执行器受限空间机器人的模糊神经网络控制

空间机器人关节执行器输出力矩幅值及幅值变化率受限的情况,是其在太空应用中不可避免要面临的实际问题。为此该文讨论了关节执行器输出力矩幅值及幅值率受限情况下参数未知空间机器人系统协调运动的动力学控制问题。依据系统动量守恒关系和拉格朗日第二类方程,推导了漂浮基空间机器人系统的动力学方程。以此为基础,针对关节执行器输出力矩幅值及幅值率受限的情况,设计了一种自适应模糊神经网络控制器,以使空间机器人系统的本体姿态和机械臂关节铰协调地跟踪各自在关节空间的期望运动轨迹。该控制方案由自适应模糊神经网络控制器及抗饱和参数自适应律构成。首先利用有限差分法将幅值率受限条件转化为幅值受限条件,并与该文预设的力矩受限条件比较以确定每个采样时刻的力矩动态受限范围;然后再通过设计一个抗饱和参数自适应律来确保执行器的输出力矩在动态受限范围内。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了该控制器可确保控制系统是渐近稳定的。仿真对比实验证明了该控制方案的有效性。     

受饱和约束的车辆转向非线性鲁棒模糊分布控制

针对极限状态下车辆转向非线性和执行器饱和问题,研究主动前轮转向(active front steering, AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw-moment control, DYC)对横摆-侧倾稳定的集成控制。采用Takagi-Sugeon(T-S)方法建立车辆3自由度横摆侧倾模型,结合模糊观测器实时获取模型动态参数。为准确反映车辆转向稳态过程,在T-S框架下建立改进横摆理想参考模型。考虑到极限转向对前轮侧偏特性的影响,构建T-S框架下主动前轮输入的动态饱和阈值。引入松弛因子提高AFS和DYC的执行器利用率,将反馈输入的饱和影响作为有界扰动进行控制。基于分布补偿结构设计状态反馈模糊分布控制器(parallel distributed compensation-TS,PDC-TS),采用范数有界的侧翻稳定阈作为侧倾性能约束,将车辆横摆-侧倾稳定性的H;性能转换为线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequalities, LMIs)凸优化问题。最后联合Trucksim-MATLAB/Labview软件进行控制仿真和硬件在环验证,结果表明,PDC-TS方法对强非线性转向过程的控制更加准确,执行器能力利用更充分,并在输入饱和约束下保持控制稳定性。     

受饱和约束的车辆转向非线性鲁棒模糊分布控制

针对极限状态下车辆转向非线性和执行器饱和问题,研究主动前轮转向(active front steering, AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw-moment control, DYC)对横摆-侧倾稳定的集成控制。采用Takagi-Sugeon(T-S)方法建立车辆3自由度横摆侧倾模型,结合模糊观测器实时获取模型动态参数。为准确反映车辆转向稳态过程,在T-S框架下建立改进横摆理想参考模型。考虑到极限转向对前轮侧偏特性的影响,构建T-S框架下主动前轮输入的动态饱和阈值。引入松弛因子提高AFS和DYC的执行器利用率,将反馈输入的饱和影响作为有界扰动进行控制。基于分布补偿结构设计状态反馈模糊分布控制器(parallel distributed compensation-TS,PDC-TS),采用范数有界的侧翻稳定阈作为侧倾性能约束,将车辆横摆-侧倾稳定性的H;性能转换为线性矩阵不等式(linear matrix inequalities, LMIs)凸优化问题。最后联合Trucksim-MATLAB/Labview软件进行控制仿真和硬件在环验证,结果表明,PDC-TS方法对强非线性转向过程的控制更加准确,执行器能力利用更充分,并在输入饱和约束下保持控制稳定性。     

Adaptive disturbance rejection in an optical trap

This article presents a method for characterizing the system dynamics of a trapped particle in real-time and designing a controller to minimize disturbances to the particle's position. Specifically, adaptive system identification is used to determine the trap characteristics and the actuator transfer function describing the mirror voltage to trap position path. Using an internal model control scheme combined with a filtered-x least-mean-square algorithm, adaptive control was used to create a controller that minimizes a frequency weighted mean-squared-error. The dynamics associated with multiple particle sizes and materials were experimentally determined under different power levels, each case resulting in different system dynamics and demonstrating positive control results. The adaptive system identification and the controller presented automate the process of system identification and control design, enabling the automation of optical trap controller design.     

基于T-S模糊模型的主动悬架滑模容错控制器设计

针对主动悬架系统的质量参数不确定性以及作动器出现的随机故障对车辆行驶平顺性和控制稳定性带来的重要影响,该文提出一种基于T-S模糊模型的主动悬架滑模容错控制器设计方法。为了描述悬架参数不确定性,基于T-S模糊模型建立1/4车辆的非线性模型,利用故障调节因子表示作动器故障的大小,进而获得考虑悬架系统质量不确定性和作动器故障的车辆主动悬架控制模型。接着,将滑模控制与自适应理论结合,设计合适的滑模面函数和滑模容错控制律,以达到故障悬架系统的容错控制目的;并基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,对所提出控制器稳定性和悬架系统安全约束性能进行了分析。最后,给出一个仿真算例,验证了所设计控制器的有效性和适用性。     

混合隔振系统自适应模糊滑模控制

针对机械设备被动隔振在低频段隔振效果较差的问题,建立磁致伸缩作动器的电-磁-机转化数学模型,提出一种基于自适应模糊滑模控制算法,并用李雅普诺夫方法证明控制器的稳定性,将该控制策略与磁致伸缩作动器应用于混合隔振系统中。仿真结果表明：在单频、多频及随即激励条件下,自适应模糊滑模控制器具有良好的动态特性和鲁棒性,能够提高系统隔振效率并拓宽隔振频段,有效减小传至基础的力。     

光电层合圆柱薄壳的自组织模糊主动振动控制

本文针对当前的光致伸缩驱动器构型在壳类结构的振动抑制中不能产生负膜力的问题,提出了一种新型的多片组合驱动器构型。并将该构型层合在圆柱薄壳结构的上下表面,建立了光电层合圆柱壳独立模态振动控制方程。考虑到光致伸缩驱动器的非线性和时变驱动特性,以及模型的不确定性,设计了基于性能函数负梯度调节的规则自组织模糊主动控制器,克服了常规模糊控制器控制规则设计的困难;为了验证上述提出的控制策略的有效性,进行了数值仿真;仿真结果表明提出的自组织模糊控制器取得了理想的振动控制性能,实现了柔性薄壳结构的非接触主动振动控制。     

Multiobjective design of actively controlled structures using a hybrid optimization method

A multiobjective approach to the combined structure and control optimization problem for flexible space structures is presented. The proposed formulation addresses robustness considerations for controller design, as well as a simultaneous determination of optimum actuator locations. The structural weight, controlled system energy, stability robustness index and damping augmentation provided by the active controller are considered as objective functions of the multiobjective problem which is solved using a cooperative game-theoretic approach. The actuator locations and the cross-sectional areas of structural members are treated as design variables. Since the actuator locations are spatially discrete, whereas the cross-sectional areas are continuous, the optimization problem has mixed discrete-continuous design variables. A solution approach to this problem based on a hybrid optimization scheme is presented. The hybrid optimizer is a synergetic blend of artificial genetic search and gradient-based search techniques. The computational procedure is demonstrated through the design of an ACOSS-FOUR space structure. The optimum solutions obtained using the hybrid optimizer are shown to outperform the optimum results obtained using gradient-based search techniques.     

一类带有未知控制方向的非线性系统的模糊自适应事件触发容错控制

针对带有未知控制方向、未知非线性函数以及执行器故障的不确定非线性系统,研究了相应的模糊自适应事件触发容错控制问题。首先,运用反步法和模糊逻辑系统 (FLS) 理论知识相结合,构造出自适应事件触发容错控制器和自适应更新律,有效地补偿了执行器故障对系统的影响。其次,在自适应事件触发容错控制器的设计中引入了 Nussbaum 函数。最后,所设计的控制方案保证了闭环信号在给定紧集内一致最终有界,且仿真结果验证了本文所提出的控制方案的有效性。     

Vibration control of a smart beam structure subjected to actuator uncertainty: Experimental verification

Summary This paper presents a robust vibration control of a smart beam structure featuring the piezoceramic actuator. The hysteretic behavior of the actuator is experimentally identified and incorporated with the dynamic model to take account for the system uncertainty. The controller is then designed using the quantitative feedback theory that is a frequency domain technique to achieve robust control performances. The controller is experimentally realized and control responses are evaluated in time domain for both transient and forced vibration excitations.     

Adaptive robust control for seismically excited structures: The Chi‐Chi earthquake

Abstract

This paper proposes control for a seismically excited N story building. Intrinsic properties of the building's own robustness are analyzed by using an input‐to‐state stability method and solving a linear matrix inequality. Then frequency analysis on the base isolation gives guidelines for choosing parameters and also reveals the narrow flexibility of the base parameters. This frequency analysis, on the other hand, shows the need for a hybrid controller. Therefore a passive baseisolated building model is considered with an active hydraulic actuator. This passive and active combined hybrid controller is then designed using the backsteppping approach. The parametric uncertainties of both the building and the actuator are considered. Therefore an adaptive backstepping controller is designed. An H⁸ criterion is given to attenuate the effects of seismic excitation. Numerical simulations are carried out using the Chi‐Chi earthquake of Taiwan as an excitation source on a twelve story building. Results show that the hybrid system design is valid, with reasonable control force.     

A proximate-time-optimal-control design and its application to a hard disk drive dual-stage actuator system

We propose a compensator-based strategy for design of a track-seeking and track-following control system for a dual-stage servo actuator in hard disk drives. A well-known decoupling structure is employed to disconnect the control of the primary voice coil motor (VCM) actuator from the loop for a secondary high-bandwidth actuator. The compensator is placed in the secondary loop and suitably combined with a saturation nonlinearity in order to obtain actuator signal boundedness. The design procedure consists of four steps: 1) design of an established nonlinear seek-settle-track following controller for the VCM; 2) design of a linear track following controller for the secondary actuator; 3) observer design; and 4) design of a compensator to retain global stability and to improve performance. The proposed control system improves performance of both long-span seeking (proximate-time-optimal controller) and short-span seeking. In addition, it achieves high-bandwidth track following performance. The experimental results show good track-following performance, and short-span/long-span-seeking performance with fast settling time. The overshoot during track seeking can be made negligible for a suitably tuned VCM-actuator control loop.     

Long run and transient analysis of a double EWMA feedback controller

The “predictor-corrector” feedback controller is a popular adjustment scheme proposed for the quality control of certain semiconductor manufacturing process steps. This controller is based on a double Exponentially-Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) scheme; thus the performance of the closed-loop system depends on the two weight parameters of the EWM A equations. In this paper, the conditions the weights must satisfy to ensure closed-loop stability are discussed. The optimal determination of the controller weights depends on a trade-off between long-run process variance and transient bias performance. It is shown that small weights, although they can guarantee stability, may result in severe, long transients, an important concern if fabrication is in small batches. An optimization model for finding the controller weights is given and numerically solved. An extension of this type of controllers to the multiple controllable factor case is described. The performance of the controller is illustrated with an application to Chemical Mechanical Polishing, a critical semiconductor manufacturing step.     

基于PI迟滞模型的压电驱动器自适应辨识与逆控制

压电陶瓷驱动器的迟滞非线性特性严重影响了其跟踪定位精度,甚至引起闭环系统失稳.本文采用经典PI模型描述压电驱动器的迟滞非线性,利用自适应投影算法对PI模型的权向量进行在线辨识,并与传统的最小二乘辨识方法进行比较.迟滞PI模型的优点是模型存在解析逆,因此本文对压电驱动器采用自适应逆跟踪控制,利用驱动器的输出位移与参考位移之差使用自适应投影算法在线辨识PI模型的权向量,并计算PI逆模型的权向量和阈值,最终得到要输入的电压值.最后实验结果表明自适应逆跟踪控制比传统的逆模型跟踪控制精度提高了49.8%.     

Coordinated stability control

An adaptive coordination scheme is proposed to improve the transient stability, voltage security and frequency damping of a power system network by optimally scheduling the parameters of the available controllers. A set of real-time stability indicators, including a transient stability index, transient voltage stability index and damping factor are used to reflect the stabilities of power systems. Then, the relative significances of a group of controllers to the power system are used as references for the optimiser to schedule new controller parameters. This coordinated control scheme effectively allocates power system resources to handle different stability issues in different time frames. The results suggest that power system security can be further enhanced by means of coordinated control.     

Networked Predictive Control Over the Internet Using Round-Trip Delay Measurement

With the rapid development of network technology, the potential use of networked real-time control and automation is enormous and appealing. However, closed-loop control systems via the Internet are very difficult to implement practically due to their stochastic nature. The large and random time delay and data dropout caused by data transmission impact the performance of the control system and even result in system instability. To address this problem, this paper proposes a methodology to modify and enhance the conventional system so that it can be used over the Internet. This paper describes a model-based networked predictive control scheme based on round-trip time delay measurement rather than separate consideration of the feedback channel delay (between the sensor and controller) and the forward channel delay (between the controller and actuator), which successfully avoids the requirement of synchronization. It is required by many schemes but is actually hard to achieve over the Internet. Stability for both fixed and random network transmission delays is also investigated in this paper. To illustrate the control performance improvement of the proposed control scheme, the results ofoff-line simulations and real-time experiments via the Internet are presented.      

振动鲁棒控制研究Ⅱ—仿真算例

以柔性悬臂梁为对象,采用压电作动器和传感器,基于 控制理论设计鲁棒控制器,对梁进行振动控制。详细给出了控制器设计过程,包括模型参数误差,模型不确定性加权函数的选择以及性能加权函数的设计。对闭环系统进行了全面的仿真分析,在时域和频域对比了开环和闭环的性能,考察了参数摄动时闭环的鲁棒稳定性。分析结果验证了 控制理论用于结构振动控制的有效性。     

持续有界路面激励下的车辆主动悬架可靠L1干抗抑制控制

在车辆主动悬架控制当中,路面激励通常可建模为一类持续有界的外部干扰。针对该问题,提出了车辆主动悬架的可靠L1干扰抑制控制方法。区别于以往的H∞/GH2控制方法,文中无需假设路面干扰为能量有界的情况。在控制器设计中,使用L1性能指标来提高汽车悬架的舒适性,同时保证悬架的其它性能,如悬架动行程、轮胎动载荷、控制饱和和执行器错误。以线性-分数矩阵不等式给出了控制的设计条件,控制器可根据凸优化方法和广义特征值问题求得,且相应的闭环系统具有指数的稳定性及L1干扰抑制性能。最后通过数值实例表明,在持续有界的正弦型和随机白噪声路面激励下,系统能取得理想的驾驶舒适性能,并保证悬架硬约束。     

基于输出反馈的不确定非线性系统模糊鲁棒H∞控制

本文针对一类不确定非线性系统,研究了基于输出反馈的模糊鲁棒H∞控制问题。根据模糊T-S模型表征不确定非线性系统,基于状态观测器设计模糊控制器。由线性矩阵不等式和自适应律给出了模糊控制器存在的充分性条件。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,提出的模糊控制方案在所有闭环信号最终一致有界意义下实现了期望的H∞性能。仿真结果表明了该方案的可行性。本文所提出的模糊跟踪控制器松弛了保守性,避免了匹配条件和上界。与已有的工作相比,本文约简了线性矩阵不等式的维数。     

主动隔振作动器刚度放大与控制误差分析

研究了主动隔振系统中作动器的刚度放大与控制误差问题。主动隔振系统中作动器的刚度应与其负载刚度相匹配,如果负载较大或者作动器刚度较小,可以利用作动器与小刚度弹簧串联的方式放大输出刚度。分析了控制器的输出误差均匀分布时主动隔振系统的隔振性能,分析表明,对作动器刚度放大时,需要同时提高控制器的相对精度与作动器的行程才能保证原有的隔振效果,作动器的输出刚度与控制器相对精度、作动器的输出行程两参数具有等效性与替代性。这为设计主动隔振系统时控制器与作动器在更广阔的范围内选择提供了依据。