溴化银乳剂相比，产生的增感效应相差不大；（4）与甲酸根掺杂立方体溴化银颗粒相比，草酸根掺杂立方体溴化银颗粒的制备方法明显较前者要简单得多，颗粒形状也优于前者．     

草酸盐掺杂八面体溴化银颗粒乳剂的增感效应研究

使用反馈式微机控制双注乳化仪,在晶体生长过程中一定时间内,加入一定量的草酸盐,制得了草酸根离子处于晶体颗粒次表面的八面体溴化银微晶乳剂。考察其实验过程和测试其感光性能,结果表明:(1)草酸根掺杂于次表面的八面体溴化银乳剂与未掺杂乳剂相比较,无论是原始乳剂,还是经过化学增感,或用染料进行光谱增感后的乳剂,感光度均有明显提高(Sd/S0≥1.8),且其灰雾水平都不高,即具有明显的增感效应;(2)草酸根掺杂的乳剂可以与常规的硫加金化学增感,以及染料光谱增感一同进行协同增感,把乳剂的感光度提高到更高的水平。(3)草酸根掺杂的八面体溴化银乳剂的感光度增益,明显高于草酸根掺杂立方体溴化银乳剂。     

稳定剂和防灰雾剂在氯化银成像过程中的作用

采用在曝光前后用不同浓度的稳定剂(或防灰雾剂)溶液处理氯化银乳剂样片的方法,分别研究 了不同结构稳定剂(或防灰雾剂)对硫增感和硫加金增感氯化银成像、潜影形成以及显影的影响。     

溴化银乳剂中Ag2掺杂的位置效应研究

使用微机控制的双注仪，在晶体生长过程的不同时刻，加入一定浓度的二甲基胺硼烷（DMAB），制得了一系列Ag2处于不同掺杂位置的立方体溴化银微晶乳剂．对这些乳剂感光性能的研究表明：1）他掺杂乳剂与未掺杂乳剂相比，感光度有显著提高；2）心掺杂乳剂可同时与常规的硫加金化学增感和光谱增感进行协同增感；3）心掺杂接近微晶表面时乳剂感光度的增幅最大；4）在本实验条件下，掺杂乳剂的灰雾均保持在较低的水平。     

硫敏化中心中的银原子簇的增感作用

采用一定电位范围内的氧化还原缓冲液处理单分散立方溴化银乳剂颗粒表面上的硫敏化中心和由曝光生成的潜影中心，考察银原子簇的漂白和再生后的曝光效应曲线。实验结果再一次确认硫敏化中心中存在的银原子簇对硫敏化起重要作用，而且敏化效果也与银原子簇的含量有关。为此，提出硫敏化中心是由硫化银簇与银簇组成，它们在潜影形成的过程中各起不同的作用，但都有利于提高潜影的生成效率，因而共同产生敏化效应。     

微波对照相乳剂感光性能的影响

通过微波对溴化银乳剂胶片的照射可以达到使感光胶片增感的目的 .研究表明 ,短时间的微波照射就可以使溴化银胶片的感光度有明显提高 ,而一定时间的微波照射后 ,感光胶片的感光度并不象外加热方式那样出现衰退的现象 .增加硫金比 ,微波照射后 ,感光度增加较多 ,说明感光中心与 [Ag2 S·Ag]+ 有关 .并且 ,微波照射产生的增感效应有一定的时效性     

新型中空卤化银颗粒乳剂的制备和性能研究：Ⅲ.中空卤化银颗粒乳剂感？…

本文应用表面显影、Ｄｅｍｂｅｒ效应，化学成熟，光谱增感等方法，对照实心立方体溴化银乳剂研究中了空卤化银微晶的结果与光物理性质及感光性能的关系。     

新型中空卤化银颗粒乳剂的制备和性能研究 Ⅲ.中空卤化银颗粒乳剂感光性能的研究

本文应用表面显影、Ｄｅｍｂｅｒ效应、化学成熟、光谱增感等方法,对照实心立方体溴化银乳剂研究了中空卤化银微晶的结构与光物理性质及感光性能的关系．实验结果表明：（１）中空卤化银的潜影在孔洞处优先形成;（２）中空卤化银微晶中位错、缺陷较多,其填隙银离子浓度较大,电子陷阱较多;（３）中空颗粒表面反应活性高,感光度高,光谱增感效果好;（４）中空颗粒乳剂其反差较大,最大密度较高;（５）上述结果均可归因于中空卤化银微晶所特有的孔洞结构．     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。