不同基体炭C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

以炭纤维针刺毡为预制体,采用化学气相沉积法(CVI)和结合液相浸渍树脂或沥青法制备了热解炭为粗糙层与光滑层结构的准三维C/C复合材料,并研究了这些材料在0.6 MPa的模拟刹车压力下的摩擦磨损性能与磨损机理.研究表明:基体炭为粗糙层热解炭与树脂炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面能形成较厚且连续的自润滑摩擦膜,摩擦稳定性最好,摩擦因数适中,氧化磨损小,磨损机理主要为膜的部分脱落、氧化磨损与相对较小的磨粒磨损;基体炭为光滑层热解炭与树脂炭或沥青炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面形成的摩擦膜较薄且不连续,摩擦稳定性差,摩擦磨损较大,磨损机制主要为膜的部分脱落、磨粒磨损与更严重的氧化磨损;随着密度的升高,C/C复合材料摩擦稳定性增加,摩擦因数增加,磨损降低;基体炭为单一沥青炭的C/C复合材料,由于没有热解炭对纤维的保护,纤维断裂多,线性磨损尤其大,磨损机理主要为大量的磨粒磨损与氧化磨损.     

沥青炭基体C/C复合材料单向层间剪切性能及破坏机理

以沥青四氢呋喃溶液、沥青四氢呋喃溶液 20％焦炭粉(质量分数)和酚醛树脂四氢呋喃溶液 60％焦炭(质量分数)为预浸料预浸炭纤维，模压制成初坯体，然后再浸渍沥青-炭化，制备了3种单向纤维增强炭／炭(C／C)复合材料试祥。对试祥的密度、开孔率、层间剪切强度和显微结构进行了测试和观察，探讨了剪切破坏的机理。结果表明：C／C复合材料的层间剪切强度随密度的增大和孔隙度的降低而提高，高温处理虽可使致密度得到进一步增大，但层间剪切强度则由于基体炭的软化，以及基体炭与纤维(或焦炭粉颗粒)界面的变化而显著降低；由于微裂纹和孔洞的存在，剪切裂纹前沿应力集中被释放，可阻止裂纹继续扩展，载荷的继续增大导致新裂纹的生成并扩展，所以C／C复合材料的三点弯曲剪切破坏呈多裂纹复合剪切模式。     

熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料的力学性能

以炭纤维(Cf)针刺整体毡为预制体,分别采用化学气相渗透(Chemical vapor deposition,CVI)和浸渍炭化(Impregnation and carbonization,I/C)制备不同密度和基体炭的C/C坯体;通过添加Ti元素改善熔融Cu与C/C坯体的润湿性.采用真空熔渗法制备C/C-Cu复合材料.对复合材料的力学性能及其与坯体之间的关系进行研究,并与常用滑板材料的力学性能进行比较.结果表明:随着坯体密度的增加,复合材料的抗弯强度下降,而坯体密度为1.4 g/cm3的复合材料的冲击韧性达到最大值.与用I/C坯体制备的复合材料相比,用CVI坯体制备的复合材料具有更高的强度和韧性,其弯曲曲线呈“假塑性”断裂特征,断裂时纤维从热解炭层或熔渗金属相中拔出,熔渗金属相呈“韧窝状”的塑性断裂形貌.冲击断裂时,复合材料倾向于沿TiC/熔渗金属界面断裂.C/C-Cu复合材料的抗弯强度为180～300 MPa、冲击韧性高于3.5 J/cm2,优于常用滑动电接触材料的性能,是一种极具潜力的新型滑动电接触材料.     

C/C-SiC复合材料的制备及其层间剪切强度分析

采用先驱体浸渍裂解结合液硅渗透的方法制备C/C-SiC复合材料。通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析了材料的成分和微结构,采用压缩双切口试样法分别在室温和1600℃下测试其层间剪切强度,分析了微观剪切破坏机理。结果表明:碳纤维表面的热解碳(PyC)与液硅反应生成一层SiC,保护纤维不受残余Si的损伤。树脂碳和液硅反应生成的SiC填充了多孔C/C的孔隙。材料的高温层间剪切强度是室温下的2倍左右。室温下基体存在残余热应力,界面结合强度低,材料属于脆性断裂,高温下基体残余热应力得到释放,界面结合强度增大,基体裂纹部分闭合,该复合材料可承受更大的剪切应力。     

高密度预制体制备炭/炭复合材料的弯曲力学性能与断裂机制

以丙烯作为碳源,氮气作为载气,采用初始密度为0.94g/cm3三维正交PAN基12K炭纤维预制体,利用自制的快速CVI炉制备基体热解炭结构为带状结构的C/C复合材料。力学性能测试结果表明,材料的弯曲断裂特征与制备过程中受到的高温热处理次数有关。从载荷-位移曲线来看,当C/C复合材料经过两次热处理时,C/C复合材料呈明显假塑性断裂特征。当C/C复合材料经过三次热处理时,载荷-位移曲线趋于稳定平滑,抗弯强度降低。从C/C复合材料断面的SEM图可以观察到材料断裂可以分为层间断裂和层内断裂,而层内断裂又因热解炭填充密度变化呈明显的分区断裂。由于热解炭和纤维含量在C/C复合材料中分布的差异,材料在不同的区域表现出不同的断裂特征,从而使得材料具备良好的弯曲强度同时具有一定的韧性特征。     

原位生长纳米炭纤维增强C/C复合材料的弯曲破坏过程(英文)

采用催化化学气相沉积法制备原位生长纳米炭纤维(CNFs)改性单向C/C复合材料。通过分析弯曲破坏过程,研究原位生长CNFs对C/C复合材料弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,CNFs的存在明显改变了载荷-位移曲线的线形,在开始的弹性变形阶段出现一个台阶,随后出现类似塑性材料的锯齿状屈服特性曲线。CNF-C/C复合材料的破坏模式由单根纤维的拔出转变为纤维束的断裂。由中织构热解炭(Py C)、CNFs和高织构Py C形成的复杂界面阻碍了裂纹的扩展,改变了裂纹的扩展方向从而导致C/C复合材料具有较高的弯曲强度和模量。     

结构类似的炭材料和C/C复合材料的滑动摩擦磨损行为

制备粗糙层热解炭(RL)和光滑层热解炭(SL)基体的C/C复合材料,测试该C/C复合材料与40Cr钢配副时的摩擦磨损行为,并对磨损表面进行SEM观察.对比研究高强石墨和光滑层结构的块状热解炭在相同条件下的滑动摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:PAN炭纤维改善C/C复合材料的摩擦磨损行为;在实验载荷范围内,与高强度石墨材料相比,含RL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.08～0.12;体积磨损量增幅降低;与热解炭试样相比,具有SL炭C/C复合材料的摩擦因数降低0.02～0.05,体积磨损量低0.2 mm~3左右;随着时间的延长,大部分C/C复合材料的摩擦因数基本相对稳定或呈小幅下降,而石墨、热解炭块的摩擦因数均呈不同幅度的上升;具有RL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面膜厚度随载荷增加而降低,具有SL炭的C/C复合材料摩擦表面较粗糙;高强石墨能形成较完整致密的摩擦膜,但磨粒磨损严重,磨屑易在摩擦膜边缘形成层状堆积;热解炭块摩擦表面磨屑堆积松散,有较多的孔洞以及热解炭层整体剥落的形貌.     

溶胶浸渍抗氧化涂层对C/C复合材料摩擦特性的影响

采用溶胶浸渍技术对4种C／C复合材料进行抗氧化处理。在M2000型摩擦实验机上测试了4种C／C材料的摩擦特性。结果表明：在相同载荷下，光滑层CVI（SL）的C／C材料浸渍后试样与未浸渍试样的摩擦因数值最接近：树脂炭（RC）的C／C材料中，浸渍后试样的摩擦因数均低于未浸渍的试样且相差最大；粗糙层CVI（RL）的C／C材料中，中高载荷下浸渍溶胶试样的摩擦因数低于未浸渍溶胶的试样：而具有粗糙层／光滑层／树脂炭（RL／SL／RC）的C／C材料中，中高载荷下浸渍溶胶后试样的摩擦因数变化比未浸渍试样的高。随载荷增加，SL炭材料未浸渍和己浸渍试样摩擦因数的变化幅度均最低，RC炭材料未浸渍试样和己浸渍试样的摩擦因数变化幅度最大，RL／SL／RC、RL结构的试样是否浸渍溶胶对其摩擦因数的影响无明显规律。石墨化度高的材料的摩擦行为受浸渍溶胶的影响高于石墨化度低的材料。     

CuxSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的制备及其性能

以针刺整体炭毡为预制体,采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)增密制备C/C多孔体,然后采用反应熔体浸渗法(RMI),将Cu与Si同时熔渗进C/C坯体中制备CuxSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料.研究CuxSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的组织结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能,并与C/C-SiC复合材料进行对比.结果表明:CuxSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的弯曲强度和冲击韧性略低于C/C-SiC复合材料的;采用30Cr钢作对偶时,CuxSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦因数约为0.24,线磨损率小于4 μm·side-1·cycle-1,均与C/C-SiC复合材料的相近,但其摩擦表面温度降低约50 ℃;以自身材料作对偶时,CuxSiy改性C/C-SiC复合材料的摩擦磨损性能略低于C/C-SiC复合材料的.     

新型C/C-TaC复合材料的微观结构及其力学性能

采用化学气相渗透（CVI）法和热固性树脂浸渍-炭化法复合工艺制备含5％TaC的新型C／C-TaC复合材料,并对复合材料的微观结构和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明：C／C-TaC复合材料中TaC以涂层形式均匀致密地包覆在炭纤维周围,形成管状微观结构,大大提高C／C-TaC复合材料试样的平均强度和韧性。复合材料试样平均抗弯强度达到270MPa,比C／C复合材料的提高近70％;最大断裂位移达到1．2mm,比C／C复合材料的提高近140％,表现为良好的假塑性断裂。     

多孔体制备工艺对C/C-SiC复合材料弯曲性能的影响

以针刺整体炭毡为坯体,采用CVD和树脂浸渍／炭化混合法增密制备了4种C／C多孔体,然后熔硅浸渗C／C多孔体制备了C／C-SiC复合材料;研究了不同炭涂层、高温热处理对C／C-SiC复合材料弯曲强度和断裂方式的影响。结果表明：热解炭涂层可减少制备过程中炭纤维的损伤,具有适中的界面结合强度,使复合材料的弯曲强度达到161．5MPa,表现出良好的“假塑性”;适当选择高温热处理工艺可制备弯曲性能较高,具有一定“假塑性”的C／C-SiC复合材料。     

连接温度对C/C复合材料及Cu连接接头残余应力的影响

采用热弹塑性有限元数值模拟方法,研究了连接温度对C/C复合材料与Cu平面对接接头残余应力的影响。结果表明:最大拉应力的分布具有方向性,在连接界面法线方向上,最大拉应力出现在靠近接头界面的C/C复合材料侧,位于连接件的棱边上;在平行连接界面方向上,最大拉应力出现在靠近接头界面的Cu侧表面。最大剪切应力位于接头界面处。随着连接温度的升高,接头残余应力峰值逐渐增大,但接头残余应力的分布形态相似。对于连接界面尺寸为4 mm×4 mm的接头,在连接温度为1 000℃时,离接头界面1.2 mm的C/C复合材料侧最容易发生断裂。     

Fracture mechanism of 2D-C/C composites with pure smooth laminar pyrocarbon matrix under flexural loading

Using natural gas as carbon source, 2D needle felt as preform, 2D-C/C composites were prepared by thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration. Their microstructures were observed under polarized light microscope (PLM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the flexural behaviors before and after heat-treatment were studied with a universal mechanical testing machine. The fracture mechanism of the composites was discussed in detail. The results show that, carbon matrix exhibits pure smooth laminar (SL) characteristic including numerous wrinkled layered structures and some inter-laminar micro-cracks. With the decreasing density, the strength of the composites decreases and the toughness increases slightly; after 2500 °C heat-treatment, the inter-laminar micro-cracks in matrix increase, the strength decreases, and the toughness obviously increases. The fracture mode of the composites changes from brittle to pseudo-plastic characteristic due to more crack deflections in SL matrix.     

中间相沥青基炭/炭复合材料的微观结构与力学性能

借助偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及力学性能测试研究了微观结构对中间相沥青基炭/炭复合材料力学性能的影响.结果表明基体炭在偏光显微镜下呈现出光学各向异性,在SEM和TEM下呈片层条带状结构.基体炭与纤维之间的界面不连续,为"裂纹型"界面.材料受载破坏时裂纹通过改变扩展路径而延缓其扩展速度,在纤维-基体界面处以及基体炭层片之间引起滑移,在断口形貌上体现出断裂台阶适中且与纤维拔出交替进行,表现出韧性破坏的断裂特征.材料具有较高的力学性能,抗弯强度达到257MPa.     

单向C/C复合材料的液相法制备及其显微结构

以沥青、沥青加焦炭粉和树脂加焦炭粉3种预浸料制备纤维预浸体，模压成型制备初坯体，然后用沥青液相法制备了3种单向C／C复合材料试样，对这些试样的密度、孔隙率和显微结构进行了测试和观察。在热压成型初坯体内，收缩微裂纹沿纤维轴向与外界相通，可被再浸渍填充，而孔洞则大多与外界隔绝，不能被再浸渍填充。添加焦炭粉作填料有利于C／C复合材料中纤维体积含量的控制、减少封闭气孔的形成，提高材料的密度。但焦炭粉末将扰乱基体层状结构组织，甚至使其出现紊乱状态。     

Friction and wear properties of pitch／resin densified carbon—carbon composites used for airbrakes

By use of X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscope(SEM),the friction and wear results obtained from MM-1000 dynamometer tests of CVI pitch/resin C/C composites were analyzed.By investigating the factors that affected the friction and wear properties,such as matrix carbon,applcation environment,graphitization degree and brake pressure,etc,friction and wear mechanism of carbon materials were probed.The results indicate that pitch densified CVI initially treated composite is more graphitizable with its graphitization degree up 59 62%,and which results in uniform small debris easier to generate,more smooth friction curves with the coefficient of 0.3-0.4 and relatively higher wear and mass loss,compared with CVI/resin C/C composites.It was further proved by SEM observation that tribological behavior of C/C composite was system dependent.Factors determining the friction and wear properties such as the size of debris and its influence on friction and wear,brake pressure,graphization degree and debris bilm formation interacted and affected each other.The friction and wear mechanism of C/C composites under different high temperature treatments needs further research.     

Densification Behavior and Performances of C/C Composites Derived from Various Carbon Matrix Precursors

Three types of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites were manufactured by densifying the needled carbon fiber preform through resin and pitch impregnation/carbonization repeatedly, as well as propylene pyrolysis by chemical vapor infiltration plus carbonization after the resin impregnation/carbonization. The densification behavior and performances (involving electric, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as impurity) of the C/C composites were investigated systematically. The results show that besides the processing and testing conditions, the electric resistivity, thermal conductivity (TC), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), strength, and fracture, as well as impurity content and composition of the C/C composites were closely related to the fiber orientation, interfacial bonding between carbon fiber and carbon matrix, material characteristics of the three precursors and the resulting matrix carbons. In particular, the resin-carbon matrix C/C (RC/C) composites had the highest electric resistivity, tensile, and flexural strength, as well as impurity content. Meanwhile, the pitch-carbon matrix C/C (PC/C) composites possessed the highest TC and CTE in the parallel and vertical direction. And most of the performances of pyro-carbon/resin carbon matrix C/C composites were between those of the RC/C and PC/C composites except the impurity content.     

PIP工艺制备2D C/SiC复合材料Z-向穿刺工艺

针对2D C/SiC复合材料存在碳布层间缺乏纤维增强,层间结合较差的问题,提出通过Z-向穿刺工艺提高碳布层间结合,克服材料使用时可靠性不高的问题,并比较了穿刺工艺对复合材料微观结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明,通过Z-向穿刺工艺制得试样2D C/SiC-Z_(pin)的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和剪切强度分别为247.8 MPa、37.8 GPa和32.1 MPa,而未穿刺试样2D C/SiC的弯曲强度、弯曲模量和剪切强度分别只有219.3 MPa、34.4 GPa和23.3 MPa,由此可见,采用Z-向穿刺工艺能明显提高复合材料的力学性能.微观结构分析认为,试样力学性能提高的根本原因在于采用Z-向穿刺纤维加强了碳布层间结合,使材料具有较好的整体性,克服了复合材料层间结合较弱对力学性能带来的不利影响.     

Effect of Bonding Temperature on the Microstructures and Strengths of C/C Composite/GH3044 Alloy Joints by Partial Transient Liquid-Phase（PTLP） Bonding with Multiple Interlayers

With the use of Ti/Ni/Cu/Ni multiple foils as interlayer,carbon/carbon(C/C) composite was bonded to Nibased superalloy GH3044 by partial transient liquid-phase bonding technique.The effect of bonding temperature on the microstructures and strengths of the joints was investigated.The results showed that gradient structural multiple interlayers composed of ‘‘C–Ti reaction layer/Ti–Ni intermetallic compound layer/Ni–Cu sosoloid/residual Cu layer/Ni-GH3044 diffusion layer' were formed between C/C composite and GH3044.The shear strength of the C/C composite/GH3044 joint reached the highest value of 26.1 MPa when the bonding temperature was 1,030 °C.In addition,the fracture morphology showed that the fracture mode changed with the increase of bonding temperature.