基于变比变化检测的变压器抽头位置跟踪估计算法

本文提出一种基于变比变化检测的变压器抽头位置跟踪估计算法。该算法引入残差似然函数来反映一个量测断面中蕴含的抽头位置静态信息，同时将抽头位置随时间的变化看作一个马尔科夫链，利用马尔科夫链的状态转移概率考虑了抽头位置随时间变化的动态信息，降低了算法对变压器局部量测冗余度的要求，增强了对量测噪声的鲁棒性。为了尽可能地减少计算量，本文提出在抽头估计前利用变压器无功量测残差进行变压器变比变化检测，并只对变比可能发生变化的变压器进行抽头估计计算。文中用ＩＥＥＥ３０节点系统和国内某实际电网对该算法进行了验证。     

变压器分接头位置的估计

本文提出一种新的变压器档位估计方法。它在现有的快速分解状态估计法的基础上,利用增广状态估计法解决了实际运行中变压器档位估计问题。它的有效性已经在实际应用中得到了证明。     

基于相量测量单元实测数据的变压器参数在线估计方法

给出了基于相量测量单元(PMU)实测数据的变压器变比(分接头位置)和电抗参数的计算方法.通过对变压器参数和变比的多时段计算结果进行统计分析发现,多时段参数计算结果符合正态分布.利用正态分布参数估计理论,给出了变压器参数和变比辨识结果的置信区间和点估计值,最大限度地减少了量测随机误差的影响.算法考虑了电力系统的生产实际情...     

辨识网络拓扑错误的最小绝对值状态估计

采用最小绝对值状态估计算法辨识网络拓扑错误。在传统的最小二乘法状态估计模型中引进扩展变量和量测量,构成最小绝对值状态估计问题,进而转化为线性规划的标准形式求解。在一实际测验系统上进行了试算。     

基于预测-校正原对偶内点法的无功优化新模型

在有载可调变压器模型中引入虚拟节点，并通过该节点的电压来表示理想变压器对功率、电压的转换关系，由此在直角坐标系中建立了无功优化问题的二阶新模型。该新模型的海森矩阵是精确的常系数矩阵，在内点法迭代过程中只需要计算一次，从而缩短了每次迭代的计算时间。利用AMD算法对内点法修正方程的系数矩阵进行节点优化编号，减少了其LU分解所产生的注入元。通过存储海森矩阵的非零元素值、其行、列号及对应的拉格朗日乘子编号，提出了一种新的非零元素存储方式，极大地减少了海森矩阵与乘子线性组合的计算量。基于节点数从14到1338的7个测试系统进行了仿真计算，结果验证了所建模型与方法的正确性与有效性。这种建立模型的思想还可以应用到需要计算海森矩阵的动态无功优化、最优潮流以及状态估计等问题的算法中，以提高其计算速度。     

An adaptive scheme for digital protection of power transformers

The development of an adaptive scheme for digital differential protection of power transformers is described. The transformer status is monitored to decide if the transformer is disconnected or is in normal operating condition. When the transformer is energized, a two-state Kalman filter model monitors the transformer during normal operating conditions. The current transformer ratios and tap values are included in the algorithm to obtain an adaptive percentage differential characteristic. This adaptive scheme was tested on data obtained in the laboratory and proved to be highly accurate and fast     

A simulation mathematical model of a traction transformer with tapped secondary windings

This paper deals with the problem of accounting for changes in the magnetic flux leakage of traction transformer windings under discrete cyclic load switching of traction winding sections during the simulation of continuous processes. It is proposed to take into account this change by introducing a fictitious mutual inductance and active components of the mutual impedance between the windings, which can be determined using the theory of a multiwinding transformer. A method for mathematical representation and computer simulation of the traction transformer with tapped secondary windings is considered based on the notation of the system of differential equations in the state space. Expressions for the calculation of the leakage inductance of the transformer windings and mutual inductances that take into account the change in the magnetic field of the winding leakage in the case of the discrete cyclic load switching of the tapped secondary windings. An algorithm for calculation of matrix elements of the equation of state is constructed. A simulation mathematical model of the traction transformer is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment that takes into account the winding leakage field variation under discrete cyclic switching of the load of sections of traction windings. The adequacy of the proposed simulation mathematical model is proven by comparison of short-circuit currents obtained as a result of the simulation with currents of traction transformer short-circuit field tests.     

EMS中状态估计模块生产运行及实用化问题分析

状态估计是能量管理系统(EMS)的主要软件,它是高级应用软件实现的基础。针对几种主流估计算法(如基本加权最小二乘估算法)收敛性虽好,但对大型电力系统存在计算时间长、内存占用大等缺陷的问题,着重介绍了福建省电网所用状态估计算法。简述了状态估计程序及模块的生产运行概况、遥测/遥信量的控制手段、可疑数据的来源以及导致状态估计合格率下降的原因。对生产中存在的参数、变压器分接头估计误差大及对坏数据缺乏分析手段等问题进行分析并给出相关理论解释,提出了增加或完善几种量测量(厂用电、发电机端电压、变压器抽头等)提高状态估计模块精度和性能的若干具体改进建议。探讨了不良数据的检测与辨识、外网等值、权值定义原则、内部不可观测部分的处理、可观测性分析以及参数的估计与辨识这些在状态估计模块实用化中值得关注的6个关键问题,且针对各子问题所用方法进行了分析比较并给出了结论,最后对该领域的几个难点、热点研究方向进行了总结和展望。     

基于粒子群算法的电力系统非线性谐波状态估计

为增加谐波量测数据的冗余度,提高线性谐波状态估计的可观测度,基于PMU量测数据和SCADA量测数据构成混合量测数据,应用于谐波状态估计,建立非线性谐波状态估计的数学模型。将该非线性数学模型改写为灵敏度模型,并转化为优化问题,应用粒子群算法求解。算例分析表明,非线性谐波状态估计的灵敏度模型是有效的,应用优化算法求解是切实可行的,混合量测数据能提高谐波状态估计的可观测度。     

电力系统变压器模型分析

目前广泛使用的理想变压器串联一个恒定等值阻抗的变压器模型,一般只以等值阻抗是否位于变压器标准变比侧来区分,而没有考虑等值阻抗是位于可调分接头侧还是位于固定抽头侧的问题。分析与计算表明,当变压器分接头变化时,变压器模型的等值阻抗是否位于可调分接头侧,计算结果有较大不同,说明了等值阻抗与它是否在可调分接头侧关系很大。实际上,变压器绕组的漏抗和电阻是随着分接头调整而变化的,选取能反应这种变化关系的变压器模型是十分必要的。通过对变压器模型中等值阻抗性质的分析,认为采用等值阻抗在固定抽头侧的变压器模型是合理的。     

卡尔曼滤波对油中溶解气体含量的预测

准确测量变压器油中溶解气体的浓度是对变压器进行色谱分析的关键,为此,以卡尔曼滤波理论为基础研究了新型油浸式电力变压器油中溶解气体含量的预测模式及其应用特性,并分析了卡尔曼滤波的稳定性、实用性及其适应数值变化的能力,展示了卡尔曼滤波在数据预测方面的优越性。在卡尔曼滤波算法的迭代计算中以观测量的最小均方误差阵为准则,推导出了用预测误差向量进行方差估计,求出最小方差意义下预测量的最优估计。理论推导和仿真结果表明,该方法计算简单、可靠,可以大大地降低预测误差,提高预测模型的预报能力,能满足工程实践的需要。     

Thermal Analysis of Power Transformer Using an Improved Dynamic Thermal Equivalent Circuit Model

Abstract

—To insure the health of power transformers insulation, its heat distribution in different operating conditions must be determined. In extended thermal equivalent circuits (TECs), less attention has been paid to losses and temperature distribution of different parts such as core, tank and metallic regions of transformer. Most previous works, hot-spot temperature of winding and top-oil were considered by available no-load and on-load losses of transformer. This paper extends the TEC to be able to evaluate fully the different operating conditions of transformer. Estimation of losses of different elements of transformer as heat generating source and thermal parameters of transformer are introduced as two major challenges of the proposed model. At this end, an appropriate three-dimensional finite element method is used to estimate the losses of different components of power transformer. In addition, to identify the transformer thermal parameters, a genetic algorithm is used by searching in chosen measurements. Finally, the results obtained by the TEC are compared with IEEE-Annex G method and measured temperature and high accuracy of the proposed model in temperature estimation in different parts of transformer are shown.     

Fuzzy logic controller for on-load transformer tap changer

This paper presents a new fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for on-load tap change control for distribution transformers. The model of a transformer with its tap changing mechanism is given first. Next, the FLC is presented in detail. The proposed algorithm is optimized from the numerical point of view and proved to be implementable on contemporary programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Simulation results are included that compare the proposed control algorithm with the classical inverse-time controller and prove the efficiency of the new solution     

Treatment of inequality constraints in power system stateestimation

A new formulation of the power system state estimation problem and a new solution technique are presented. The formulation allows for inequality constraints such as VAr limits on generators and transformer tap ratio limits. In addition, unmeasured loads can be modeled as unknown but bounded quantities. The solution technique is an interior point method that uses logarithmic barrier functions to treat the inequality constraints. The authors describe computational issues arising in the implementation of the algorithm. Numerical results are given for power systems ranging in size from six to 118 buses     

Transfer function-based partial discharge localization in power transformers: a feasibility study

Statistical studies have shown that failures of bushings, winding insulation, and online tap changers are the main causes for long-duration outages of transformers. This article investigates the development of an instrument for supervising the conditions of transformer units. The use of sectional winding transfer functions (SWTFs) for online PD evaluation in power transformers has several advantages: localization of PD sources, discrimination between PDs inside or outside of the transformer, and evaluation of actual PD amplitudes along the winding. Direct measurement of SWTFs-when different points along the coil are accessible-and use of these SWTFs for PD evaluation and localization has shown excellent results. In order to use this method at transformers on site, an appropriate modeling method is needed for the computation of the SWTFs using only measurements at the transformer terminals. A detailed modeling approach based on discrete RLC circuit elements has been studied and different algorithms used for parameter estimation and optimization. This model is applicable in practical cases for a limited frequency range if genetic algorithms (GAs) are used for parameter optimization. A new method based on traveling wave theory has been investigated using genetic algorithms to search for the optimum parameters of a partial differential equation that describes the transient behavior of the coil. This method has shown potential in solving SWTF calculation problems for different transformers.     

电力系统无功优化的内点非线性互补约束算法

建立了一种含离散变量的电力系统无功优化的非线性互补约束模型,并提出相应的现代内点非线性互补算法。该方法先将变压器抽头和电容器组数等离散变量按连续化处理,进行无功优化计算,快速寻求离散变量的两界;用所得结果作为初始解,以离散变量的两界构造其互补约束条件。该方法有效地解决了传统方法求解离散量存在的时间与精度之间的矛盾,可精确求解无功优化中可调变压器抽头和可调电容器组别。经多个测试系统的计算结果表明,算法具有收敛性好、计算迅速的特点,能有效地解决含离散变量的大规模电力系统无功优化问题,满足在线运行的需要。     

Quasi-oppositional differential evolution for optimal reactive power dispatch

This paper presents quasi-oppositional differential evolution to solve reactive power dispatch problem of a power system. Differential evolution (DE) is a population-based stochastic parallel search evolutionary algorithm. Quasi-oppositional differential evolution has been used here to improve the effectiveness and quality of the solution. The proposed quasi-oppositional differential evolution (QODE) employs quasi-oppositional based learning (QOBL) for population initialization and also for generation jumping. Reactive power dispatch is an optimization problem that reduces grid congestion with more than one objective. The proposed method is used to find the settings of control variables such as generator terminal voltages, transformer tap settings and reactive power output of shunt VAR compensators in order to achieve minimum active power loss, improved voltage profile and enhanced voltage stability. In this study, QODE has been tested on IEEE 30-bus, 57-bus and 118-bus test systems. Test results of the proposed QODE approach have been compared with those obtained by other evolutionary methods reported in the literature. It is found that the proposed QODE based approach is able to provide better solution.     

Optimal operation of large-scale power systems

A method for optimal operation of large-scale power systems is presented that it is similar to the one utilized by the Houston Lighting and Power Company. The main objective is to minimize the system fuel costs while maintaining an acceptable system performance in terms of limits on generator real and reactive power outputs, transformer tap settings, and bus voltage levels. Minimizing the fuel costs of such large-scale systems enhances the performance of optimal real power generator allocation and of optimal power flow that results in an economic dispatch. To handle large-scale systems of this nature, the problem is decomposed into a real and a reactive power optimization problem. The control variables are generator real power outputs for the real power optimization problem and generator reactive power outputs, compensating capacitors, and transformer tap settings for the reactive power optimization. The gradient projection method (GPM) is utilized to solve the optimization problems. It is an iterative procedure for finding an extremum of a function of several constraint variables without using penalty functions or Lagrange multipliers. Mathematical models are developed to represent the sensitivity relationships between dependent and control variables for both real and reactive-power optimization procedures and thus eliminate the use of B-coefficients     

基于CIM的电力变压器模型分析

变压器模型正确与否对电力系统分析结果影响很大。离线潮流计算中,变压器等值阻抗是直接给定的,因而使用变压器模型通常无需考虑变压器分接头对等值阻抗的影响。而在调度自动化系统中,变压器的等值阻抗一般由主接头下短路试验数据计算而来,但变压器实际上可能在不同的分接头下运行,需要考虑变压器分接头调整的影响,且其影响比较显著。详细分析表明基于公共信息模型(CIM)定义的变压器模型可以非常方便地计及分接头调整对变压器等值阻抗的影响,非常适合于调度自动化系统,并且其参数计算非常方便。采用基于CIM的变压器模型,不仅可以方便地实现系统的互联,也可以保证电力系统计算的正确性。     

基于回路平衡方程的变压器绕组变形在线监测研究

电力变压器运行过程中发生绕组变形将会导致绕组漏感参数发生变化,提出用变压器等值回路平衡方程进行绕组参数辨识的方法。以双绕组单相及三相变压器绕组回路平衡方程为基础,采用最小二乘算法估算原副边绕组电阻、漏电感参数,进而实现变压器绕组变形的在线监测,并针对变压器稳态回路方程模型的不可辨识性提出新的解决方法。仿真和动模试验表明该方法的合理性和有效性。