水解罐与静态水解对生活垃圾水解效果比较

生活垃圾实行厌氧处理可以有效规避填埋和焚烧等传统处理方式所带来的二次环境污染,实现资源化和减量化。水解步骤通常被认为是整个厌氧发酵的限速步骤,决定着厌氧发酵的速率和效率。影响水解效率的因素很多,包括含水率、温度、投加量等等。在高负荷条件下基质和接种物混合均匀性也是影响水解效果的最重要的因素,本研究在传统水解工艺基础上,自行设计水解罐,以水解物料减量率和干物质降解率为考察目标,在温度、水解菌剂投加量一定的条件下,研究外加水量、搅拌对水解效率的影响。研究发现在温度30℃、菌剂投加量150 g、加水量30 L、搅拌条件下物料减量率和干物质降解率分别为34.03%和58.70%,比静置水解高出27.1%、31.57%。     

二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)水解抑制剂

筛选出能有效抑制二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）水解的有机化合物，讨论了体系中水含量（反应温度）、反应时间，该有机化合物用量对DMF水解的影响，研究结果表明，所选用的DMF水解抑制剂加入量为0．007ml%h^-1，使用DMF体系维持在碱性状态，能有效抑制DMF的水解。     

搅拌水解对糖醛收率的影响

通过两种生产的对比实验，证明采用搅拌水解新工艺，可以强化水解过程，减少糖醛在高温下产生分解反应；可以更新物料表面层，减少醛汽同酸性介质的接触，减少糖醛的树脂从，从而提高玉米芯水解制取糖醛的收率。     

明胶的酶法水解及其产物的应用

<正> 1.前言 二十世纪是新兴科学迭出的年代。在新兴科学中,生物材料是最引人注目的新星之一,其重要性不仅因为它与人类的自身密切相关,还因为它跨越了材料、医学、物理、生物化学和现代高科技等诸多科技领域。应用于生物的材料现在已形成三个系列,即金属材料、高分子材料、陶瓷材料,但无论是哪一种材料,在应用     

油脂无催化剂连续压热水解原理及工艺分析

本文讨论了油脂水解反应机理,对油脂无催化剂连续压热水解的二种流行工艺“单塔法”(压力55bar)和“多塔法”(压力35bar),从水解速度,生产率,水解深度,产品质量、能量消耗以及设备投资进行了分析对比。     

COS、CS2水解技术

根据试验或生产结果,分析了几种水解催化剂的性能和使用条件,并进行了对比.     

尿素深度水解工艺运行浅析

在尿素工业生产中 ,每生产 1 0 0 0kg尿素的同时将生成 30 0kg的H2 O ,这些工艺水必须排出生产系统 ,方能维持全系统的水平衡。由于工艺水在排放前含有一定量的NH3和CO2 及少量的CO(NH2 ) 2 ,一般常规解吸操作仅能将其中的NH3和CO2 解吸出来 ,使出界区的工艺水质量百分数中含NH3≤ 0 .0 7% ,含ur 0 .8%～ 1 .5 %。水解工艺是利用尿素生成反应的逆过程 ,即 :CO(NH2 ) 2 +H2 O 2NH3+CO2 ,将工艺水中的CO(NH2 ) 2 转化成NH3和CO2 ,再经解吸 ,使最终出界区的工艺水中的氨和尿素≤ ( 1～5 )× 1 0 - 6。1　水解工艺流程的特点目前…     

明胶水解程度测定方法的探讨

本文探讨了FDNB、紫外分光光度法、甲醛反应滴定法、粘度法测定明胶水解程度的可能性,并对他们作了一定的研究。实验结果表明,紫外分光光度法、甲醛反应滴定法简便易行,有可能在水解明胶的工业生产中获得应用,但关键是要采用一个合适的测试液浓度和合适的滴定用的碱液浓度,才能确切地反应出明胶水解的规律,从而可以测得明胶的水解程度。     

蔗渣酶解的动力学模型探讨

以压力为２．０ＭＰａ，时间为２０ｍｉｎ的直接加热膨化蔗渣为对象，采用日本ＹａｋｕｌｔＲＳ纤维素酶进行蔗渣酶解实验，探讨了产物抑制情况，分析和判别了反应类型，由结果可以认为该反应属于非竞争型产物抑制反应，可以用Ｍｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓ－Ｍｅｎｔｅｎ方程的修正式来进行模拟。通过蔗渣浓度为（１．９６～８．９６）×１０－２ｇ／ｍＬ，反应时间为２～９６ｈ的４８组实验数据，以最小二乘法回归出模型参数，计算结果与实验值能较好吻合     

Synthesis of amphiphilic (meth)acrylates with oligo(ethylene glycol) and (or) oligo(propylene glycol) blocks by the esterification of (meth)acrylic acid

Thermoresponsive PEG-based (PEG stands polyethylene glycol) polymers are unique for use in medicine because of their low toxicity, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, but usually more hydrophobic and more toxic comonomers are used to adjust lower critical solution temperature (LCST). A convenient way to overcome this problem and to finely tune LCST is to use alkoxy oligo(ethylene glycol)- or alkoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylates as starting comonomers. Here we report on the conditions for the simple and affordable synthesis of methoxy oligo(propylene glycol) (meth)acrylate- and methoxy oligo(propylene glycol)-block-oligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylate-based macromonomers with high yields (80%–98.7%) by the acid-catalyzed esterification of (meth)acrylic acid with alkoxy oligo(alkylene glycols) containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and/or oligo(propylene glycol) (OPG) blocks. p-Toluene sulphonic acid (pTSA), alkyl(C₁₂–C₁₄)benzene sulfonic acid (ABSA) and H₂SO₄ were used as catalysts. It has been shown that pTSA and ABSA are practically the same in catalytic activity and are superior to sulfuric acid. The reaction orders with respect to catalyst was found to be close to 1 in all cases. It has been shown that the reaction is actually insensitive to the lengths of OEG and OPG blocks, as well as to the structure of the terminal alkyl group, while the esterification of acrylic acid (AA) proceeds much faster compared to methacrylic acid (MAA) one under the same conditions. The influence of temperature on the equilibrium conversions of alcohols was determined, which were found to be 89%–93% for the esterification of AA and 61%–86% for MAA in the temperature range of 60–120°C. A further increase in conversion was achieved by introducing an azeotropic agent (toluene), its optimal concentration was found to be 10%–15%.     

Highly active methanol decomposition catalyst derived from Pd‐hydrotalcite dispersed on mesoporous silica

Pd‐hydrotalcite (abbreviated as Pd(HT)) was dispersed on HMS (hexagonal mesoporous silica) by synthesizing Pd(HT) in an HMS suspension, and the resultant product (Pd(HT)/HMS) was used as a catalyst precursor for methanol decomposition to synthesis gas. The IR spectra of Pd(HT)/HMS showed all the bands of Pd(HT) and HMS with little shift, which indicated that Pd(HT) was synthesized in the Pd(HT)/HMS. Pd(HT)/HMS did not show the XRD pattern of Pd(HT) when the mass ratio of Pd(HT) to HMS was from 2/1 to 1/2. This indicated that Pd(HT) was formed in very small particles in the Pd(HT)/HMS after dispersion. Two endothermic peaks of Pd(HT) in the DTA curve shifted to lower temperatures in the Pd(HT)/HMS because the small Pd(HT) particles formed in the Pd(HT)/HMS were easily collapsed by heat treatment. Pd(HT)/HMS was thermally decomposed and reduced to form a supported Pd catalyst (abbreviated Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS) for methanol decomposition. Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS at 3.6 wt% showed a 52.5% conversion which was much higher than those over 3.6 wt% Pd(Mg(Al)O) (34.7%) and 3.6 wt% Pd/HMS (13.7%) for methanol decomposition at 523 K. The conversions of methanol over Pd(Mg(Al)O) and Pd/HMS increased with the increase in Pd loadings from 3.6 to 15 wt% and decreased when the Pd loadings were over 15 wt%. In contrast, the conversion over Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS increased with the increase in Pd loading even when the Pd loading was up to 30%. 30 wt% Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS showed a 91.7% conversion which was about twice that over 15 wt% Pd(Mg(Al)O) (47.1%) at 523 K. The Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS catalyst showed a larger BET surface area and Pd metal surface area than those of Pd(Mg(Al)O). By characterization using XPS analyses, the metal–support interaction between small Pd and small Mg(Al)O became stronger in the Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS catalyst. Large surface area, high Pd dispersion and strong metal–support interaction caused the high catalytic activity for methanol decomposition to synthesis gas over the Pd(Mg(Al)O)/HMS catalyst. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing 3-bromo-3-deazaadenine and 7-bromo-7-deazaadenine 2'-deoxynucleosides as chemical probes to investigate DNA-protein interactions

We describe the design and proof of concept of a pair of chemical probes for investigating DNA-protein interactions-specifically, the incorporation of 7-bromo-7-deazaadenine and 3-bromo-3-deazaadenine 2'-deoxynucleosides (Br(7)C(7)dA and Br(3)C(3)dA) into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs)-and their utility. Whereas the bromo substituent of the Br(7)C(7)dA unit in an ODN duplex acts sterically to inhibit binding with NF-kappaB, which interacts with the duplex in its major groove, the bromo substituent of the Br(3)C(3)dA unit acts sterically to inhibit binding with RNase H, which interacts with the duplex in its minor groove. In addition, the utilization of ODNs containing 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaadenine 2'-deoxynucleosides (C(7)dA and C(3)dA), together with the pair of chemical probes, afforded valuable information on the requirement for nitrogen atoms located in either the major or minor grooves. Accordingly, we were able to show the utility of ODNs containing Br(7)C(7)dA, Br(3)C(3)dA, C(7)dA, and C(3)dA for the investigation of DNA-protein interactions.     

Morphological evolution on the surface of hydrothermally synthesized hydroxyapatite microspheres in the presence of EDTMP

Well-ordered and surface engineered hierarchical hydroxyapatite microspheres (HAM) were prepared via a template free hydrothermal process. Ethylene diamine tetra (methylene phosphonic acid) (EDTMP) was used as chelating or regulating agent for the first time in this study. The results indicated the formation of sheet-like particles in the absence of EDTMP. On the other hand, microspheres with radially grown nanorods (HAMNR) or nanosheets (HAMNS) on the surface were obtained (with average diameter of 5?µm) in the presence of EDTMP. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the crystalline phases in the synthesized samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that EDTMP concentration played an important part in regulating the morphology to form well organized microspheres with nanosheets or nanorods on the surface. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) revealed an increase in the specific surface area with the change in morphology from the HAMNS to HAMNR. Possible mechanisms are proposed to account for the formation of different morphologies based upon thermodynamic and kinetic theories.     

Metallation of Isatin (2,3-Indolinedione). X-Ray Structure and Solution Behavior of Bis(Isatinato)Mercury(II)

The first X-ray structure of an isatin (2,3-indolinedione, isaH) metal complex, bis(isatinato)memury(II) (C(16)H(8)N(2)O(4)Hg) (1), was determined. (1) was obtained from the reaction of isaH with mercury(II) acetate in methanol. Analogously, treatment of sodium saccharinate and mercury(II) acetate in methanol yielded Hg(saccharinato)(2) (*)0.5CH(3)OH (3). (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P2(1)/ a with a = 7.299(1) A, b = 8.192(1) A, c = 11.601(1) A , beta = 105.82(1) degrees , V = 667.4 A(3), Z = 2, D(calc) = 2.452 g cm(-3), MoKalpha radiation(lambda = 0.71073 A), mu = 115.5 cm(-1), F(000) = 460, 21(1) degrees C. The structure was refined on the basis of 2023 observed reflections to R= 0.044. The two deprotonated, non coplanar isa ligands are trans to each other in a head to tail orientation and bound to the Hg through the nitrogen in a linear N-Hg-N arrangement. The Hg atom is at the center of symmetry of the complex and displaced by 0.62 A from the two planes of the isa ligands (tau Hg-N1-C2-O2= -16 degrees ). The Hg-N bond length is 2.015 A. Nopi-aryl-memury(ll)-pi-aryl stacking interaction was observed either in the solid state or in the solution state. The IR, electronic, and (1)H and (13)CNMR spectral data of (1) and (3) suggest binding of the memury to the heterocyclic nitrogen, in agreement with the crystal structure determination of (1).     

季铵盐型植物生长调节剂的合成及应用研究

以邻甲基苯胺为原料 ,经氯甲基化、缩合、季铵化和复分解四步反应合成了一种季铵盐型植物生长调节剂 :(3 甲基 4 脲基 ) 苄基 三甲基十二烷基硫酸铵。邻甲基苯胺在浓盐酸中用多聚甲醛进行氯甲基化 ,n(邻甲基苯胺 )∶n (多聚甲醛 ) =11∶30 ,在 5 0℃通入HCl气体 ,反应 6h ,得到 2 甲基 4 氯甲基苯胺 (Ⅰ ) ,产率 78%。中间产物 (Ⅰ )与尿素溶于浓盐酸 ,在 96℃反应 2h ,然后滴加质量分数为 30 %的三甲胺水溶液 15 0mL ,在 70℃反应 1h ,得到 (3 甲基 4 脲基 ) 苄基氯化铵 (Ⅲ ) ,产率 40 %。中间产物 (Ⅲ )与十二烷醇硫酸钠 (K12 )以n (Ⅲ )∶n (K12 ) =1∶1的量比溶于乙醇和水的混合溶剂中 ,在 80℃反应 2h ,合成了 (3 甲基 4 脲基 ) 苄基 三甲基十二烷基硫酸铵 (Ⅳ ) ,产率 90 %。用 w(Ⅳ ) =0 15 %的水溶液喷施小麦 1次 ,能使小麦增产 14%     

比沙可啶的合成工艺研究

以2-吡啶甲醛为起始原料,在浓硫酸催化下,与苯酚缩合得到4,4'-二羟基二苯基-(2-吡啶)-甲烷和2,4'-二羟基二苯基-(2-吡啶)-甲烷,利用二者在乙酸乙酯中溶解度的差别,分离得到4,4'-二羟基二苯基-(2-吡啶)-甲烷,用氢氧化钠转变得到酚钠盐后,经乙酰化得到比沙可啶。其结构经核磁共振氢谱确证,纯度经液相色谱分析为99%。改进后的合成工艺操作简便,收率可达58%。     

11βHSD1抑制剂1-(4-三氟甲氧基苯甲酰基)-4-(4-甲氧基苯甲酰基)哌啶的合成研究

以4-甲氧羰基哌啶盐酸盐(1)和对三氟甲氧基苯甲酰氯(2)为起始原料,在三乙胺的作用下以92.7%的收率制得1-(4-三氟甲基苯甲酰基)-4-甲氧羰基哌啶(3);化合物(3)在羰基二咪唑与N,O-二甲基羟胺盐酸盐(4)作用下,以89.9%的收率制得1-(4-三氟甲氧基苯甲酰基)-4-(N-甲基-N-甲氧基羰基)哌啶(5);化合物(5)和4-甲氧基苯基溴化镁(6)偶联,以60.1%的收率制得化合物1-(4-三氟甲氧基苯甲酰基)-4-(4-甲氧基苯甲酰基)哌啶(7)。三步反应总收率50.0%。     

萃取法分离钒铬的竞争机制

采用伯胺萃取法分离钒铬,研究了不同Cr/V浓度比的钒铬溶液在一定初始pH值范围内的分离效果. 结果表明,伯胺萃取法分离钒铬具有很好的选择性,V(V)和Cr(IV)的萃取率均随溶液初始pH值降低而上升,相同加酸比[H+/V(Cr)摩尔比]下,钒铬混合溶液中V(V)萃取率高于其单金属溶液的萃取率,Cr(IV)萃取率低于其单金属溶液的萃取率,且萃取率随时间延长先上升后下降.     

Optical and EPR Studies of Redox Interactions of Polyvalent Ions (Cr, Cu) in Glass

Chromium centers in isolated Cr ions and Cr(III)-Cu(II) redox interactions were investigated by optical and EPR spectra. Line shapes and intensities of high-field Cr(III)-Cu(II) superimposed EPR absorption lines were sensitive to alkali content of host glasses. High-field chromium g values (1.94 to 1.99) and intensities (190 to 3600) were calculated. The increase in g values from 1.96 to 1.98 is related to an increase in Cr(V) and to a conversion from Cu(I) to Cu(II) with increased alkali content. Two components of Cr powder spectra near g = 2.0 and g = 5.0 correspond to isolated octahedral Cr centers described by Landry et al. Cr-Cr pair structure was not observed for low Cr₂O₃ concentrations. Three components of optical absorption bands near 340 nm, 430 to 460 nm, and 600 nm were measured in Cr(III)-Cu(II) redox systems. Electronic interactions of Cr(III)-Cu(II) redox systems and the structure of Cr centers are discussed.