苹果品种和酿造工艺对苹果酒中酚类物质的影响研究

研究不同苹果品种及加工工艺与苹果酒中最终酚类物质的含量和种类的关系,了解不同苹果酒中酚类物质含量的差异.选用甘肃天水提供的两种不同工艺的6款苹果酒样,测定其中的总酚、酚酸及黄烷-3-醇的含量.苹果酒的总酚含量(以没食子酸计)较高,3种苹果酒中的主要酚类物质中,酚酸主要以原儿茶酸、绿原酸、p-香豆酸以及咖啡酸为主;黄烷-3-醇以儿茶素和表几茶素居多.结果表明,不同苹果品种之间酚类物质的含量及类别差异很大,相同品种的苹果酒中多酚的构成及含量会受到酿造工艺的影响.     

苹果酒酚类物质研究进展

苹果酒中含有多种酚类物质,主要是酚酸类和类黄酮类化合物,酚酸类包括绿原酸、原儿茶酸和p-香豆酸等,类黄酮类主要是黄烷-3-醇类,包括儿茶素、表儿茶素等.这些成分对苹果酒的风味、颜色和质量起着重要作用.综述了苹果酒中的酚类化合物及其作用机理,并简要介绍了酚类物质的测定方法.     

不同品种苹果果实主要酚类物质含量的研究

用高效液相色谱仪测定了不同品种苹果果实绿原酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、根皮素和槲皮素等主要酚类物质的含量。结果表明,不同品种苹果果肉酚类物质总量以富士和新红星最高,金冠最低。富士苹果果肉酚类物质以绿原酸为主,新红星和王林苹果果肉以表儿茶素为主。不同品种苹果果皮酚类物质总量以新红星最高,各品种苹果果皮酚类物质总量均高于果肉。果皮中酚类物质以黄烷-3-醇类为主。     

不同原料苹果酒的酿造特性研究

以‘金世纪’单一苹果品种及‘金世纪’、‘嘎啦’、‘澳洲青苹’混合（1∶1∶1）苹果品种为原料酿造苹果酒,并对其进行理化指标、多酚物质、香气成分测定及感官品评。结果表明,两种苹果酒理化指标差异不显著（P＞0.05）;混合发酵苹果酒中的酚类物质总量（61.88 mg/L）显著高于单独发酵苹果酒（56.90 mg/L）（P＜0.05）,其中以原儿茶酸、儿茶素、原花青素、表儿茶素和绿原酸为主。香气主要以醇类和酯类物质为主,两种苹果酒中醇类物质含量分别为216.83 mg/L和78.85 mg/L;酯类以乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乳酸乙酯和乙酸己酯为主,前三者在混合发酵苹果酒中含量均显著高于单独发酵苹果酒（P＜0.05）,使其香气更加浓郁和复杂。混合发酵苹果酒在澄清度、回味、香气、风味平衡方面更好,但在色泽方面稍差。因此,混合苹果品种发酵更适合于苹果酒的酿造。     

果胶酶及浸渍处理对苹果酒多酚组分的影响

为了探究果胶酶及浸渍处理对苹果酒多酚组分和品质的影响,用4种不同方式(清汁发酵不加酶、清汁发酵加酶、浸渍发酵不加酶、浸渍发酵加酶)酿造苹果酒,并测定其在发酵过程中的多酚组成、理化指标和抗氧化指标。结果表明,果胶酶和浸渍处理分别能够增加和降低苹果酒酸度,对酒精度没有显著影响。果胶酶和浸渍处理能够显著提高苹果酒中总酚的含量。共检测出9种多酚组分,包括酚酸类的没食子酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸和黄酮类的儿茶素、金丝桃苷、根皮苷和根皮素。果胶酶添加能促进绿原酸和根皮苷降解生成咖啡酸和根皮素,浸渍处理能促进果渣中酚类物质浸出,从而提高酒样中多酚组分含量,提高酒体抗氧化活性。果胶酶和浸渍处理对苹果酒品质有显著提高。     

木瓜酒发酵过程中多酚类物质的高效液相色谱测定及含量变化分析

实验优化了高效液相色谱法同时测定木瓜酒中10种多酚类物质的测定条件,并分析各单体酚在发酵过程中的含量变化情况。结果表明,在优化的色谱条件下,木瓜酒中10种多酚物质能在60 min之内得到有效分离,各酚类物质在0.1~10 mg/L的质量浓度范围内相关系数R~20.993 6,线性关系良好,检出限在0.01~0.02mg/L之间,木瓜酒样品加标回收率在97.04%~107.32%之间,回收率高、准确可靠,适用于同时测定木瓜酒中没食子酸、原儿茶酸、香豆酸、绿原酸、槲皮苷、咖啡酸、儿茶素、芦丁、表儿茶素、山奈素10种酚类物质。经测定,3种木瓜酒中各单体酚含量在发酵过程中变化趋势与总酚含量基本一致,呈现先增加而后缓慢减少的趋势,发酵4个月后,3种木瓜酒中总多酚含量均显著增加(p0.05)。野木瓜酒(样品1)、皱皮木瓜酒(样品2)和光皮木瓜酒(样品3)的总多酚含量分别为903、1 178、1 057 mg/100 m L。3种木瓜酒中各酚类物质在发酵过程中变化趋势与总酚含量基本一致,主要含有的多酚物质有儿茶素、原儿茶酸和绿原酸;儿茶素含量在3种木瓜酒中含量最高且差异显著(p0.05),可用于区分上述3种木瓜品种。     

产地与品种对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的影响

选取同一产地(天水)3 个葡萄品种：“西拉(Shiraz)”、“蛇龙珠 (Carbernet Gernischet)”、“赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)”所酿制的新鲜干红葡萄酒以及5 个不同产地(天水、和硕、玛纳斯、延庆和怀来)赤霞珠葡萄酒,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析葡萄酒中11 种酚酸、5 种黄烷-3- 醇、10 种黄酮醇和2 种黄酮的含量。结果表明：同一产地不同品种和同一品种不同产地间的葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量都存在显著差异。其中,赤霞珠葡萄酒是3 个葡萄品种中酚类物质含量最高的品种;在5 个不同产地中,延庆赤霞珠葡萄酒中酚酸含量最高,黄烷-3- 醇含量最高的为和硕赤霞珠葡萄酒,而怀来赤霞珠葡萄酒中所含黄酮醇含量最高。     

磁场对新鲜干红葡萄酒酚类物质影响的研究

为了缩短葡萄酒陈酿时间,使其品质在较短时间内得到改善,本文将磁场处理后的新鲜干红葡萄酒采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其黄烷-3-醇和酚酸两种酚类物质的含量,然后将这两种酚类物质含量的变化与其经自然陈酿后的变化相比较.研究结果表明,随着磁场处理时间的延长,5种黄烷-3-醇和11种酚酸的含量都发生了复杂的变化,且变化趋势基本符合自然陈酿效果.因此,磁场处理对于加速葡萄酒陈酿、提高葡萄酒品质是具有一定效果的.     

黄精苹果酒的研制及挥发性成分分析

以酒黄精和苹果为原料,制作具有保健功效的黄精苹果酒,并研究挥发性成分的变化。通过正交试验优化得到黄精苹果酒最佳制作工艺:酵母添加量为0.10 %、发酵温度为26 ℃、酒黄精添加量为2.0%和含糖量为20%,经方差分析得到含糖量和酒黄精添加量对黄精苹果酒制作影响显著。酒黄精、苹果和黄精苹果酒检出挥发性成分共47种,其中酒黄精中挥发性物质共17种,苹果中挥发性物质共12种,黄精苹果酒中挥发性物质共28种。与原料酒黄精和苹果相比,黄精苹果酒的风味物质在种类和含量都有极大的增加,可见发酵有助于产生大量风味物质和营养物质。     

HPLC法测定苹果浓缩汁中的多酚类物质

利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析了儿茶素、绿原酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素、香豆酸、阿魏酸等六种酚类物质在鲁加1号和鲁加5号苹果浓缩汁中的的含量.色谱条件:色谱柱为EdipseXDB-C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm id,5μm),以甲醇-1%乙酸水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱.柱温30℃,流速为1.0ml/min,检测波长为280nm.在此色谱条件下,各组分均得到很好的分离.经测定鲁加1号苹果浓缩汁中含有儿茶素、绿原酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素、香豆酸、阿魏酸等六种酚类物质;鲁加5号苹果浓缩汁中含有较少的绿原酸、咖啡酸、表儿茶素、香豆酸、阿魏酸等五种酚类物质.     

Effect of processing treatments on the characteristics of juices and still ciders from Ontario‐grown apples

Recent interest in the commercial production of cider in Ontario, Canada revealed a lack of information on cider prepared from apples grown in North America. A study was conducted using locally grown culinary and dessert varieties of apples, since there is a lack of true cider varieties grown in Ontario. Four processing methods (treatments) were evaluated with respect to their effect on juice and cider characteristics; the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the juices and still ciders are reported. Sulphite addition to the juice at the time of juice extraction had no effect on the characteristics evaluated. Storage of fruits at 13 °C until they showed signs of shrivelling or senescence decreased juice yield and affected titratable acidity and pH levels of juices and ciders. Freezing fresh apples and thawing prior to processing produced juices that did not undergo keeving and had higher mould and yeast populations; methanol was present in juices and ciders from thawed apples. The significant effects of storage and freezing on apple juice characteristics should be taken into account when considering a delay in the processing of apples for cider production. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Polyphenol profiles of apple juices

Focusing on 17 constituents, the polyphenol profiles of juices freshly made from various dessert (n = 4) and cider apple cultivars (n = 7) as well as commercially available apple juices (n = 24) were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and (HPLC)-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI(neg)-MS/MS) analyses. Significant differences in the total polyphenol content as well as the profiles of the apple cultivars under study were observed. For dessert apples the total polyphenol content ranged from 154 to 178 mg/L, whereas for 'old' German cider apple cultivars 261-970 mg/L were determined. Boskoop showed the highest (970 mg/L) and Granny Smith the lowest (154 mg/L) polyphenol content of the freshly prepared samples under study. Hydroxycinnamic acids, with chlorogenic acid as dominating constituent, ranged from 57 to 68 mg/L as well as from 134-593 mg/L in juices made from dessert apples and that from cider apples, respectively. Dessert apple juices showed lower contents of dihydrochalcones (10-35 mg/L) and flavan-3-ols (50-95 mg/L) compared to that of cider apples (34-171 mg/L and 70-393 mg/L, respectively). Quercetin and its derivatives were found from 0.4-4 mg/L and 0.4-27 mg/L in juices made from dessert apples and that of cider apples, respectively. Compared with freshly made juices, lower contents of polyphenols were determined in the commercial samples under study. Amounts ranging from 110-459 mg/L, dominated by chlorogenic acid with concentrations from 53-217 mg/L, were determined. Information about cultivar-typical apple polyphenol content and profile is important for bioactivity studies and, consequently, essential for the development of consumer-relevant products with particular nutritional functionalities.     

Comparative study of 11 phenolic acids and five flavan-3-ols in cv. Vidal: impact of natural icewine making versus concentration technology

Background and Aims:  In an effort to protect the development of the icewine production industry, this study aimed to find indicators to distinguish between authentic and non-authentic icewines.
Methods and Results:  Fully ripened berries were used to prepare three types of high-sugar grape juices: naturally frozen juice, refrigerator-frozen juice and concentrated juice. The content of phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols in the samples before and after fermentation was assayed. Significant differences were found in the individual level of most phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols except chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid and (−)-epicatechin among the three types of high-sugar juices. At the end of fermentation, there were significant differences in the wines, not attributable to the influence of yeasts.
Conclusions:  Vanillic acid, caffeic acid, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, gentisic acid and syringic acid may be used as indicators of authentic icewine.
Significance of the Study:  This work provides a basis for distinguishing authentic icewine and controlling icewine quality.     

The phenolics of ciders. 1. Procyanidins

The dimeric procyanidins, B2, B1 and B5, and two procyanidin trimers based on (-)-epicatechin were isolated from cider by column chromatography on Sephadex LH20 and counter-current distribution between ethyl acetate and water. The concentrations of these and the other phenolic components in some experimental ciders were estimated by chromatographic separation on columns of Sephadex LH20 employing gradient elution from 20 to 100% methanol. Oxidation occurring during juice extraction markedly lowered the level of the polymeric procyanidins with consequent reduction in bitterness and astringency.     

Variations in the phenolic composition of fruit juices with different treatments

 In this work we have determined the variations in the composition of phenolic compounds of natural peach and apple juice with different thermal and enzymatic treatments. The following phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in samples of treated and untreated fruit juices: cinnamic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids), cinnamic derivatives (chlorogenic and p-coumarylquinic acids and feruloylglucose), flavonols (quercetin glycosides), dihydrochalcones (phloretin glycosides), flavan-3-ols [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin], and procyanidins (dimer B₂, trimer C₁ and tetramer T₄). Furfural derivatives, compounds widely used as indicators of prior thermal treatment, were also studied using these samples. The results indicate that the different processes tested gave rise to a series of changes in composition that may make it possible to identify the type of treatment employed on the basis of the composition of phenolic compounds in the fruit juices. Received: 18 March 1996     

刺葡萄酒发酵过程中几类多酚成分的含量变化分析

该文以两种湖南刺葡萄品种（米葡萄和甜葡萄）为原料酿造的干红葡萄酒为研究对象,并利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术分析在其酿造过程中酚类物质的含量变化。结果显示,在刺葡萄干红葡萄酒样品中共检测到六大类酚类物质共33种,其中包括7种黄酮醇类物质、5种黄烷-3-醇类物质、3种羟基苯甲酸类物质、3种羟基肉桂酸类物质、7种非酰化花色苷类物质、8种酰化花色苷类物质。在整个酿造过程中,两种刺葡萄酚类物质的变化基本一致,苹乳发酵结束后酚类物质均明显上升。其中米葡萄酒的黄酮醇、黄烷醇含量高于甜葡萄酒,而甜葡萄酒的其他四种酚类物质含量比米葡萄酒高。     

Effects of various clarification treatments on phenolic compounds and color of apple juice

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes that occur during conventional clarification using gelatin, bentonite, silica sol, and water-soluble chitosan on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and color of apple juice. The apple material used in this study was of two varieties: Sampion and Idared. The changes in the polyphenols composition (procyanidins, hydroxycinnamic derivatives, and dihydrochalcones) were monitored through the clarification process. Sampion apple control juices contained more total polyphenols than do Idared apple juices. In Sampion variety apple juice, the dominant polyphenols are the flavan-3-ols (86% of total polyphenols), followed by hydroxycinnamic acids (9.7%), dihydrochalcones (3.0%), and flavonols (1.3%). In Idared apple juice the hydroxycinnamic acids (especially chlorogenic acid) are dominant (about 48% of total polyphenols), followed by flavan-3-ols (40%). However, the concentration of polymeric procyanidins in Sampion apple juices was 62.8 and 46.3% less when the Profloc (chitosan) and gelatin treatments were used, respectively. Aktivbentonit and Puranit (bentonite) supplementary added in juices clarification have some protective effect on polymeric procyanidins only with Profloc treatment. That kind of effect was not observed in Idared apple juices with almost eight times smaller polymeric procyanidins concentration than in Sampion apple juices. The antioxidant activity, measured by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical) method, ranged from 0.20 mg TEAC/mL in Idared apple juice to 0.30 mg TEAC/mL in Sampion apple juice, measured by the ABTS method, from 0.17 to 0.48 mg TEAC/mL, respectively. Clarification of apple juices with chosen clarifying agents has statistically no significant (p>0.05) influence on antioxidant capacity. This study suggests that chitosan can be used as a conventional clarifying aid of apple juices and that treatment has no impact on their biochemical parameters.