Dietary exposure to acrylamide from potato crisps to the Spanish population

Potato crisps are one of the food commodities that contribute most to overall dietary human exposure of acrylamide. This investigation has estimated the dietary exposure to acrylamide form potato crisps in the Spanish population. Sampling of potato crisps (n = 36) from 16 different producers were carried out in March 2008. An average level of 740 µg kg^?1 (ranging from 81 to 2622 µg kg^?1; minimum to maximum) and a median of 592 µg kg^?1 were obtained. Acrylamide levels in marketed potato crisps have been significantly reduced (nearly to 50%) compared with a previous sampling performed 4 years earlier. The observed signal value (90th percentile) was 1377 µg kg^?1 with 86% of the samples with acrylamide levels lower than 1000 µg kg^?1. Dietary exposure to acrylamide from potato crisp consumption in the total Spanish population was estimated to be 0.042 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 by using a deterministic approach based on the National consumption database. In a second study, dietary exposure (based on a 3-day food record) was determined to be 0.053 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for the adult population (17–60 years) and 0.142 µg kg^?1 body weight day^?1 for children (7–12 years). The contribution of potato crisps to the estimated dietary acrylamide exposure of the Spanish population is moderate as compared with other European Member States.     

韩国的健康功能食品

随着经济的发展，消费者对功能性食品的需求越来越高，迫使各国相继出台相关法规以完善对产品市场的管理。借鉴各国的经验，健康功能食品（health／function food，HFF）的概念在韩国应运而生。这类食品在韩国市场上有两类：一类是日常健康功能食品，另一类是特种健康功能食品。健康功能食品的原料可以来自传统膳食、药用植物或新资源，可以是纯化的合成产物、天然产物或介于两者之间的组合。在健康功能食品的安全性评价中，原料的临床使用史受到很高的重视。     

中国居民邻苯二甲酸二丁酯膳食摄入水平及其风险评估

目的了解我国主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的含量,评估我国居民经膳食暴露于DBP的水平以及潜在的健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年收集的24类食品中的DBP含量数据以及2002年中国居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算我国居民DBP膳食摄入水平,以及不同食物对DBP摄入的贡献率,并与每日可耐受摄入量(TDI,0.01 mg/kg BW)比较,进行风险特征描述。结果各种食品中DBP的含量范围为0.00~46.50 mg/kg,平均含量为0.11 mg/kg,全人群的膳食DBP平均摄入量为1.21μg/kg BW,占TDI的12.08%。全人群高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的DBP摄入量为2.84μg/kg BW,占TDI的28.42%。大米、方便面对DBP膳食摄入的贡献率较高,分别为20.30%和15.34%。结论中国居民膳食DBP摄入的健康风险较低,处于可接受水平。     

Estimate of dietary exposure to sulphites in child and adult populations in the Basque Country

Sulphites are widely used as a preservative and antioxidant additive in food. The aim of this study was to assess dietary sulphite intake in adults aged 35–65 years and in children aged 4–18 years living in the Basque Country, northern Spain. We determined sulphite concentrations in 909 samples covering 16 food types. The maximum permitted levels were exceeded in 17% of samples. Making recommended assumptions for non-quantifiable results, estimates of mean lower and upper bounds were calculated for sulphite concentrations in each food type. These sulphite data were combined with consumption data derived from 8417 adults from the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer and Nutrition cohort in Gipuzkoa, recruited in 1992–1995 using a diet history method, and 1055 children from the Basque Country Nutrition Children Survey, conducted in 2004–2005 using two 24-h recall questionnaires to assess diet. The results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) proposed by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). The mean dietary exposure to sulphites was 0.08 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, only 11% of the ADI in the overall group of children (4–18 years old), but the acceptable intake was exceeded by 4% of 4–6 year olds. For the adults (35–65 years old), the mean dietary exposure was 0.31 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, 45% of the ADI, but the acceptable intake was exceeded in 14.6% of cases. The major contributing foods were minced meat and other meat products for children and wine for adults.     

膳食反式脂肪酸研究进展及安全管理

研究表明,过量摄入反式脂肪酸可引起血脂代谢紊乱,增加冠心病及其它慢性疾病的发生风险.其对健康的不利影响受到广泛关注.本文就膳食反式脂肪酸的结构特点、食物来源、主要健康危害、不同人群摄入量以及管理现状等问题进行综述.     

基于市场监测农药残留的四川省获“绿色食品”认证绿茶质量安全风险评估

目的掌握四川省获得\"绿色食品\"认证绿茶的质量安全情况,评估其存在的主要问题及风险危害。方法以97个四川省获得\"绿色食品\"认证的绿茶为评估对象,考察农药共计82项。对长期、短期和急性膳食摄入风险进行评估,针对茶叶产品膳食评估,分别计算长期膳食摄入量和短期膳食摄入量危害指数(hazard index, HI)进行评价,并对检出农药进行风险排序。结果 41个样品检出农药残留,检出的农药残留项目有38项,前3位依次为毒死蜱(19次)、啶虫脒(18次)和联苯菊酯(18次)。长期膳食摄入风险评估结果表明检出农药残留%ADI范围在0.001%～1.610%,远低于100%,风险极低。短期膳食摄入量评估结果表明检出农药残留%ARfD范围在0.002%～23.396%,均低于100%,风险较低。绿茶产品长期膳食摄入和短期膳食摄入风险指数分别为10.714%和58.962%,低于100%,风险可控。检出农药风险排序依次为灭多威、唑虫酰胺和氧乐果、克百威(并列)。对我国GB 2763-2016规定的19项农药残留最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL)进行评估,表明虫螨腈的CPLc小于\"1\",其MRL对消费者长期摄入保护水平存在风险。结论建议考虑增加毒死蜱等检出率较高农药残留的MRL值,高风险农药在绿茶产品质量安全控制和监管中应多关注。     

Dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs: Occurrence in food and dietary intake in France

PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs contamination data in food products consumed in France collected from national monitoring programmes (2001-04) and representing analytical results for almost 800 individual food samples were combined with food consumption data from the French national dietary survey to estimate PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs dietary intakes, expressed as toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs). The mean PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs intakes were estimated as 1.8 and 2.8 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. day^-1, respectively, for adults (aged 15 years and over) and children (aged 3-14 years). The main contributors to total intake were fish and milk products for both children and adults (48 and 31% for adults and 34 and 43% for children, respectively). DL-PCBs constituted the largest contributor to contamination in most foodstuffs. A life-long intake estimate showed that a non-negligible part of the French population (between 20 and 28%) had an intake above the tolerable monthly intake for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs of 70 pg WHO-TEQ kg^-1 b.w. month^-1.     

上海市15岁及以上居民膳食反式脂肪酸摄入量及其风险评估

目的 了解上海市常见市售食品中反式脂肪酸（TFAs）含量,评估上海15岁及以上居民膳食TFAs的摄入水平及其潜在健康风险。方法 在本市超市、农贸市场、餐饮店等采样点采集11大类664份食品样品,采用《食品安全国家标准 食品中反式脂肪酸的测定》（GB 5009.257—2016）检测TFAs含量。结合“2013年上海市居民膳食与健康状况监测”消费量数据,采用简单分布模型（确定性评估）方法,计算每个个体每日TFAs摄入量及其供能比。结果 在各类食品中,植物油中TFAs平均含量最高,达0.7 g/100 g,乳及乳制品中TFAs平均含量次之,为0.67 g/100 g,牛羊肉及其制品中的TFAs平均含量也较高,为0.51 g/100 g。上海市15岁及以上人群TFAs平均摄入量为0.34 g/d,平均供能比为0.18%,远低于WHO的建议水平（1%）。从个体TFAs供能比在人群中的分布来看,大部分居民供能比在0.1%~0.3%范围内,最大值为0.68%。从不同类食品对TFAs摄入的贡献率来看,加工食品占总摄入水平的75.16%,其中植物油贡献率最高,约占51.58%。结论 植物油是上海市15岁及以上居民膳食TFAs的最主要来源;上海市15岁及以上人群膳食摄入TFAs的健康风险很低。     

Establishing a food list for a Total Diet Study: how does food consumption of specific subpopulations need to be considered?

A Total Diet Study (TDS) consists of selecting, collecting and analysing commonly consumed foods to obtain concentration data of different chemical compounds in foods as eaten. A TDS food list summarises the most consumed foods and represents the dietary habits of the general population of the country under study. The work reported here investigated whether TDS food lists that were initially designed for the whole population of the country under study also sufficiently cover the dietary pattern of specific subpopulations that are extra vulnerable for certain contaminants. The work was performed using data of three European countries: the Czech Republic, France and the UK. Each national food consumption database was combined with the corresponding national TDS food list (containing 336, 212 and 119 food items for the Czech Republic, France and the UK, respectively). The data were aggregated on the highest level of hierarchy of FoodEx-1, a pan-European food classification system, including 20 main FoodEx-1 groups. For the group ‘milk and dairy products’, the coverage of the consumption by the food list was investigated for more refined subgroups. For each food group or subgroup and country, the average percentage of coverage of the diet by the national TDS food list was calculated for different subpopulations, including children versus adults, women versus men, vegetarians versus non-vegetarians, and women of child-bearing age versus older women. The average diet of the different subpopulations was sufficiently covered by the food list of the Czech Republic and France. For the UK the average coverage was low due to a different food-coding approach and because food lists were not derived directly from national food consumption data. At the level of the 20 main food groups, differences between the subpopulations with respect to the average coverage of consumption by the TDS food list were minimal. The differences were more pronounced when looking in detail at the coverage of the dairy consumption. TDS food lists based on the mean consumption of the general population are also applicable to study the chemical exposure of different subpopulations, e.g. children, women of child-bearing age and vegetarians. This lowers the effort when performing a TDS.     

Occurrence of ochratoxin A in sweet wines produced in Spain and other countries

A survey for the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) was undertaken from 2001 to 2005 in 188 samples of sweet wines produced in Spain and in 102 samples originating from other countries: France (n = 49), Austria (9), Chile (9), Portugal (9), Greece (6), Italy (5), Germany (3), Hungary (2), Slovenia (2), Switzerland (2), Canada (1), Japan (1), New Zealand (1), Ukraine (1), South Africa (1) and the USA (1). The analytical method was based on immunoaffinity chromatography clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The limit of detection (defined as a signal-noise ratio = 3) was estimated to be 0.01 µg l^-1. The limit of quantification (0.02 µg l^-1) was checked as being the lowest measurable concentration. OTA was detected in 281 out of 290 samples analysed (96.9% positive) at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 4.63 µg l^-1. The overall mean and median levels were estimated to be 0.50 and 0.14 µg l^-1, respectively. In Spanish sweet wines OTA was found in 99% of the samples, with mean and median values of 0.65 and 0.19 µg l^-1, respectively. The mean value obtained in this study for OTA in the Spanish sweet wines would result in an intake of about 37.5 and 3.2 ng day^-1 of OTA for regular consumers and for the overall population, respectively. These figures represent a minor contribution to the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) or TWI established by the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority: 3.8 and 3.1% for regular consumers; and 0.4 and 0.3% for the whole adult population, respectively.     

Variation in human sweet taste receptor may result in different levels of sweet intensity variability between sweet stimuli

Understanding the physiological activation and genetic variation of the sweet taste receptor (T1R) can improve formula optimisation for products intended for a population of genetically diverse people. Computer modelling and cell culture techniques have thoroughly described the structure and binding sites of the T1R. The structure contains two subunits (T1R2 and T1R3) with multiple domains where sweet molecules can interact. The interaction takes place between individual molecules and amino acid residues of the T1R. The residues with which individual molecules interact differ between sweeteners. Person‐to‐person differences in the residue sequence of the T1R can arise from variation in the genes that encode the T1R, potentially effecting the function of the receptor. As a result of the specificity of the binding interactions, a specific genetic variation may affect sensitivity to some sweeteners, while sensitivity to other sweeteners remains normal. Therefore, it can be hypothesised that the level of person‐to‐person sweetness sensitivity variation may differ for each sweetener depending on the binding site of the molecule and site of T1R variation. The T1R structure, binding sites and genetic variation will be reviewed, as well as potential parameters to predict the degree of sensitivity variation and formulation strategies to minimise the effects of sensitivity variation.