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酸铜染料型光亮剂的优缺点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目前光亮硫酸盐镀铜生产中,国产的MN型光亮剂与进口复配的染料型光亮剂并行使用,这2种类型光亮剂各有优缺点。染料型光亮剂能在宽电流密度范围内获得均匀的光亮整平镀层外观,更适用于复杂件电镀,镀液调整较为简单。由于染料的盐析与聚沉,镀层易起麻砂。MN型光亮剂在高中电流密度区光亮整平性优于染料型,而且允许液温较低。笔者正在开发的一种染料型光亮剂,多项性能均有所提高,操作液温上下限拓宽至9~35°C,达到全镜面光亮。 相似文献
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对无强配位剂的镀液,适度的浓差极化具有重要意义。在装饰性光亮硫酸盐镀铜中,适当降低硫酸铜含量并提高硫酸含量,采用“中酸中铜”工艺,镀液组分和工艺条件为160~180g/LCuSO4·5H2O,70~80g/LH2SO4,60~120g/LCl-,适量光亮剂,1~5A/dm2,10~35℃,阴极移动,连续过滤。使用高质量的原材料,妥善控制和维护光亮剂配比,能用价格十分低廉的改进国产MN型工艺替代昂贵的染料型工艺。该工艺中、高电流密度区光亮整平性好,允许液温可达40℃,优于染料型工艺。 相似文献
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酸性光亮镀铜是近十几年发展起来的一项新工艺。然而,氯离子的含量对酸性光亮镀铜影响极大,适量的氯离子具有良好的作用,它能提高镀层的整平性和光亮度,降低镀层内应力。按照酸性光亮镀铜工艺要求,其含量范围为10~80mg/l,如果含量过低,镀液的整平性能和镀层的光亮度均下降,且易产生光亮树枝条纹,严重时镀层粗糙,甚至烧焦;如果含量过高,镀层光亮度下降,并产生白雾,低电流密度区发暗;严重时,阳极钝化,电流下跌,光亮剂失去作用,整个镀层不亮。目前除去酸性光亮镀铜溶液中过量氯离子有如下几种方法:即电解法、银盐法、氧化亚铜和锌粉法等。现在我们就锌粉法进行如下的探讨: 相似文献
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问题解答 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
《电镀与精饰》2001,23(5):44
问 :在光亮酸性镀铜电解液中 ,氯离子起什么作用 ?(广东番禺 姜华 )答 :酸性光亮镀铜电解液中的氯离子 ,对镀层的光亮和整平起辅助作用。氯离子的含量在采用不同配方时稍有不同 ,一般在 1 0~ 80 mg/L范围内变动 ,通常维持在 2 5~ 60 mg/L。氯离子含量不足将有树枝状镀层析出 ,低电流密度区镀层不亮 ;含量过高时 ,高电流密度区镀层烧焦 ,严重时将成为无光镀层。电解液中氯离子含量是否适宜 ,可用霍尔槽试验确定。试验用总电流 2 A,电镀 5 min,如果试片高电流密度区有粗糙镀层 ,即表明氯离子含量过高。若在低电流密度区镀层不亮 ,在添加… 相似文献
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以镀层表面光亮度和结合力为双目的指标,采用正交试验分别考察了NiCl2·6H2O、NaH2PO2·H2O、KBH4、H2NCH,CH2NH2、3CDSO4·8H2O的含量和温度对石英光纤表面化学镀Ni—P—B合金的影响,并确定了它们的优化条件分别为:24g/L,10g/L,1.0g/L,24mL/L,0.6mg/L和90℃。考察了粗化时间对Ni—P—B合金镀层质量的影响。用扫描电镜(SEM)、体视显微镜(SM)、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP—AES)和X射线衍射(XRD)对镀层的形貌、组成和结构进行了表征和分析。结果表明,在选定的光纤表面预处理条件和最优的化学镀条件下,Ni—P-B合金镀层表面平整光亮,结合力好,热震试验后无起泡和脱落发生。 相似文献
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乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)是十分重要的化工中间体,其下游产品较多。江苏某化工厂开发生产乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品三十多个,年生产规模三万多吨,是国内以乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)为中间体生产精细化学品的综合骨干企业。针对乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品废水特点,该厂结合企业实际,开展了产品优化,结构调整,清洁生产,资源循环利用,节水降耗等工作,从源头削减了污染物的生产。同时投资二千多万元新建预处理装置三套,6000m3/d废水生化处理装置一套,使全厂乙烯酮(双乙烯酮)下游产品的废水得到了有效的治理。 相似文献
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D. G. Gordeev L. F. Gudarenko M. V. Zhernokletov V. G. Kudel’kin M. A. Mochalov 《Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves》2008,44(2):177-189
A semi-empirical equation of state for metals is described. Its capabilities are demonstrated by the example of the equation
of state for aluminum. New experimental data are presented on the location of the isentrope of aluminum for unloading from
the state at p = 229.71 GPa on the shock adiabat to an aerogel (SiO2) of density 0.08 g/cm3.
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Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 61–75, March–April, 2008. 相似文献
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Jorge Marcelo Romero Soledad Bustillo Hugo Enrique Ramirez Maisuls Nelly Lidia Jorge Manuel Eduardo Gómez Vara Eduardo Alberto Castro Alicia H. Jubert 《International journal of molecular sciences》2007,8(7):688-694
A thermochemical rather simple experimental technique is applied to determine the enthalpy of formation of Diperoxide of ciclohexanone. The study is complemented with suitable theoretical calculations at the semiempirical and ab initio levels. A particular satisfactory agreement between both ways is found for the ab initio calculation at the 6–311G basis This set level. Some possible extensions of the present procedure are pointed out. 相似文献
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A perturbation viscometer is a differential capillary viscometer that measures the logarithmic viscosity gradient of the viscosity-composition curve for gas mixtures. Measurements are made at different gas mixture compositions. Integration of the logarithmic viscosity gradients measured over the full composition range gives the mixture viscosity relative to the viscosity of one of the pure components of the gas mixture. This method is attractive because, for measurements of equal precision, integration of the gradients is potentially an order of magnitude more precise than measurement of the viscosities directly. It can also work at high and low temperatures and perhaps high pressures.The perturbation viscometer has been used to make measurements on ideal gas mixtures at ambient and elevated temperatures. The situation is more complicated when the gas mixtures are non-ideal. Extra effects due to density differences, molar volume change on mixing and differential thermal expansion may be measured in addition to the desired viscosity change producing systematic errors in the results. Thus, a more sophisticated apparatus is required. The standard perturbation viscometer has been modified to separate out the extra effects to permit measurement of the true change in viscosity. In addition, the theoretical operation of the modified apparatus has been revised to account for the design changes to permit calculation of the viscosity-composition profiles from the results.The apparatus has been tested using helium-HFC-125 mixtures and two new viscosity-composition profiles are presented for these mixtures at 23 and . Internal consistency tests have been used to confirm that the data produced are of high quality with an estimated uncertainty in the viscosity ratio data at of 0.9% and at of 1.5%. 相似文献
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塔设备改造选型的分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
就当前扩产增容中塔设备设计和改造时板式塔和填料塔的选型问题加以分析。在评述目前国内常用的几种塔板和新型填料之后,着重介绍一种新型塔板(导向梯形浮阀塔板)和一种新型填料(波环填料——乾隆帕克)。 相似文献