正直流电晕流注脉冲特性随气压湿度变化的研究

电晕是输电线路设计和运行中面临的重要问题之一,通过实验测量和模拟计算,得到了不同气压湿度下的正直流电晕流注脉冲特性;流注放电存在的电压区间随着气压和湿度的升高而增大,实验测量和利用流体模型计算得到的流注脉冲幅值均随着气压降低、湿度升高而减小;利用流注通道中电子密度的变化对这一现象进行了分析。     

气压和湿度对正直流电晕流注脉冲特性的影响

电晕是输电线路设计和运行中面临的重要问题之一。为此,测量了不同气压和湿度下的正直流电晕流注脉冲幅值和脉冲重复频率,实验结果与利用流体模型计算得到的波形随气压和湿度的变化规律一致。流注脉冲电流平均幅值Im随气压的降低和湿度的增大而减小。随着气压降低,流注头部电离减弱,使得注入流注通道的平均电子密度下降,流注通道内场强平均值E的降低是导致脉冲电流幅值下降的主要原因。随着湿度升高,流注头部电离减弱,使得注入流注通道的平均电子密度下降,流注通道内电导率λ的降低是导致脉冲电流幅值下降的主要原因。低湿度下,正直流流注电晕放电容易转化为辉光电晕,高湿度下,在较宽的电压范围内一直存在流注放电,流注脉冲平均频率随湿度升高显著增大。负离子解离产生自由电子的速率随湿度升高而减小,使得自由电子出现时,正离子已迁移到距离阳极较远的地方,是流注放电可以形成及流注脉冲重复频率随着湿度升高而增大的重要原因。     

交流电晕脉冲特性随气压湿度变化的规律

随着特高压交直流输电工程的进行,高海拔电晕问题越来越受到关注。在可以调节气压和湿度的有机玻璃罐中,利用棒一板电极,对交流电晕特性随气压、湿度的变化规律进行试验研究。结果表明：交流电晕起始电压均随着气压降低、湿度升高而减小;交流电晕脉冲平均幅值均随湿度升高而减小;正半周流注脉冲平均幅值随气压降低而减小,而负半周流注脉冲平均幅值随气压减少而增大;交流电晕脉冲频率均随湿度升高而增大;随着气压降低,正半周流注脉冲个数没有明显的变化趋势,而负半周流注脉冲频率随气压降低而增大。     

负直流电晕流注脉冲特性随气压和湿度变化的规律

为得到负直流电晕流注脉冲特性随着气压和湿度变化的规律,建立考虑气压和湿度影响的流体模型,分别利用通量校正运移算法和分块方法求解了1维连续性方程和2维泊松方程。在人工气候罐中,利用棒–板电极,测量不同气压和湿度下的负直流电晕脉冲幅值和重复频率。计算和实验结果表明:特里切尔脉冲平均幅值及分散度随气压和湿度增大而减小。随着气压降低,电子密度增大,电导率升高,电流幅值增大。随着湿度升高,复合和附着作用增强,电子密度减小,电导率降低,电流幅值减小;同时,流注通道中包含的负离子数目减少,对阴极附近场强的影响减弱,使得阴极附近电场在负离子电荷迁移距离较短的情况下便满足新的特里切尔脉冲放电的要求,脉冲的重复频率增大。     

正流注传播动力学特性随气压湿度的变化

为了解流注传播电场测量中大气参数的影响,利用“三电极系统”研究了不同气压湿度条件下正流注的传播电场和传播速度。利用两个光电倍增管检测流注在平行极板间的传播,获得了流注传播电场的概率分布及平均传播速度,得到了无外加脉冲电压时流注传播的“稳态电场”与相对空气密度、湿度间的经验公式,并和其它研究者提出的公式进行了比较。研究表明:流注传播的“起始电场”和“稳态电场”随着外加脉冲电压的减小而增大,随着气压和湿度降低而减小;电场强度相同时,流注平均传播速度随着气压和湿度的增大而减小,其数量级为105m/s。     

低气压下流注放电特性的研究

流注的产生和传播是空气间隙击穿中一个重要的物理过程,研究低气压下流注的产生和传播过程有助于理解空气间隙的击穿放电,对高海拔地区输电线路及输变电设备的设计和运行有着重要的意义。在可调节气压湿度的有机玻璃罐中,利用“三电极”结构,应用光电倍增管测量了不同气压湿度下,流注传播概率和平均传播速度随平板间电场强度的变化。通过数据拟合得到了流注稳态传播电场和相对空气密度以及湿度之间的经验公式。建立流体模型,对流注传播的动力学特性进行了仿真计算,得到的流注稳态传播电场及平均传播速度和实验测量得到的结果吻合得很好。结果表明：流注的传播场强随湿度、气压的增大而增大;在相同的电场强度下,流注平均传播速度随湿度、气压的增大而减小。利用仿真计算模型计算得到流注传播过程中的各个参数,分析了流注传播动力学特性随气压湿度变化的机制。     

气压与湿度对绝缘介质表面流注发展特性影响的试验研究

目前,正在建设和规划的特高压线路大多将经过高海拔地区,沿线复杂的气象条件(气压、湿度)将使输电线路及电力设备的绝缘状况面临严峻的考验。因此,有必要重点研究气压、湿度变化对绝缘介质沿面闪络特性的影响,为特高压输电线路的绝缘设计提供理论依据。通过研究流注放电特性,从放电机制上探讨环境因素(气压、湿度)对沿面闪络特性的影响。在"三电极"结构中,利用光电倍增管测量了不同气压、湿度条件下绝缘介质表面流注传播特性。试验结果表明:流注稳定传播场强分别与气压、湿度成正比例关系;在相同的电场强度下,流注平均传播速度、流注头部发光强度都分别与气压、湿度成反比例关系。因此,流注在低气压、低湿度情况下容易发展,流注稳定传播场强较小,相同电场强度下,流注平均传播速度、流注头部发光强度较大。     

气压湿度对负直流电晕特性影响的研究

为得到负直流电晕特性随着气压湿度的变化规律,建立了考虑气压湿度影响的负直流电晕起始电压的物理模型,利用模拟电荷法和计算表面光电子数目的方法求解了负直流电晕起始电压。在人工气候罐中,利用棒–板电极,测量了不同气压湿度下的负直流电晕起始电压和电晕电流。计算和试验结果表明:电晕起始电压随气压下降、湿度升高而减小,主要原因分别是有效电离系数增大导致的电离区域的扩大和高场强区域内碰撞电离能力的增强。当直流电压和电晕起始电压的比值一定时,电晕电流随气压下降、湿度升高而减小;当直流电压一定时,电晕电流随气压降低而增大,随湿度升高而减小。电晕电流和直流电压、电晕起始电压关系式中的系数C随湿度增大的不同变化趋势和正负离子与水分子结合状态的差异有关。     

正直流电晕特性随气压和湿度变化的研究

电晕是输电线路设计和运行中面临的重要问题之一。文中通过实验测量和模拟计算，得到了不同气压湿度下的正直流电晕起始电压和电晕离子电流。计算结果和实验结果吻合较好。电晕起始电压随气压下降、湿度升高而减小，其主要原因分别为有效电离系数增大导致的电离区域的扩大和高场强区域内碰撞电离能力的增强。当直流电压和电晕起始电压的比值一定时，电晕离子电流也随气压下降、湿度升高而减小。电晕离子电流和直流电压、电晕起始电压关系式中的系数C随湿度升高而减小。当气压降低，C随湿度下降的斜率增大。湿度一定时，C和相对空气密度近似成反比。正离子迁移率是影响C变化的主要因素。     

低气压直流电压下流注放电特性与极性效应的反转

为研究低气压直流电压下流注放电特性与极性效应反转现象,利用低气压放电实验平台对0.1~10 kPa气压范围内50~200 mm棒-板间隙进行正、负极性直流放电实验研究,得到不同间隙和电压形式下的击穿电压U与气压p的关系曲线,并对流注放电通道外部特征以及低气压直流电压下极性效应随气压的变化规律进行分析。研究结果表明:0.1~10 kPa气压范围内,正、负极性直流电压下流注外形变化显著。正极性直流电压下正流注伸长程度随气压升高逐渐增加;负极性直流电压下间隙击穿由正、负流注共同完成,且随气压升高正、负流注伸长程度逐渐增加。负极性直流电压下50 mm和100 mm间隙阳极板电极表面自组织电离过程引发正流注是造成极性效应反转的原因,而150 mm和200 mm间隙阳极板电极自组织电离过程同时引发的多个正流注是造成极性效应反转的原因。研究结果为探讨空间环境低气压放电特性提供参考。     

Positive Streamer Propagation and Breakdown in Air: the Influence of Humidity

The influence of humidity on streamer propagation at conditions from the threshold for propagation to those for streamer-induced breakdown was investigated in a uniform field in air at atmospheric pressure. Experiments were carried out in a three electrode arrangement consisting of a 12 cm long parallel-plane gap, with an auxiliary needle in the earthed anode. Positive streamers were initiated by applying at the needle electrode a pulse voltage which varied in amplitude. These propagated towards the upper plane electrode which was stressed by a negative dc voltage. Under natural atmospheric conditions, propagation and breakdown probability curves were obtained for several values of absolute humidity in the range between 5 and 22 g/m³. Thus, distributions of the electric field required for streamer propagation and breakdown were obtained and the associated velocity of propagation and time to breakdown were measured. Besides humidity, the amplitude of the voltage used for streamer initiation and the ambient electric field were considered as influencing parameters on streamer properties. Empirical equations are presented expressing the effects of the above parameters on the intrinsic streamer properties. A comparison with previous work in the literature is made and this leads to the conclusion that the influence of humidity on streamer propagation and breakdown can be placed in a sounder quantitative basis.     

Variation of the Dynamics of Positive Streamer with Pressure and Humidity in Air

The dynamics of positive streamer in air under different pressure and humidity conditions was studied. The widely used three-electrode system was used to obtain the streamer propagation probability and average propagation velocity as a function of background field. A simulation was performed based on the 1.5D fluid model. Simulated intrinsic stability field for streamer propagation and corresponding average propagation velocity were in agreement with those deriving from experimental results. The intrinsic stability fields obtained with the empirical equations proposed by the author and other investigators were compared. It was analyzed that the effect of the amplitude and duration of voltage pulse applied on the needle. The statistical distribution of propagation field was explained by the dispersion of discharge time delay. The decrease of intrinsic stability field with the reduction of pressure and/or humidity was due to the increase of the conductivity of the streamer channel as a result of the weakening of attachment and/or electron-ion recombination effect.     

冲击电压下沿面闪络与空气湿度的关系

研究了冲击电压下的绝缘表面空气闪络电压与湿度的关系。研究结果表明,对于支柱绝缘子,其冲击闪络电压与湿度之间的关系基本符合现行ＩＥＣ标准。但对于套管,其冲击闪络电压电压与湿度之间的着重关系与现行ＩＥＣ标准完全相反,大致成“镜像”关系。发现对于套管型沿面放电,其正极性流注的电位梯度随湿度增加而下降,这正好与现行湿度对放电影响的理论所预测的规律相反。     

大气中短空气间隙流注放电过程数值仿真

介绍了气体放电过程的流体数值模型,并将有限元(finite element,FE)和通量校正传输(flux-corrected-transport, FCT)法结合求解该模型。针对求解时间过长的问题,引入网格自适应剖分法和并行计算方法,提高了计算精度和效率。采用所提出方法仿真了棒板间隙流注放电过程,与实验结果吻合较好。基于仿真方法研究了电压大小、电极形状对放电的影响。基于气体放电现象的物理本质,从微观上研究了气体放电过程,得到了流注过程中空间电荷、电场分布等难以直接测量的微观参量。     

基于检定环境对风速表标准值影响的研究

为明确风速传感器在检定过程中受到检定环境如温度、湿度和气压所带来的影响,依据《JJG431 2014轻便三杯风向风速表检定规程》对轻便三杯风向风速传感器进行检定,通过标准风速计算公式分析空气温度、湿度和气压检定前后的变化对检定结果的影响,运用加权计算方法计算得出检定过程中温度、湿度和气压各自所占权重,经过实验验证比对,结果表明通过分析研究温、湿度和气压对于标准风速值的影响,使风速传感器检定的准确性得到显著提高,减小了测量不确定度。     

Simulation of streamer discharges as finitely conducting channels

This paper presents a two-dimensional simulation of positive streamers in air at atmospheric pressure in a quasi-uniform electric field. A streamer is assumed to consist of a hemispherical tip and a finitely conducting cylindrical channel with a constant axial potential gradient. The model predicts that E_g~450 kV/m and the radius is r~50 μm in air at standard atmospheric conditions. Moreover, the estimated number of positive ions in the streamer head of stably propagating streamers, agrees with estimations based on more advanced streamer models. The model is used to predict the behavior of streamers in electrical discharges in a semiuniform electric field and good agreement is found between experiment and theory. The computer simulation of such a simplistic model could be applied to predict the behavior of streamer discharges in complex electrode arrangements, including dielectric surfaces     

Impulse Breakdown Voltages of Air Gaps: a New Approach to Atmospheric Correction Factors Applicable to International Standards

In the design of high-altitude high-voltage transmission systems and in the optimization of the reliability of power sources in aeronautical environments, it is important to have reliable data concerning the effect of air density and humidity on reducing air insulation performance under local conditions. This is helpful also in the modeling of discharges and lightning in mountainous regions. This paper describes a systematic laboratory investigation of the combined effects of humidity and gas density on the breakdown strength of a 0.2 m rod/plane air gap that is subjected to positive-polarity lightning impulses, using a test chamber to reproduce the conditions commonly found in such regions. The results show that there are appreciable deviations between the measured humidity and air density correction factors and those of the 1973 and 1989 I.E.C. Standards when extended to low air density. The paper proposes the adoption of a radically different correction procedure, based upon the influence of density and humidity on streamer propagation field, and including the effect of the high gradient in the anode region.