鲁克沁泡沫稠油消泡方法研究

针对鲁克沁泡沫油的特点,分析了加热消泡、加热-超声波消泡、加热-负压消泡和化学消泡对泡沫油的作用机理及效果。结果表明,加热-超声波消泡、加热-负压消泡和化学消泡(DC消泡剂用量100mg/kg)与常温自然消泡方法比较,消泡速率依次提高75%、70%和72.5%。综合考虑现场的实际生产情况,推荐加热-负压消泡方法作为鲁克沁泡沫油的消泡方法。     

胶磷矿浮选过稳定泡沫消泡技术初探

以王集磷矿浮选精矿泡沫为研究对象，通过物理方法和化学方法的组合旨在找出胶磷矿浮选过稳定泡沫的最佳消泡技术，以达到最佳的消泡效果，并对胶磷矿浮选泡沫过稳定原因及消泡技术机理进行了初步探讨。     

消泡和抑泡技术

泡沫的种类有液体泡沫、弹性泡沫、固液泡沫、乳状泡沫等。泡沫的出现主要取决于起泡性和泡沫稳定性两个因子。起泡性是以液体表面张力的下降以及动态下具有弹性的泡膜的形成为前提的。至于泡沫的稳定性是与表面粘性和表面塑性相关的。消泡方法主要有物理消泡和化学消泡两种。前者是靠加热、超声波、泡沫界面疏水等办法;后者是靠:     

机械搅拌式发酵罐中的消泡技术研究与探讨

分析了好氧性微生物发酵过程中由于搅拌、气体引入和微生物代谢等产生泡沫的原因和泡沫对发酵生产过程的危害。介绍了工业生产中所采用的化学消泡和机械消泡方法、常用的几种化学消泡剂和机械消泡结构形式,以及它们在使用过程中的优点和不足之处,并提出了一种新型机械消泡装置——变径孔式消泡器,这种消泡器是依靠泡沫通过变径孔通道时所产生的压力变化和转动时所产生的剪切力来实现消泡目的的,消泡效果良好。     

一种具有机械消泡功能的新型塔板

研究开发了一种具有机械消泡功能的新型塔板。该塔板是在普通塔板上放置一种特制的新型机械消泡构件。该构件由相互平行的波纹消泡板组成,构件下半部分沉浸在塔板泡沫层中,起削弱泡沫层波峰高度和降低泡沫层高度的作用,上半部分处于泡沫层上部的气相空间,起惯性除沫的作用。实验结果表明:对于易起泡物系,机械消泡构件能降低雾沫夹带量61%~76%,并大幅削弱泡沫层表面过高的泡沫波峰;对不易起泡物系,机械消泡构件还能降低泡沫层高度15.2%~17.1%。因此,该塔板可以起到延缓塔板泡沫层过高液泛和过量雾沫夹带液泛的作用,具有良好的消泡效果。     

板式塔降液管的机械消泡研究

研究开发了板式塔降液管机械消泡板组件。在降液管中加设特制的新型消泡板组件,该组件由数列若干块相互平行的倒V字形波纹板垂直排列组成,倒V字形波纹板的开口端向下。消泡板组件半浸于降液管泡沫层中,越堰的泡沫液与波纹板碰撞,以及波动的泡沫层不停地与波纹板摩擦,都加速泡沫的破裂,促进降液管内气液分离,降低了泡沫层高度。开口端向下的倒V字形波纹板还对降液管内液体产生向下的作用力,降低了降液管清液层高度。试验结果表明,对易起泡物系,降液管机械消泡板组件能降低泡沫层高度13.1%—36.2%,降低清液层高度10.5%—32.5%。对不易起泡物系,消泡板组件能降低泡沫层高度7.1%—33.2%,降低清液层高度5.1%—24.6%。因此,该消泡板组件可以起到降低降液管液层高度和延缓降液管液泛的作用,具有良好的消泡效果。     

金属微填料旋流消泡器的研发及在石油泡沫体系的消泡研究

金属微填料旋流消泡器将旋流离心气液分离与填料机械破碎消泡相结合,应用于高温高压的石油物系——丙烷-脱油沥青泡沫体系的消泡试验研究。研究表明,利用自制的金属微填料旋流消泡器,无需加入消泡剂,能够达到100%的消泡效果。推荐的实验条件是,金属微填料填充密度190~210 g/L,泡沫流量3.0~4.0 kg/h,金属丝径在20μm以下,在相同当量直径下,不规则横截面金属丝消泡效果优于规则横截面,但在一定范围存在一个优化的几何尺寸。     

抄纸白水消泡剂的制备与应用研究

以高碳醇、植物油脂和消泡颗粒为主消泡成分,聚醚改性聚硅氧烷为增效助剂,磺化油脂、斯潘-80和吐温-80为复合乳化剂体系,制得聚醚改性聚硅氧烷消泡剂。同时探讨了在不同温度下,该消泡剂应用于抄纸白水中的消泡效果。通过与国内外产品对比,自制产品具有更优越的消泡/抑泡和快速消除细微泡沫的能力。     

自动消泡型泡排剂的研制及其性能评价

使用常规泡排剂将气井地层水排出后,需要加入消泡剂以便使气水分离,并且可能遭遇消泡缓慢、不彻底等问题。利用CO2/N2开关型表面活性剂独特的性质,研制出一种可自动消泡的泡排剂JT-1。结果表明,当JT-1的质量分数为3%时,起泡体积达到1 000 mL以上,起泡性能强;在70℃以下,JT-1的泡沫稳定性较好,高于70℃后泡沫不稳定,其适用于中低温条件下的排水。此外,该泡排剂将水排出井筒后与空气接触,在3 min内实现迅速完全消泡。使用这种泡排剂时可以避免加入消泡剂,以及因消泡过程带来的复杂问题,有效提高泡沫排水作业效率。     

低泡沫表面活性剂的种类与应用

现代工业生产中,泡沫无处不在,最直接的解决方式就是使用消泡剂,消泡剂随着消泡过程进行逐渐丧失消泡与抑泡能力,导致工业生产稳定性差。低泡沫的表面活性剂则从根本上解决了泡沫的困扰,文章介绍了目前规模化应用几种低泡沫表面活性剂的性能、生产与应用等,包括EO/PO嵌段聚醚、异辛醇磷酸酯衍生物、乙氧基化脂肪酸甲酯衍生物以及聚醚改性有机硅四大类。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。