等通道转角挤压加工中挤压温度对聚丙烯结构和性能的影响

在45℃至105℃挤压温度范围内对等规聚丙烯（iPP）进行等通道转角挤压，研究了挤压温度对iPP结构和性能的影响。结果表明：经过等通道转角挤压加工后，iPP晶粒明显细化并获得剪切取向变形，挤压温度的升高有利于iPP晶相取向的形成和结晶度增大。等通道转角挤压使iPP的透明性提高，65℃挤压后iPP透光率增幅最大，提高了21．3％；随着挤压温度的升高，iPP冲击强度和拉伸强度逐渐增加，105℃挤压后其冲击强度、拉伸强度分别比ECAE前提高了127％、38％。ECAE挤压后jPP表现出韧性延性拉伸断裂特征，断裂伸长率的增幅随挤压温度的升高而降低，45℃挤压后其增幅最大，达到1090％。     

成核剂对高流动性PPR性能的影响

研究了5种成核剂对高流动性无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)性能的影响。结果表明：5种成核剂均能够提高材料的韧性、透明性、耐热性及拉伸弯曲性能,且对材料的熔体流动速率、晶型结构及正己烷溶出物等影响较小。当成核剂A质量分数为0.22%时,材料的结晶度达到40.4%,雾度仅为15.4%,力学性能、耐热性能得到明显改善。     

聚丙烯等通道转角挤压加工中挤压载荷变化规律的实验研究

对聚丙烯(PP)进行等通道转角挤压(ECAE)加工,利用电子万能试验机获得:PP在不同挤压工艺参数下的挤压载荷一行程曲线,根据其宏观剪切变形情况,分析了在ECAE加工过程中挤压载荷的变化规律;并分析了挤压工艺参数对PP屈服载荷的影响.结果表明:在ECAE加工中挤压载荷分为压缩弹性变形引起的载荷增加,形成塑性剪切带引起的载荷快速增加,持续的剪切塑性变形引起的载荷基本稳定3个阶段;在挤压工艺参数中挤压温度对挤压载荷-行程曲线影响显著,在同一挤压速度下,屈服载荷随着挤压温度的升高而显著降低.     

β成核剂对PPR管材专用树脂性能的影响

制备了β晶型无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)管材专用树脂,并研究了5种不同β成核剂对β晶型PPR性能的影响。结果表明:β晶型PPR的性能与β成核剂的种类和加入量相关。当β成核剂E的质量分数为0.20%时,β晶型PPR的β晶含量达80%以上,简支梁缺口冲击强度达100 k J/m2。β成核剂C对β晶型PPR负荷变形温度影响最大,能使其升至76℃左右。分别加入β成核剂A,B,C,D,则β晶型PPR断裂伸长率均增加20%。综合考虑,加入β成核剂E能满足β晶型PPR对抗冲击性能和耐热性能的要求。     

等通道转角挤压加工中聚合物剪切塑性变形行为分析

结合挤压负荷-行程曲线,采用视塑性试验方法研究了聚丙烯在等通道转角挤压过程中的剪切塑性变形行为,并分析了屈服负荷随挤压工艺条件和聚合物种类而发生变化的情况.结果表明:剪切塑性变形发生在模具通道的相交面处;塑性变形响应由模具通道的内角处开始,向模具外角处扩展,形成完整剪切变形带后发生塑性屈服;聚丙烯的剪切屈服负荷随着挤压温度的升高而明显降低,而挤压速度对其影响不显著;不同聚合物抵抗剪切变形的能力也不同,其剪切屈服负荷因聚合物种类而异.     

PPR管材性能影响因素分析

采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、13C-NMR、差示扫描量热法(DSC)等分析技术对无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)管材的结构和性能进行研究。对PPR管材结构性能影响因素分析结果表明,熔体流动速率和熔点对PPR生产具有决定性的影响。     

PPH/PPR/PPB共混体系力学性能的研究

研究了均聚聚丙烯(PPH)、无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)、嵌段共聚聚丙烯(PPB)3种聚丙烯(PP)共混体季的力学性能,探讨了各组分对材料性能的影响。结果表明：PPH能使材料具有较高的刚性,PPB则能提高材料的韧性,PPH／PPR／PPB体系的冲击强度随PPB用量的增加而增加。     

如何减少PP-R管件的收缩变形

通过对无规共聚聚丙烯（PP－R）管件成型加工过程中分子排布,取向,收缩等特性的分析,总结出影响制品收缩变形的因素有注射量,注射速率,注塑温度,模具温度,注射时间,保证时间,制品壁厚及浇口尺寸等,对PP－R管件的注塑工艺进行了调整与优化,减少了PP－R管件的收缩变形,对PP－R管件的生产有指导作用。     

热处理对PPR/纳米TiO2复合材料力学性能的影响

制备了无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)/纳米TiO₂复合材料,并研究了热处理对复合材料力学性能和断口形貌的影响。结果表明：使用4%(w)经硅铝复合包膜改性后的纳米TiO₂可大幅提高PPR的力学性能,复合材料的拉伸强度由未改性的24.0 MPa提高到36.5 MPa,断裂伸长率由未改性的45%提高到90%;热处理可消除复合材料内部热应力,促进结晶的完善,有效改善PPR/纳米TiO₂复合材料的拉伸性能及弯曲性能,热处理最佳温度为120℃,最佳时间为40 min,在此条件下,复合材料的拉伸强度及弯曲强度增幅分别达33.8%,35.9%。     

β成核剂对PPR结晶行为的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、偏光显微镜(PLM)研究了β成核剂对无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)结晶行为及晶体结构的影响.结果表明:PPR中加入β成核剂后,PPR的晶体形态由α晶型向β晶型转变;当加入质量分数0.05％β成核剂时,β晶相对含量在60％以上,和纯PPR相比,PPR中β晶相对含量显著增加,...     

The effect of microstructure on the toughness of polypropylene random copolymer

ABSTRACT

This article mainly explores the mechanism and deformation of polypropylene random copolymer at different temperatures and the role of microstructure in the toughening process. Firstly, the conventional differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to study different structures of crystalline and amorphous regions. Furthermore, the dynamic thermomechanical analysis was used to study the changes in the molecular mobility in samples. Secondly, the toughness and fracture morphology of the material was analyzed by notched Izod impact test and scanning electron microscopy. Thirdly, samples were stretched and combined 2D-WAXD to analyses the changes in its crystal regions. The thickness and distribution of the lamellae, as well as stress transmitters, work synergistically during polypropylene random copolymer deformation. The yield is due to the spherulite deformation and a small part of lamellae rotation and reorientation when the temperature is 25 C. When near the glass transition temperature, a large number of lamellae are crushed and oriented to form a large number of microfibers at the yield point.

The in-situ formed rubber phase in polypropylene random copolymer plays a significant role in the toughening process. When the temperature is 25 C the yield is due to the spherulite deformation and a small part of lamellae rotation and reorientation. While a large number of lamellae are crushed and oriented to form a large number of microfibers at the yield point when the temperature is 0 C.     

On the effect of pulsed laser ablation on shear strength and mode I fracture toughness of Al/epoxy adhesive joints

The present work describes an experimental study about the shear strength and the mode I fracture toughness of adhesive joints with substrates pre-treated by pulsed laser ablation. An ytterbium-doped pulsed fiber laser was employed to perform laser irradiation on AA6082-T4 alloy. Morphological and chemical modifications were evaluated by means of surface profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Thick adherend shear tests were carried out in order to assess the shear strength while the mode I fracture toughness was determined using the double cantilever beam. For comparison, control samples were prepared using classical surface degreasing. The results indicated that laser ablation has a favorable effect on the mechanical behavior of epoxy bonded joints; however, while a + 20% increase was recorded for shear strength, a remarkable threefold enhancement of fracture toughness was observed with respect to control samples. XPS analyses of treated substrates and SEM observations of the fracture surfaces indicated that laser pre-treatment promoted chemical and morphological modifications able to sustain energy dissipation through mechanical interlocking. As a result cohesive failure within the adhesive bond-line was enabled under predominant peel loading.     

生物降解材料聚（DL）-乳酸剪切变形强韧化研究

研究了等通道转角挤压技术对生物降解材料聚（DL）-乳酸（PDLLA）的增强、增韧。探讨了挤压温度、挤压次数对PDLLA性能的影响。实验表明，随挤压次数增加，材料强韧性提高；挤压温度对材料性能影响明显。经过2次挤压后，PDLLA的弯曲强度由83．3MPa增加到178．7MPa；原始试样弯曲断口呈脆性断裂，强韧化挤压后，断口呈典型韧性断裂特征，强韧性明显提高。扫描电镜观察表明，断口有大量纤维尾端，呈明显纤维化。广角X射线衍射和差示扫描量热分析表明，随挤压次数增加，PDLLA玻璃化转变温度提高，结构更趋稳定。     

Fracture toughness of random fibrous materials with ultrahigh porosity at elevated temperatures

The fracture toughness of three‐dimensional random fibrous (3D RF) material was investigated from room temperature to 1273 K by virtue of experimental method, theoretical model and Finite Element Method (FEM) in the through‐the‐thickness (TTT) and in‐plane (IP) directions. The experiments showed that the fracture toughness in the TTT and IP directions increases (from 0.0617 to 0.0924 Mpa·m^1/2 and from 0.2958 to 0.3982 Mpa·m^1/2 for the TTT and IP directions, respectively) as the temperature until reaching a transition temperature (1123 K and 1223 K for the TTT and IP directions, respectively), then the fracture toughness decreases from 0.0924 to 0.0393 Mpa·m^1/2 and from 0.3982 to 0.3106 Mpa·m^1/2 for the TTT and IP directions, respectively. The fracture behavior was related to the bulk microstructures, the mechanical properties of fibers and the blunting of crack tip. The crack tip blunting affected the fracture toughness at elevated temperatures which was verified using the theoretical model. A FEM model with a single edge crack where special attention was drawn to the influence of the morphological characteristic was developed to simulate the fracture behavior of 3D RF material. Numerical results from the FEM modeling along with a theoretical model with crack tip blunting mechanism incorporated agreed well with the experimental results.     

Determination of fracture toughness of epoxy using fractography

Fracture toughness of epoxy was determined by quantitative fractography, one of the techniques for brittle materials based on fracture mechanics. Two different epoxy systems, an anhydride‐cured and an amine‐cured epoxy based upon diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) were studied. Epoxies with different average molar mass between crosslinks (M_c) or crosslink density were prepared by varying the cure profiles. The materials were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical spectroscopy (DMS), and density measurements. Optical microscopy was used to measure the dimensions of the different regions on the fracture surfaces of unnotched samples that were tested to failure under tension. The fracture toughness values were calculated from the relationship between the measured sizes and fracture stress. Epoxies with lower M_c values or higher crosslink densities have lower fracture toughness values. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 257–268, 1999     

Effect of the specimen dimensions and the test speed on the fracture toughness of iPP by the essential work of fracture (EWF) method

The fracture parameters of an isotactic polypropylene are studied by the essential work of fracture method. The influence of the specimen height, width and thickness and the effect of the test speed are investigated. Results show that this method is very useful for studying the plane‐stress fracture of this kind of materials in form of films and sheets. Varying the width (30 to 60 mm) and the test speed (2 to 100 mm/min) has no relevant influence, whereas the results are only length independent in a range from 40 to 100 mm. The influence of the thickness is very high, obtaining an important decrease of the specific essential work as the thickness is increased in a range from 38 to 2500 μm. This result is justified with the fracture surfaces obtained, observed by SEM, in which an evolution of the fracture behavior is seen as a function of thickness (38, 100, 500, 1000, 2500 μm). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 177–187, 1999     

等通道转角挤压制备自增强高密度聚乙烯的结构与性能研究

采用等通道转角挤压方法对高密度聚乙烯进行自增强挤压，研究和分析了挤压工艺条件与材料结构、性能之间的关系。利用扫描电镜、广角X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析等手段对材料结构进行了表征。结果表明，经过等通道转角挤压后，高密度聚乙烯的结晶度提高、晶粒细化、熔点升高，形成明显的取向结构，拉伸强度提高了23％。     

The fracture toughness of inorganic glasses

Measuring the fracture toughness (K_Ic) of glasses still remains a difficult task, raising experimental and theoretical problems as well. The available methods to estimate K_Ic are reviewed, with emphasis on their respective advantages and drawbacks. In view of our current understanding, this analysis gives precedence to the SEPB method. The ultimate glass strength, the critical flaw size, and the indentation load for the onset of crack initiation are discussed, in the light of the fundamentals of fracture mechanics and classical background regarding the mechanics of brittle materials. Analytical expressions were further proposed to predict the fracture energy and fracture toughness of glasses from different chemical systems from their nominal compositions. The theoretical values were compared with the experimental ones, as obtained by self‐consistent methods when available. The agreement observed in most cases suggests that measured K_Ic values correspond to the crack propagation regime (as opposed to the crack initiation threshold), and supports previous investigations in glasses and ceramics, which showed that a crack tip is nearly atomically sharp in these materials (but for metallic glasses). Some ideas to design tougher glasses are finally presented.     

Deformation mechanisms and fracture toughness of polystyrene/high‐density polyethylene blends compatibilized by triblock copolymer

A dilatometric technique was used to explore the tensile deformation mechanisms of polystyrene (PS)/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) blends compatibilized by a styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer. The volume change of the sample during a uniaxial tensile process was determined with two extensometers, and it provided useful information concerning the tensile deformation mechanism. A simple model was used in this study in order to obtain quantitative information on the separate contributions of several possible deformation modes to the total deformation. The results indicated that elastic deformation was the main deformation mode for PS. However, elastic deformation was the main mode of deformation prior to yielding for SEBS compatibilized PS/HDPE blends; thereafter the plastic deformations (including shear and crazing) appeared to dominate over the elastic deformation. Moreover, crazing was the main plastic deformation mode for the blend containing 20 wt % HDPE, and shear deformation became predominant when the HDPE content was further increased. Finally, the essential work concept was used to determine the fracture toughness of the typical ductile PS/HDPE/SEBS 10/80/10 blends. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 77: 2024–2033, 2000