Ag颗粒增强复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变断裂及强化机理研究

测定了不同应力和温度下Ag颗粒增强复合钎料及基体钎料63Sn37Pb钎焊接头蠕变寿命,分析了Ag颗粒增强复合钎料及基体钎料钎焊接头蠕变断裂机理.表明:Ag颗粒增强复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命优于基体钎料;Ag颗粒表面Ag-Sn金属间化合物形成及Ag颗粒对富Pb层阻碍作用是复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变性能提高的主要因素;钎焊接头Cu基板上一薄层富Pb相区形成是蠕变裂纹主要原因.     

纳米结构强化无铅焊点的力学性能

新型的无铅钎料不仅要具备含铅钎料的工艺性能,更重要的是要有更高的力学性能,特别是焊接接头的抗蠕变能力。将纳米级多面齐聚倍半硅氧烷(Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes,POSS)颗粒作为增强相添加到基体钎料中,能够有效地改善Sn-3. 5Ag基复合钎料的性能。研究了不同种类POSS增强颗粒对Sn-3. 5Ag钎料显微组织和力学性能的影响,确定出POSS增强颗粒复合钎料的最佳配比,并对最佳配比复合钎料在不同温度不同载荷条件下的蠕变寿命进行了研究。结果表明：POSS颗粒质量分数小于2%时,可以抑制基板界面处初晶金属间化合物的生长;复合钎料的抗剪切强度明显提高;低温时,最大蠕变寿命明显改善。     

应力对Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料蠕变性能的影响

使用搭接面积为1mm2的单搭接钎焊接头,研究了恒定温度下应力对Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命的影响,结果表明:Ag颗粒增强SnCu基复合钎料的蠕变抗力优于99.3Sn0.7Cu基体钎料;随着应力的增大,复合钎料及其基体钎料钎焊接头的蠕变寿命均呈下降趋势,且应力对复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命的影响比基体钎料明显.     

纳米结构强化的新型Sn-Ag基无铅复合钎料

通过外加法向Sn-3.5Ag钎料中加入质量分数为1%,2%和3%的纳米级多面齐聚倍半硅氧烷(polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes,POSS)颗粒制备无铅复合钎料.系统研究POSS颗粒的显微组织,钎料的熔化特性、润湿性能和力学性能.结果表明:POSS颗粒的加入并没有改变Sn-Ag基复合钎料熔化温度.复合钎料的铺展面积均有所增加,润湿角有所下降,表现了良好的润湿性.POSS颗粒的加入显著提高钎料钎焊接头的剪切强度.     

耐高温瞬时液相连接无铅钎焊接头的时效稳定性

通过瞬时液相(TLP)连接的互连工艺,采用Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料,制备Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料/Cu接头.采用SEM观察恒温时效过程中接头的组织,结合EDS对比不同工艺下试样接头组织,并对接头性能进行对比分析.结果表明:随着Ag颗粒含量的增加,Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag/Cu接头耐高温(300℃)服役性能随之提高;Ag含量为25％(质量分数)时接头在高于基体钎料熔点(217℃)83℃下服役15天未断裂,且抗拉强度为25.74 MPa,达到了低温焊接、高温服役的目的;与Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu/Cu接头相比,随着时效的进行,Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料/Cu接头焊缝组织中残余的Ag颗粒不断溶解,并在接头界面附近产生大量Ag3 Sn化合物,而大量的块状Ag3 Sn化合物可以有效抑制焊缝中Sn元素向Cu基板扩散,达到抑制Cu3 Sn层生长的目的;在200℃服役温度条件下,随着时效的进行,Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu+Ag复合钎料/Cu接头力学性能先下降后上升,然后再下降并趋于稳定,且力学性能稳定性比Sn4.7Ag1.7Cu/Cu接头要好.     

纳米颗粒对无铅钎料改性的研究进展

随着电子器件趋于微型化、多功能化,微电子封装中的焊点与间距互连要求更小,对焊点的可靠性提出了更高的要求,而在电子封装中钎料对焊点可靠性起着至关重要的作用.近年来,人们越来越注重绿色发展理念,对铅的毒性关注度日益增强,并且各国纷纷立法禁止使用含铅钎料,推动了无铅钎料的快速发展.但是,现有无铅钎料均存在成本高、润湿性差、可靠性低等问题.因此,探索并研发性能优异的无铅钎料任重而道远.目前,许多研究者选择在无铅钎料中添加纳米颗粒以增强复合钎料的综合性能,如金属颗粒、金属化合物颗粒、碳基纳米材料等.研究表明,纳米颗粒的加入可以细化钎料基体组织,抑制金属间化合物(IMC)的生长,提高钎料的力学性能.因此,研发颗粒增强型无铅钎料以改善钎料合金的整体性能成为研究的热点.本文综合分析了不同类型、不同尺寸、不同含量的纳米颗粒对无铅钎料组织性能的影响与作用机理,综述了添加纳米颗粒对钎料的显微组织、润湿性能、力学性能、蠕变性能、电迁移特性和可靠性的影响.此外,概述了亚微米颗粒对三维封装互连焊点的改性作用.最后,总结了纳米颗粒增强无铅钎料的不足之处,并对其未来发展进行展望,以期为日后研发高性能的颗粒增强型无铅钎料提供基础理论指导.     

等温时效对新型Sn-Ag基复合钎料显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了等温时效对Sn-3.5Ag共晶钎料及其复合钎料的力学性能和显微组织变化的影响。为了弥补传统复合钎料制备和服役中强化颗粒容易粗化的问题, 制备了不同种类最佳配比的具有纳米结构的有机无机笼型硅氧烷齐聚物(POSS)颗粒增强的Sn-Ag基复合钎料。对钎焊接头在不同温度（125、150、175℃）下进行时效,通过SEM和EDAX分析了钎料与基板间金属间化合物层(IMC)的生长情况。结果表明, 经过不同温度时效,复合钎料钎焊接头界面处金属间化合物的生长速率比Sn3.5Ag共晶钎料慢, 复合钎料的IMC生长的激活能分别为80、97和77kJ/mol,均高于Sn3.5Ag共晶钎料。经过150℃时效1000h后,复合钎料钎焊接头的剪切强度分别下降了22%、13%和18%,下降幅度相当或明显小于Sn-3.5Ag钎料钎焊接头。      

温度对Cu颗粒增强复合钎料蠕变性能的影响

蠕变性能是影响钎焊接头可靠性的重要指标之一.采用搭接面积为1 mm2的单搭接钎焊接头,在恒定载荷下,测定了Cu颗粒增强锡铅基复合钎料钎焊接头的蠕变寿命,分析并讨论了温度对该复合钎料蠕变寿命的影响.结果表明:Cu颗粒增强的锡铅基复合钎料的蠕变抗力优于传统63Sn37Pb共晶钎料;钎焊接头蠕变寿命随温度的升高而降低,并且温度对复合钎料钎焊接头蠕变寿命的影响较传统63Sn37Pb钎料明显.     

新型纳米结构颗粒增强无铅复合钎料性能

为了解决传统复合钎料制备中强化颗粒容易粗化的问题,提高无铅复合钎料的性能,选用共晶Sn-3.5Ag、Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu钎料作为基体,3种不同类型具有纳米结构的有机-无机笼型硅氧烷齐聚物(POSS) 颗粒作为增强相而制成复合钎料。研究了复合钎料的铺展性能、钎焊接头的力学性能和抗蠕变性能。结果表明,复合钎料的润湿性能均优于基体钎料的润湿性能,复合钎料钎焊接头的剪切强度和蠕变断裂寿命均明显提高。在相同条件下,Sn-Ag-Cu基复合钎料钎焊接头的性能优于Sn-Ag基复合钎料钎焊接头。      

再流条件对Ni颗粒增强复合钎料组织形态的影响

主要针对不同的再流次数带来的不同热输入对Ni颗粒增强复合钎料IMC形态的影响进行了深入研究。由前一阶段研究表明，决定Ni颗粒增强复合无铅钎料组织变化的关键因素是钎料的钎焊温度与钎料熔点的温度差△T以及在熔点以上保温时间t。其本质即外界对钎料的热输入量的大小。随着热输入的增加，Ni颗粒周围的IMC以及钎料/基板界面处的IMC都相应变化发展。由于Ni颗粒的加入。基板＼钎料界面层的结构形态均与Sn-Ag共晶钎料有较大不同，Ni与cu6Sn5的相互作用起到了关键影响。界面层厚度的变化随再流次数增加呈现线性增长。     

Effects of Ag particles content on properties of Sn0.7Cu solder

To improve properties of Sn0.7Cu solder, method of particles reinforced was employed. Effects of Ag particle contents (1, 3, 5, 7.5, and 10 vol.%) on spreadability, microstructure, shear strength and creep rupture life of Sn0.7Cu solders have been studied. The experimental results indicate that intermetallic compound (IMC) grows, Shear strength is increased and grains are fined with the increasing of Ag particles. When content of Ag particles is more than 5 vol.%, growth rate of IMC is increased significantly. When the content of Ag is 5 vol.%, the composite solder presents best spreadability and excellent creep rupture property which have maximum spreading area, minimum wetting angle and longest creep rupture life (about 22 times as long as that of Sn0.7Cu solder).     

Creep property of composite solders reinforced by nano-sized particles

In the present work the creep properties of Sn37Pb and Sn0.7Cu based composite solders with nano-sized metallic Cu, Ag and nano-sized oxide Al₂O₃, TiO₂ reinforcement particles have been studied. First, a series of volume percentages of reinforcements were selected for optimizing the content of particles. Then, the composite solder with optimum volume fraction of the reinforcement particles, corresponding to maximum creep rupture life, is selected for investigating the effect of applied stress level and test temperature on creep rupture life of the composite solder joints. In the creep rupture life test, small single-lap tensile-shear joints were adopted. The results indicate that all the composite solders have improved creep resistance, comparing to the eutectic Sn37Pb solder and the Sn0.7Cu lead-free solder. The creep rupture life of the composite solder joints is first increased with the increase in the volume fraction of reinforcement in the composite solders. Then, the creep rupture life is decreased, as the reinforcement content exceeds a certain value. The creep rupture life of the solder joints is decreased with the increase of applied stress and testing temperature. Moreover, the reinforced efficiency of nano-sized Ag particles is the best in all the tested nano-sized reinforcements for the Sn37Pb based and Sn0.7Cu based composite solders, when the particles contents are in their own optimum content.     

Effects of rare earths on properties and microstructures of lead-free solder alloys

In order to further enhance the properties of lead-free solder alloys such as SnAgCu, SnAg, SnCu and SnZn, trace amount of rare earths were selected by lots of researchers as alloys addition into these alloys. The enhancement include better wettability, physical properties, creep strength and tensile strength. For Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu bearing rare earths, when the rare earths were La and Ce, the creep-rupture life of solder joints can be remarkably improved, nine times more than that of the original Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder joints at room temperature. In addition, creep-rupture lifetime of RE-doped solders increases by over four times for SnAg and seven times for SnCu. This paper summarizes the effects of rare earths on the wettability, mechanical properties, physical behavior and microstructure of a series of lead-free solders.     

Study on creep characterization of nano-sized Ag particle-reinforced Sn–Pb composte solder joints

In the present work, the creep strain of solder joints is measured using a stepped load creep test on a single specimen. Based on the experimental results, the constitutive model on the steady-state creep strain is established by applying a linear curve fitting for the nano-sized Ag particle-reinforced Sn37Pb based composite solder joint and the Sn37Pb solder joint, respectively. It is indicated that the activation energy of the Ag particle-reinforced Sn37Pb based composite solder joints is higher than that of Sn37Pb solder joints. It is expected that the creep resistance of the Ag particle-reinforced Sn37Pb based composite solder joints is superior to that of Sn37Pb solder.     

Creep behavior in Cu and Ag particle-reinforced composite and eutectic Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu non-composite solder joints

Creep properties were determined for small, geometrically realistic Pb-free solder joints. Solder joints were prepared with eutectic Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu solder alloys. Composite solder joints were made using the eutectic Sn-3.5Ag alloy as the matrix with 15 vol % of mechanically added 6 m size Cu and 4 m size Ag reinforcing particles. Creep tests were conducted on these joints at 25 °C, 65 °C and 105 °C representing homologous temperatures ranging from 0.61 to 0.78. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations of creep behavior were obtained from the distortion of excimer laser-induced surface ablation markings on the solder joint. Various creep parameters, such as global and localized creep strain, variation of creep strain and strain-rate, activation energy for creep, and the onset of tertiary creep were determined. General findings in this study revealed that the creep resistance in composite solder joints is significantly improved with Cu particle reinforcements. In contrast, the improvement in the creep properties of Ag particle-reinforced composite solder joints was far less even though highly uniform deformation in the joint was observed. The strain noted at the onset of tertiary creep for Cu and Ag reinforced composite solder joints was typically lower compared to non-composite solder joints. The activation energies for creep were similar for all the solder materials investigated in this study. © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Structural characterization and creep resistance of nano-silicon carbide reinforced Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu lead-free solder alloy

Nano-sized, non-reacting, non-coarsening SiC particles were successfully fabricated by high energy ball milling. Mechanically mixing was adopted to prepare SiC-particulate reinforced Sn–1.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC105) composite solders. The effects of SiC addition on the melting behavior, microstructure and the corresponding creep properties were explored. It is found that the addition of 0.35–0.75 wt.% SiC nano-sized particles can effectively decrease the undercooling, while the melting temperature is sustained at the SAC(105) level, indicating that the novel composite solder is fit for existing soldering process. After the addition of 0.35% SiC nano-particles, a fine microstructure of Ag₃Sn and Cu₆Sn₅ IMCs with small spacing appeared in the β-Sn matrix. Moreover, the creep rate of the composite solder exhibited a consistently lower value than that of plain SAC(105) solder due to a second phase dispersion strengthening mechanism as well as a refinement of IMCs. Hence, the composite SAC(105)/0.35% SiC solder displayed a higher creep resistance (3.1 times) and fracture lifetime (3 times) than that of plain solder. However, this effectiveness is reduced when 0.75% SiC addition starts constricting the growth Ag₃Sn and Cu₆Sn₅ IMC and forming a weak interface with the enlarged β-Sn matrix.