Design of continuous ion exchange process for the wastewater treatment

A generic design procedure for the continuous ion exchange process is proposed. The procedure is based on the optimized arrangement of parallel batch columns. The continuity of the process is achieved by proper shifting of the inlet conditions. The method for the optimization of the process variables is presented.The concept is demonstrated on the example of ammonia removal from wastewaters. Two flowsheet schemes are considered utilizing fresh or recycled regenerating agent.The superiority of the optimized process over the periodic operation is demonstrated.     

Removal and recovery of nickel ion from wastewater of electroless plating by reduction crystallization

Wastewater treatment after electroless nickel plating runs has been known to be difficult and this has been a subject of worldwide concern. Discarding wastewater of electroless nickel plating into sea was prohibited under the London Dumping Treaty since 1996. We have studied on recovering nickel from wastewater by reduction crystallization. In this study, the characteristics of nickel ion removal and recovery were investigated in the process of reduction crystallization using a laboratory scale batch crystallizer (500 ml), in order to propose a new process for wastewater treatment from nickel plating. In the reduction crystallization, which can use hypophosphite ion as a reducing agent for nickel ion in the wastewater, nickel ion could be recovered as a form of nickel metal by seeding nickel powder having large specific surface area.     

Removal of heavy metals in plating wastewater using carboxylated alginic acid

Potentially, biosorption is an economic process for metal sequestering from water. Carboxylated alginic acid showed high uptake capacities for heavy metals of 5-6 meq/g dry mass. For application to actual plating waste-water, the carboxylated alginic acid was immobilized using PVA. In order to remove chelating or organic materials in plating wastewater, oxidation using sodium hypochlorite was performed as a pretreatment. When carboxylated alginic acid bead was applied in a packed-bed contactor, the breakthrough point of copper ion in the acid-alkaline wastewater appeared around 350 bed volumes; the breakthrough point of nickel ion in the chelating wastewater emerged around 200 bed volumes. The adsorption capacity for heavy metal of the carboxylated alginic acid bead was higher than that of a commercial ion exchanger (IR-120 plus) in plating wastewater.     

Final purification of synthetic olive oil mill wastewater treated by chemical oxidation using ion exchange: Study of operating parameters

In this research work, ion exchange (IE) is presented as a suitable option for purification of olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) previously treated by means of a secondary treatment (OMWST). This pretreatment consisted in Fenton-like oxidation process, followed by coagulation–flocculation and filtration through olive stones. The parametric requirements for drinking water production or at least for public waterways discharge were achieved using a combination of two IE columns working in series at bench scale. The IE resins used in this study were Dowex Marathon C and Amberlite IRA-67. The effect of contact time, operating temperature and flow rate on simultaneous removal of sodium, total iron, chloride and phenols (the major pollutant species in OMWST) were investigated. Removal percentages of sodium, chloride and total iron increased with incrementing the contact time. Equilibrium was obtained in about 30 min for all ions and ion concentrations values determined were lower than the maximum levels for drinking water standards. On the other hand, adsorption efficiencies of sodium, total iron and chloride ions were found to be not considerably affected by the operating temperature. The highest phenols removal percentage (around 100%) was obtained in the first minutes for 298 K and 10 L/h.     

Simultaneous removal of sulfate and selenate from wastewater by process integration of an ion exchange column and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor

The application of an integrated process configuration comprising of an ion exchange (IX) column and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) bioreactor for the simultaneous removal of SO₄^2- and total Se from synthetic mine wastewater was evaluated. Use of an IX column as a pre-treatment (not as post-treatment) to the UASB bioreactor gave the best overall removal performance. The combined treatment reduced the total Se and SO₄^2- concentration from 8.0 and 1441 mg/L to 0.2 and 28.0 mg/L, respectively. This study demonstrated for the first time that an IX process as a pre-treatment to a biological process can significantly improve the oxyanion removal efficiency and the overall treatment of Se-laden wastewaters.     

离子交换法回收土霉素及废水处理的研究

采用离子交换法回收制药废水中的土霉素,通过考察离子交换液的pH、离子交换树脂转型的选择、流量、解吸剂的浓度等因素的影响,确定了提取土霉素的适宜条件.试验结果表明,该法提取制药废水中的土霉素是可行的.同时,对离子交换余液进行微电解-生化处理,制药废水最终达到了国家排放标准.     

Removal of inorganic mercury from mine waste water by ion exchange

The present study has been undertaken to investigate a process that might remove inorganic mercury from mine waste water streams by use an ion exchange resin system. A number of commercial resins have been evaluated as ion exchangers and the mercury content of the waste water, ranging from 70 to 90 ppm, is reduced to a permitted level of 34 ppb. Dowex XZS‐1, a strong cationic ion exchanger in a gel Form, has the most pronounced selectivity for mercury. The loaded resin was regenerated efficiently using HCl solutions, due to increased competition between Hg and hydronium ions and formation of an HgCl ₄ ²⁻ ionic complex. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

离子交换法回收废钒催化剂中钒的研究

研究了采用离子交换法回收废钒催化剂中钒的新工艺，并着重对浸钒、沉钒等环节进行了改进。探讨了回收废钒催化剂过程中，离子交换树脂、钒溶液浓度、流速、温度、淋洗剂和沉钒溶液的pH、温度、加氨系数等因素对钒回收率的影响，得出了适宜的工艺条件。在此工艺条件下，可以制备出质量优于GB3283-1987冶金99级标准的五氧化二钒产品，钒回收率达91，7％，具有较好的经济效益和社会效益，市场前景广阔。     

离子交换法处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的研究

采用201×7强碱性阴离子交换树脂处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,探讨了废水酸度、交换时间、浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响以及树脂再生所需的合适温度和再生剂浓度。结果表明,201×7强碱性阴离子交换树脂处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,具有交换容量大、交换效果好、树脂再生条件较简单等优点。并对实际含铬废水进行了处理,废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的初始浓度为1 540 mg/L,处理量达52 BV(床体积)时,出水中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度仍小于0.5 mg/L,达到国家排放标准。树脂交换容量约80 mg/g。用8%NaOH溶液,在50℃条件下进行再生效果较好,再生率大于95%,可实现树脂的重复使用。     

The hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed ion exchange system for cesium removal

In this work, experimental studies on the hydrodynamics have been carried out in a cold model liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB) ion exchange system where the riser is operated in the circulating fluidization regime and the downcomer in the state of slow-moving packed bed, with the aim of removing cesium from high radioactive liquid waste. Two circulating fluidization zones, the initial and the fully developed, have been observed. The solids circulation rate can be controlled merely by the primary liquid flow if the auxiliary liquid flow is set to zero and the injection tap is located at the middle of the intersection of the riser and the solid-return pipe. Therefore, it is possible to minimize the number of the liquid feed assemblies (pumps, valves, flow meters, etc.), and this is crucial to the treatment of high radioactive waste. The liquid inevitably leaks through the solid-return pipe in most cases because of the “loosening effect” of the liquid feed flow, and the direction and magnitude of the leakage vary with the operating conditions. The system geometry, including the injection tap location and the riser outlet location, plays a very important role in the hydrodynamics of the LSCFB system.     

脱盐水离子交换树脂激活技术的应用

针对脱盐水系统因离子交换树脂污染而造成的酸碱消耗量增加、运行周期缩短等问题,采用树脂激活技术对阴床和阳床树脂进行了活性恢复处理。结合系统优化和加强运行管理,收到了良好效果。脱盐水系统各项出水指标正常,酸耗降低了55％、碱耗降低了62％。     

络合萃取法处理2,3-酸生产废水的研究

本试验研究了采用络合萃取法回收 2 ,3 -酸生产废水中染料中间体的多种影响因素。试验表明通过萃取工艺处理 2 ,3 -酸生产废水是可行的 ,一级萃取出水CODcr在 10 0～ 2 0 0mg/L ,萃取率可达 96%以上     

水法合成扑草净原药废水综合治理工艺研究

扑草净原药生产中水为反应介质,存在废水量大,废水中污染物成分复杂,污染环境。经预处理,离子交换吸附后降低各项污染指标,基本能达标排放,特别是扑灭津,扑草净,COD值都有大幅度下降。     

Influence of solvent on ion conductivity of polybenzimidazole proton exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries

Polybenzimidazole(PBI) is a kind of proton transport membrane material, and its ion conductivity is a key factor affecting its application in vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs). The casting solvent of PBI has a significant influence on the acid doping level of PBI membranes which is closely related to ionic conductivity. In this paper, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine(DABz) and 4,4′-Dicarboxydiphenylether(DCDPE) were used as raw materials by solution condensation to prepare the PBI with ether bond groups. The chemical structure of PBI was determined by1~H NMR and FT-IR, and the prepared PBI had good solubility which can be dissolved in a variety of solvents. The PBI proton exchange membranes were prepared by solution coating with 5 different solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP), methane sulfonic acid(MSA). The effects of different solvents on the ion conductivity and physicochemical properties were discussed in detail. The results showed that the PBI membrane prepared by using MSA as solvent(the PBI + MSA membrane) exhibits high water uptake, acid doping level and low vanadium ion permeability. The VRFB assembled with the PBI + MSA membrane exhibited higher coulombic efficiency(CE) 99.87% and voltage efficiency(VE) 84.50% than that of the commercial Nafion115 membrane at100 m A·cm~(-2), and after 480 cycles, the EE value can still be maintained at 83.73%. The self-discharge time of a single battery was recorded to be as long as 1000 h. All experimental data indicated that MSA is the best solvent for casting PBI membrane.     

The determination of diffusion coefficients of counter ion in an ion exchange membrane using electrical conductivity measurement

Electrical conductivity experiments were carried out in a bi-ionic (chloride-nitrate) electrolyte with and without a permselective anion exchange membrane (ACS of Tokuyama Soda) at variable chloride/nitrate concentration. Diffusion coefficients of counter ions (Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻) in the membrane were determined from a mathematical model based on the Nernst-Planck diffusion-convection theory: the mean diffusion coefficients in the membrane were obtained by fitting the (conductivity vs. concentration) curves with the Nernst-Planck equation.     

A computer simulation of continuous ion exchange membrane electrodialysis for desalination of saline water

A computer simulation program including the principle of ① mass transport, ② current density distribution, ③ energy consumption and ④ limiting current density is developed for predicting desalinating performance of a continuous (one-pass flow) electrodialysis process. In this simulation the following parameters are inputted; ① membrane characteristics such as overall transport number, overall solute permeability, overall electro-osmotic permeability, overall hydraulic permeability, direct current electric resistance etc. ② electrodialyzer specifications such as flow-pass thickness, flow-pass width and flow-pass length of a desalting cell etc. and ③ electrodialytic conditions such as current density, electrolyte concentration in a feeding solution, linear velocity in desalting cells, standard deviation of normal distribution of solution velocity ratio etc.In a practical-scale electrodialyzer, electrolyte concentration in a desalting cell is decreased along a flow-pass and it gives rise to electrolyte concentration distribution. It causes electric resistance distribution and current density distribution. Solution velocities in desalting cells vary between the cells, and give rise to solution velocity distribution. In this simulation, these distributions are taken into account assuming that the frequency distribution of solution velocity ratio is equated by the normal distribution. Further, the influences of electrodialyzer specifications and elctrodialysis conditions described above on the performances of an electrodialyzer (desalting ratio, current efficiency, electrolyte concentration at the outlets of desalting cells, cell voltage, energy consumption, electrolyte concentration distribution, current density distribution, and limiting current density) are predicted. The simulation model is developed on the basis of the experiments and its reasonability is supported by the performance of electrodialyzers operating in salt-manufacturing plants.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of heavy metal ion exchange

Ion exchange has a great potential to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewaters or heavy metal-containing sludge. In order to design and operate heavy metal removal processes, the equilibrium relationship between ions and resin must be known a prior. A series of ion-exchange equilibrium tests of Cu²⁺/H⁺, Zn²⁺/H⁺, and Cd²⁺/H⁺ systems using Amberlite IR-120 were performed. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich isotherm, and selectivity coefficient approaches. The thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change, and entropy change were calculated. By comparison of the selectivity coefficients, the affinity sequence to IR-120 is Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > H⁺. Moreover, in order to understand the heavy metal extraction kinetics in the presence of Amberlite IR-120, the ion-exchange kinetics was also studied. The ion-exchange kinetic data were regressed by the pseudo first-order, second-order models, and a reversible reaction model. The activation energies calculated from the rate coefficients at different temperatures are 15.41, 7.04, and 17.01 kJ/mol for copper, zinc, and cadmium, respectively. Although the pseudo first- and second-order models are easier to use for data analysis, the resultant model parameters depend on operating conditions. The reversible reaction model is capable to predict the effects of resin to solution ratio, initial heavy metal concentration, and temperature on the ion-exchange kinetic curves.     

页岩气废水处理技术研究进展

页岩气作为经济价值巨大、资源前景广阔的替代性能源,在近20年来发展迅速,其生产过程中产生页岩气废水的处理受到了广泛关注。页岩气废水水质复杂,通常具有高浓度总溶解固体和有机化合物复杂且含量高的特点,尤其是高浓度总溶解固体对处理技术提出了挑战。在介绍页岩气废水水质特点和处理方式的基础上,本文对近年来出现的页岩气废水处理技术进行总结,包括预处理技术、有机物处理技术和脱盐技术;指出页岩气废水处理的关键在于脱盐,重点论述了热技术和膜技术在页岩气废水脱盐方面的应用,展望了膜技术潜在的利用价值;提出了页岩气废水处理的技术组合。研究特征有机污染物的降解、驯化耐盐菌或接种嗜盐菌、降低热技术的成本、增强膜的抗污染性、开发强化的膜技术,是页岩气废水处理的研究方向。     

离子交换柱模型实验及设计计算

为了有效回收黄金冶炼厂含氰废水中的氰化物和铜锌等有价金属,提高资源综合利用率,文中采用离子交换法将氰化物和废水分离并回收有价金属的方法,在静态离子交换实验的基础上进行了离子交换柱的动态吸附模型实验,并计算出吸附饱和量、树脂层高度、穿透时间等和线速度相关的参数,探索了氰化物体系在交换柱中的交换行为。根据实验结果初步计算得到交换柱尺寸和溶液流速、穿透时间等的关系,表明模型实验设计的模型参数能够和实验数据符合,为离子交换法处理含氰废水的工业化实验提供了基础和可参考的设计参数。     

Conventional and electric field-assisted ion exchange on glass-ceramics for dental applications

Ion exchange can be used to mechanically reinforce dental glass-ceramics to reduce the problems associated to the flaws created upon various processing steps and handling. This work introduces a novel ion exchange method to the field of dental glass-ceramic to increase the possibilities of preparing highly reliable glass-ceramic restorations. The aim of the study was to compare Electric Field-Assisted Ion Exchange with conventional method, for newly developed nepheline based dental glass-ceramic. Multicomponent glass system was synthesized using melt-quench method and then prepared into glass-ceramic specimens via powder sinter-crystallisation route. The prepared glass-ceramic specimens were tested for bi-axial flexural strength before and after ion exchange according to the dental ceramics ISO 6872:2015. Ion exchange process was carried out in molten potassium nitride and the potassium penetration depth determined by EDXS was found greater and occurring in a matter of minutes within the nepheline crystal structure during electrical field assisted ion exchange compared with several hours of conventional treatment. The newly developed nepheline glass-ceramic system and the results achieved by electrical field assisted ion exchange may renew the ion exchange concept for dental application.