航空汽油发展概述及前景展望

航空汽油是航空燃料的重要组成部分。本文论述了国内外航空汽油从车用汽油、含铅航空汽油到无铅航空汽油,从低辛烷值到高辛烷值航空汽油的发展历程。比较含铅航空汽油和无铅航空汽油标准发现,辛烷值、铅含量、净热值、芳烃含量等技术指标的要求均有所区别。分析认为,标准技术指标不同的主要原因在于调合航空汽油的基础油不同。同时,本文指出了使用国产100号航空汽油易造成火花塞积铅、气门烧蚀及气缸密封性降低等问题。目前美国联邦航空局已经对12家企业生产的102号无铅航空汽油进行审定,计划在2018年取代现有含铅航空汽油。由于环境保护和节能减排的要求,无铅化及生物汽油都是未来航空汽油的发展方向。     

汽油调和组分油性质及优化

介绍了辽阳石化公司汽油组分油的生产现状及在线调和,围绕国Ⅵ汽油的要求,降低烯烃、芳烃、苯的含量,同时又要保证辛烷值的要求。对两组不同配比的汽油组分进行分析对比,结合组分油性质总结出各组分对汽油指标的贡献,优化汽油调和配方,既能平衡汽油池各个组分,又能使汽油的利润最大化,并且调和的汽油产品符合国Ⅵ标准汽油要求。     

催化裂化汽油脱硫技术进展

随着环保法规的日益严格,对汽油的质量要求越来越高,全世界都在为降低汽油硫含量而不懈努力。降低汽油硫含量是改善空气质量的有效手段。脱硫技术已经成为各炼油企业的关键技术。汽油中的硫化合物主要来自FCC(流化催化裂化)汽油,因此FCC汽油脱硫技术的研究与开发具有重要意义。目前,减少FCC汽油硫含量的技术主要有：FCC原料油加氢脱硫、FCC汽油加氢脱硫、溶剂萃取脱硫、催化裂化脱硫、氧化脱硫、生物脱硫和吸附脱硫等。笔者综述了国内外FCC汽油脱硫技术进展。     

催化裂化汽油降烯烃技术研究进展

从FCC技术、醚化改质技术、芳构化改质技术等方面介绍了催化裂化汽油降烯烃技术的发展状况。对FCC自身进行改造的方法简单易行;轻汽油醚化和芳构化改质技术不仅降低了汽油的烯烃含量,同时可以大大提高汽油的辛烷值,但汽油中醚类及芳烃的含量都有一定的限制。目前要降低汽油烯烃含量,需要发展一整套综合技术或措施,然而要从根本上解决问题,必须对汽油的生产结构进行调整,降低催化裂化汽油的比重,增加烷基化、异构化、芳构化、重整等汽油的比例。     

甲醇汽油在国内外应用情况及分析

提出了我国甲醇汽油在推广应用中存在的问题,主要从毒性、与汽油相溶性、腐蚀性、蒸发性方面进行了分析。介绍了国外甲醇汽油应用情况及不使用甲醇汽油的原因。我国甲醇汽油的主要问题是低比例甲醇汽油缺少规范,大面积推广甲醇汽油应有确实可行政策措施及科学的数据,解决从环保、汽车、油品各方面所提出的问题。     

OCTM装置生产国Ⅴ汽油的工业实践

为满足国Ⅴ汽油生产需要,原设计为国Ⅳ汽油标准的OCTM装置通过优化原料、调整轻重汽油切割点、提高重汽油加氢反应深度、改进脱臭单元流程等途径,优化OCTM装置操作,降低硫含量,再与S-zorb汽油调和,从而满足国Ⅴ汽油质量指标。     

国VI汽油质量升级技术分析及应对措施

国VI汽油标准下,汽油产品要求烯烃、芳烃含量进一步降低.为顺利完成国VI汽油质量升级,某炼厂对汽油产品及全厂汽油池组分进行技术剖析,提出汽油产品国VI升级思路,通过实施催化汽油降烯烃、重整增产二甲苯、加裂轻石进汽油池、增加MTBE、烷基化油外购量等多项措施,全厂汽油的芳烃和烯烃得到了有效控制,在未进行装置改造情况下,依靠生产方案优化顺利实现了成品汽油国VI质量升级.     

降低FCC汽油烯烃含量研究进展

介绍了降低催化裂化(FCC)汽油烯烃含量反应的基本原理,分析了降低FCC汽油烯烃含量的方法。针对我国FCC汽油中烯烃含量高及汽油调和组分中FCC汽油所占比例过大,导致成品汽油中烯烃含量高的现象,可调整优化FCC技术,并采用新型降烯烃催化剂。要从根本上解决问题,必需对汽油生产结构进行调整,多建催化重整、烷基化和异构化装置,减少成品汽油中FCC汽油的比例。     

催化裂化汽油质量升级方案选择

针对国内某炼厂催化裂化汽油质量升级需要,对比了降低催化汽油烯烃含量和硫含量的工艺技术,最终选用了CDTECH公司的催化蒸馏技术,该技术包含CDHydro、CDEthers、CDHDS和ISOMPLUS工艺,通过轻汽油醚化,部分中汽油重整,重汽油选择性加氢脱硫,降低了催化汽油烯烃和硫含量,提高了辛烷值,满足了全厂生产国IV标准汽油要求。     

车用汽油的品质及经济性评价

介绍了评价汽油品质的综合指标,对汽油池组分构成与汽油辛烷值标号、密度、发热值之间的关系进行了分析;评述了汽车发动机特性对汽油品质的要求及对汽油燃效的影响,研究了不同辛烷值标号、不同调和组分汽油的使用经济性,提出了正确选择辛烷值标号的方向。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。