牛心朴子草化学成分的分离与表征

以牛心朴子草为原料,采用柱层析、重结晶等方法对经过AB-8大孔吸附树脂处理后的牛心朴子草提取液中化学成分进行了提取和分离。对分离得到的两种化合物采用质谱、红外光谱、紫外光谱等手段进行了表征,鉴定结果分别为:表赤杨醇和磁麻酯。     

The chemical and biological assay of essential fatty acids

After defining and developing the background of essential fatty acids, the various chemical, biological and physical methods which have been used for their assay will be reviewed. Specific recommendations will be made regarding techniques in each method category for natural and processed fats. Special attention will be given to the distinction between the essential fatty acids and the other polynnsaturated acids. Outlined analysis of paper soon to appear in Vol. I of a series, “Analysis and Characterization of Oils, Fats and Fat Products,” H. Boekenoogen, editor, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., London.     

Separation of neutral lipid,free fatty acid and phospholipid classes by normal phase HPLC

Normal phase high performance liquid chromatography methods are described for the separation of neutral lipid, fatty acid and five phospholipid classes using spectrophotometric detection at 206 nm. Separations were accomplished in less than 10 min for each lipid class. A mobile phase consisting of hexane/methyltertiarybutylether/acetic acid (100∶5∶0.02) proved effective in separating cholesteryl ester and triglyceride with recoveries of 100% for radiolabeled cholesteryl oleate and 98% for radiolabeled triolein. Free fatty acid and cholesterol were separated by two different mobile phases. The first, hexane/methyltertiarybutylether/acetic acid (70∶30∶0.02) effectively separated free fatty acids and cholesterol, but did not separate cholesterol from 1,2-diglyceride. A mobile phase consisting of hexane/isopropanol/acetic acid (100∶2∶0.02) effectively separated free fatty acid, cholesterol, 1,2-diglyceride and 1,3-diglyceride. Recoveries of oleic acid and cholesterol were 100% and 97%, respectively. Five phospholipid classes were separated using methylteriarybutylether/methanol/aqueous ammonium acetate (pH 8.6) (5∶8∶2) as the mobile phase. The recoveries of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine were each greater than 96%.     

Separation, characterization and analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon ring classes in Lloydminster and Medicine River oils

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (h.p.l.c.) separation, having selectivity for the number of fused aromatic rings up to four, was used to separate polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) ring classes. Two crude oils: the heavy Lloydminster and the light Medicine River oils from the Alberta Basin were analysed. Three- and four-ring structures dominated the aromatic concentrates of both oils. The abundance of five and larger fused ring contents, and higher degree of alkyl substitution distinguish the Lloydminster polyaromatic content. The analytical potential of this approach was studied using refractive index and ultraviolet detectors, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, ¹³C n.m.r. and spectrofluorometry. The procedure proved to be useful for characterization of the complex PAH mixture in hydrocarbon materials.     

The influence of autoxidation on the chemical assay of cholesterol

Summary Cholesterol purifiedvia the dibromide has been compared with two commercial preparations for use as standard materials for assay of cholesterol in biological materials. It is concluded that determination of the specific extinction coefficient, following application of the Liebermann-Burchard reaction under specified conditions, is sufficient to ascertain adequacy of a sample of cholesterol for use as a standard. Autoxidation of cholesterol by aeration in colloidal aqueous suspension resulted in losses of assay of cholesterol by the Schoenheimer-Sperry procedure which were roughly equal in amount to the percentage of conversion of cholesterol to diols and ketone. Assay of the same material by the Liebermann-Burchard reaction alone resulted in no apparent losses through autoxidation. Cholesterol was not autoxidized by refluxing in ethanol-ether in the presence of corn oil. 1 This study was supported in part by research grants from the National Heart Institute (H-2528) and the Oklahoma State Heart Association.     

Separation and quantification of heart and liver phospholipid classes by high-performance liquid chromatography using a new light-scattering detector

This work describes a one-step separation of rat tissue phospholipid classes by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a silica column and a new light-scattering detector (LSD). Complete separation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine was obtained. Direct quantification was achieved after detector calibration for each phospholipid class. The detector response was shown to be linear within the ranges used. The LSD results agreed well with those obtained by phospholipid phosphorus assay. The present method was applied to rat heart and rat liver phospholipid analysis.     

三辛胺络合萃取分离一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸

以三辛胺(TOA)工业品为萃取剂、正己烷为稀释剂,研究了一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸(质量比为322:1)水溶液的萃取分离特性,考察了温度和初始萃取剂浓度对萃取平衡的影响,建立了TOA萃取一氯乙酸和二氯乙酸的数学模型。结果表明,两酸分配系数随温度升高而增大,但影响有限;随萃取剂初始浓度的增大,一氯乙酸分配系数随之增大,二氯乙酸分配系数先升后降。基于TOA的表观碱度,建立了二氯乙酸单溶质模型,解释了其分配系数随萃取剂浓度增大先升后降的特殊规律;在此基础上,考虑协同萃取的影响,建立了双溶质萃取模型。上述研究为一氯乙酸工业品的进一步提纯分离提供了指导。     

Separation of the polysaccharides in Caulerpa racemosa and their chemical composition and antitumor activity

Caulerpa racemosa was extracted with the combined procedure of neutral protease and boiling water to yield a water‐soluble polysaccharide coded as CRP. The obtained C. racemosa polysaccharide (CRP) was fractionated with DEAE‐52 cellulose, which led to two soluble polysaccharide fractions designated as CRPF1 and CRPF2. CRP, CRPF1, and CRPF2 were chemically determined and their antitumor activity was assayed. Results showed that they were all mixtures composed of sulfated polysaccharide with 3.9–7.9% uronic acid and protein, and had similar amino acid composition, but CRP was more than CRPF1 and CRPF2 in total sugar and uronic acid content, and less in sulfate group content. Two main sugars, glucose (Glu, 56.8%) and galactose (Gal, 31.8%), of CRP were enriched to CRPF2 (Glu, 89.1%) and CRPF1 (Gal, 99.2%) respectively; Bioassay indicated that all CRP had strong antitumor activity in both in vitro and in vivo, and its inhibition rate of K562 cells in vitro at the concentration of 6.0–10.0 mg mL^?1 and of H22 tumor transplanted in mice at a dose of 100 mg kg^?1 day were 59.5–83.8% (48 h) and 53.9% (14 days), respectively. Moreover, at a lower dose (0.05–0.2 mg mL^?1) and longer time (72 h), CRP exhibited stronger inhibition effect on K562 cells than CRPF1 and CRPF2. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

深冷分离法加膜分离法的空气分离装置分析

如今,从空气中分离出来的很多气体,如氮气、氧气、氢气等都在被人们越来越广泛的使用。那么,如何从空气中分离出更多更有用的气体来回收利用,从而满足人们的更多需求呢?从深冷分析法、膜分离法两个方面进行分析,通过各自原理寻找两者最佳空气分离装置,从而对空气中各种有效成分进行有效的回收,提高资源的利用效率。     

Separation of silicon isotopes by chemical exchange between silicon tetrafluoride and its complex compounds with aliphatic alcohols

Silicon tetrafluoride SiF₄ reacted with aliphatic alcohols ROH to form liquid complex compounds SiF₄ · 2ROH. The gas-liquid SiF_4(g) -SiF₄ · 2ROH_(l) systems can be used for separating silicon isotopes. The hydrodynamics and mass transfer of the separation of silicon isotopes in a countercurrent column were studied using SiF₄-SiF₄ · 2ROH systems based on butanol-1, pentanol-1, and hexanol-1 at 293 K. Corrections were applied to the empirical coefficients in the equations of the dependence of the total holdup of a helical prismatic packing (HPP) and its specific pressure drop on a load in an isotope exchange column. The height equivalent to the theoretical plate (HETP) increased more than twofold in the butanol-1-hexanol-1 homologous series (the flow rate in the column was (3.4 ± 0.2) mmol SiF₄/(cm² min) for the working gas). It was shown using pentanol-1 as a complex-forming agent that the limiting stage of mass transfer during the separation of silicon isotopes was the isotope exchange between SiF₄ and the SiF₄ · 2ROH complex.     

Separation of instrumental and chemical errors in the analysis of oils by gas chromatography—A collaborative evaluation

Thirty-five analysts studied the concept that, in the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of fatty acid composition, errors can be separated into those caused by poor chromatograph optimization and those related to inefficient conversion of triacylglycerols (TAG) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). A primary standard mixture of FAME was used to determine how well the participants had optimized their chromatographs. A primary standard of the equivalent TAG was used to determine total error of analysis. “Chemistry error” was calculated as the difference between the absolute errors found for the FAME and the TAG standards. Grades of analysis were computed for the FAME and TAG results and for the chemistry errors calculated from these analyses. Only four analysts achieved grades of analysis for the FAME standard that can be considered excellent or good. These four analysts used different injector/column configurations, indicating that, when properly optimized, a GC with a flame ionization detector is an extremely accurate instrument. Conversely, it is evident that there is the potential for most analysts to improve their instrumental optimization. In agreement with published information, AOCS method Ce 2-66 and AOAC method 969.33 gave low chemistry grades, but a number of analysts used modifications of these methods, and some achieved much better grades. It would appear that many of the standard methods that are in common use are capable of producing improved results, but that critical parameters need to be better specified to ensure minimization of error. The concept of separating errors into those of instrument origin and those caused by the chemical component of the total method would appear to be a useful concept for the validation of analytical methods.     

有机化工废水COD高效降解菌的分离筛选及应用

利用有机化工废水培养基从新疆高海拔盐湖样品中分离筛选到COD降解菌18株,对COD降解率高的8株菌株混合后处理废水,与其他普通活性污泥相比,COD去除率更高(86.3%)。经16S r DNA初步鉴定,该8株菌分别属于拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes、厚壁菌门Firmicutes和变形菌门Proteobacteria。将该混合菌群用于生物曝气池试验,添加尿素0.75 g/L作为氮源,其COD降解率可达82.5%;添加金枪鱼蛋白胨0.5 g/L可使COD降解率提高到92.2%。     

Separation and detection of phospholipid hydroperoxides in the low nanomolar range by a high performance liquid chromatography/irothiocyanate assay

A new method for the detection of phospholipid hydroperoxides in the low nanomolar range has been developed by using a high performance liquid chromatography system combined with a post-column reaction. The detection is based on the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by hydroperoxides and the subsequent formation of an ironthiocyanate complex, which can be determined spectrophotometrically at 505 nm. By this method it is possible to separate and quantitate phosphatidylethanolamine hydroperoxide and phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide formed in erythrocyte ghost membranes during photo-oxidation.     

Biochemistry of the sphingolipides. X. Phytoglycolipide,a complex phytosphingosine-containing lipide from plant seeds

Summary A new complex lipide, phytoglycolipide, has been isolated from soybea,, corn, flaxseed, peanut, sunflowerseed, cottonseed, and wheat phosphatides. This material is obtained by a mild alkaline saponification procedure which destroys glycerol-containing lipides. The new lipide constitutes about 5% of the crude phosphatides and is obtained as a white amorphous powder of identical composition, optical activity, and solubility properties from the various sources. Phytoglycolipide gives on hydrolysis phytosphingosine (and, in the case of soybean only, an unsaturated derivative of phytosphingosine) fatty acids, inositol, glucosamine, a hexuronic acid, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and phosphate. Phytoglycolipide is the first sphingolipide of plant origin to be described and is unique among complex sphingolipides in that it has the structural features of a glycolipide and of a phosphatide. The soybean phosphatide work was done under contract with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and was authorized by the Research and John C. Cowan of the Northern Utilization Research and Development Division of the Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Ill. The corn phosphatide work was supported in part by research grants (B574-C2, 3, 4) from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. Part of the material in this paper was taken from the theses submitted by Walter D. Celmer, William E. M. Lands, John H. Law, and H. H. Tomizawa to the Graduate College of the University of Illinois in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry. A preliminary report of this work has been published (4). For number IX in this series see reference (2) Postdoctorate Rosearch Associate, Department of Chemistry     

膜分离技术在植物提取分离中的应用

综述了膜分离技术及其在植物提取分离中的应用进展,并对膜分离技术在主要植物活性成分中的应用进行了归纳总结,膜分离在植物物提取分离领域的应用前景广阔。     

现代分离技术在磷脂酰胆碱分离纯化中的应用

磷脂酰胆碱是一种重要的生物活性物质,在食品、保健品、医药、化妆品等行业得到广泛应用。本文综述了超声波萃取法、微波萃取法、高压脉冲法、树脂吸附法、溶剂冷冻法等新技术在磷脂酰胆碱分离纯化研究方面的进展。     

膜分离技术在药物分离纯化中的应用

目前,膜化技术在我国医药领域得到了广泛的应用,推动了当前现代生物制药技术的发展。因此,结合实际情况,针对膜分离技术在药物分离纯化中应用展开论述。     

Universal Delineation of Particle Separation Systems and Separation Results of Stratified Material

Abstract

Elements needed for a meaningful delineation of particle separation systems and prediction of separation results have been identified and characterized. The most important elements of particle separation systems are balance of forces or equivalent quantities such as energy, momentum, probability, etc., as well as particle trajectory, stratification of particles, and splitting the stratified material into products.